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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

African-American race is associated with a poorer overall survival rate for breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: African-American (AA) race has been associated with a worse outcome in breast cancer. It is unclear whether this is due to biological factors, socioeconomic factors, or both. METHODS: The records from 2 independent cohorts of breast cancer patients treated on institutional protocols with mastectomy and adjuvant (n = 1456) or neoadjuvant (n = 684) doxorubicin-based chemotherapy were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The adjuvant (Adj) chemotherapy cohort included 1142 Caucasian (CA), 186 Hispanic (HI), and 128 (AA) patients. The neoadjuvant (Neo) chemotherapy protocols included 448 CA, 114 HI, and 122 AA patients. In both groups, AA patients had later-stage tumors (Adj P = .017; Neo P = .051), a higher rate of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative disease (Adj P = .054; Neo P = .039), and a worse 10-year actuarial overall survival rate than CA or HI patients (Adj, 52%, 62%, and 62%, respectively, P = .009; Neo, 40%, 50%, and 56%, respectively, P = .015). In multivariate analyses, AA race remained independently associated with a poorer overall survival rate in both cohorts (Adj, hazard ratio = 1.39, P = .018; Neo, hazard ratio = 1.37, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that AA race is associated with less favorable biological tumor features, such as an increased likelihood of ER-negative disease, than those found in CA and HI patients. Such differences in tumor biology, as well as previously described socioeconomic factors, likely contribute to the lower rate of survival in the AA breast cancer population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Isolated hallucinosis in Alzheimer's disease is associated with African-American race.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this investigation was to study the relationship between isolated hallucinosis and race in Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, case control study carried out at the Neuropsychiatry Service, outpatient clinic at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA. The participants were 237 community-residing patients with probable Alzheimer's disease according to NINCDS/ADRDA criteria were included in the study. 9 patients with isolated hallucinosis were compared to a control group of 228 patients who had neither delusions nor hallucinations. Patients with only delusions or both delusions and hallucinations were excluded based on prior research. Patients were assessed clinically for the presence of hallucinations using the DSM-IV glossary definitions. They were also rated on standardized measures of cognitive impairment, depression, functional impairment, and general health. RESULTS: There was a significant association between hallucinations and race in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Before adjustment for other variables, the African-American race conferred a 5.5-fold (95% CI = 1.4-21.6; p = 0.02) increased risk for isolated hallucinosis. After adjustment for multiple other variables, this risk increased further to 27.2-fold (95% CI = 1.6-457.3; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: African-American patients with Alzheimer's disease are more likely to have isolated hallucinations than Caucasian patients even after statistical adjustment for multiple confounding variables, which might distort this association. This finding has implications for our understanding of the etio-pathogenesis of hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease and for meeting health service needs of African-American patients.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1995

Relation of the white blood cell count to obesity and insulin resistance: effect of race and gender.

Recent reports suggest that the white blood cell (WBC) count is related to plasma insulin concentrations and insulin resistance in healthy individuals. The present study examines whether these relations are independent of obesity and the pattern of body fat distribution and tests whether race and gender affect these relations. WBC counts, insulin responses to a 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glucose disposal during a two-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp were measured in 300 men and women (149 Pima Indians, 100 whites, and 51 blacks) with a wide range of obesity. WBC counts were lower in blacks than Pima Indians or whites and tended to be higher in women than men. The subgroups were comparable in age and body weight, but percent body fat and plasma insulin concentrations were higher and glucose disposal during the glucose clamp was lower in Pima Indians than in blacks or whites. In the group as a whole, the WBC count correlated with obesity (body mass index and percent body fat), the waist to thigh ratio (an index of the pattern of body fat distribution), and plasma insulin concentrations and was negatively related to age and glucose disposal during the clamp. In multiple regression analyses, only age, race and obesity were significantly associated with the WBC count. When the analyses were restricted to Pima men, in whom correlations between the WBC count and the metabolic variables appeared the strongest, the WBC count remained significantly associated with plasma insulin concentrations, but not glucose disposal, after controlling for age and obesity. The results of this study indicate that age, race, and obesity are significantly associated with the WBC count in healthy individuals. Plasma insulin concentrations, but not insulin resistance per se, may also be weakly associated with the WBC count, but this may be population specific.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Effect of race on outcome of white and black children with acute myeloid leukemia: the St. Jude experience.

BACKGROUND: The association between race and outcome of treatment for childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not been adequately studied. PROCEDURE: We compared the clinical characteristics, biological features, and outcomes between white and black children with AML who were treated on five consecutive clinical protocols (1980-2002) at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. We used proportional hazards modeling to investigate the relation between race and outcome. RESULTS: We observed no statistically significant differences between the 229 white and 58 black patients in clinical characteristics, FAB subtype, cytogenetic features, or outcome. There were no significant differences in event-free survival (EFS) or overall survival (OS) between the two race groups in individual clinical trials or in all studies combined. For the study group as a whole, the 5-year survival estimate was 39.2% +/- 3.6% for white patients and 33.8% +/- 6.5% for black patients. However, on our most recent trial (AML-97), there was a trend towards inferior outcome among black patients: the 5-year survival estimates were 55.6% +/- 12.3% and 27.3% +/- 13.5% for whites and blacks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although we detected no differences in treatment outcome between white and black children with AML over the entire study period, black children appear to have worse outcomes than white children during more recent studies. Improved treatment is needed for all children with AML.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Prismatic Metropolis: Race and Residential Segregation in the City of the Angels

Most major urban areas remain segregated by race, especially in terms of black segregation from whites. We replicate and extend the innovative approach developed by Farley and colleagues for understanding processes of racial residential segregation with data collected in Los Angeles. Using a large (N = 4025) multiracial sample of adults, we examine (1) actual and perceived differences in economic status, (2) mutual preference for same race neighbors, and (3) racial prejudice and discrimination as hypotheses for the persistence of residential segregation. With a systematic experimental design we gauge respondent openness to living in areas with varying proportions of black, white, Latino, or Asian neighbors. We find no support for actual or perceived cost of housing as a barrier to integration. Although all groups exhibit some degree of ethnocentric preference for same race neighbors, this tendency is strongest among whites rather than blacks and plays only a small role in perpetuating segregation. Blacks face the greatest hostility in the search for housing and are consensually recognized as most likely to face discrimination in the housing market. Racial minorities are more open to sharing residential space with whites than with other minorities. We find generally higher rates of openness to integration than Farley and colleagues found in their recent Detroit survey.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Plasma levels of beta-endorphin, prolactin and gonadotropins in male athletes after an international nordic ski race.

Plasma beta-endorphin, prolactin (PRL), FSH and LH were measured in 17 volunteer male subjects at rest and under the stress caused by a long-distance nordic ski race. The race induced increased levels of beta-endorphin and PRL in all skiers. The changes in PRL with exercise were significantly related to the changes in beta-endorphin (r = 0.69, p less than 0.001). Furthermore, the highly trained skiers training over 150 km.week-1 of nordic ski showed consistently higher post-exercise beta-endorphin and PRL levels than the moderately trained skiers who trained for 20 km.week-1. In addition the race induced slight falls in FSH and LH; however plasma gonadotropin levels did not show any correlation with plasma beta-endorphin concentrations and did not differ between the two groups of skiers. These results suggest that endogenous opioid peptides may modulate PRL secretion in heavy exercise, since they are of minor importance in the release of FSH and LH in such a situation. The observations also suggest that the degree of previous training and the exercise intensity do seem to be responsible for the hormonal changes.

Gonadotropins↗
PubMed1981

Physiological and metabolic effects of a 25 km race in female athletes.

Nine female athletes were examined before and after a 25 km race (German championship). Their average running speed was 3.89 m/s. Postexercise weight loss was 1.60 +/- 0.58 kg or 2.87% of body weight, the mean rectal temperature increased by 1.04 +/- 0.52 degrees C to 38.4 +/- 0.54 degrees C. Leucocytes, but no other blood parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, MCV) showed a marked rise after the race. Blood lactate rose from 1.86 +/- 0.34 to 4.97 +/- 1.19 mmol/l but hypoglycemia was not present in any of the athletes at the end of exercise. After the run serum enzymes showed lower increases than those observed in men for the same exercise duration. Serum sodium, chloride and potassium showed similar increases, inorganic phosphate higher increments than found in men. The comparatively high rise in free glycerol suggested a marked mobilization of lipid substrate, whereas the increment in serum of free fatty acids was lower than in male subjects after similar athletic events. A lowering of neuromuscular excitability (m. vastus medialis quadricipitis) was found after the race but the changes were significant only for the fibers responding to longer durations of stimuli (0.3-30 ms).

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Blood platelet activation and increase in thrombin activity following a marathon race.

To see whether strenuous prolonged exertion increases blood platelet activation and thrombin activity in healthy well-trained men, 16 male amateur runners (mean age 31,8) were studied. A marathon race (mean time 2 h 44 min 30 s) caused a significant increase in plasma beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG), platelet factor 4 (PF4), fibrinopetide A (FPA) and factor VIII (F VIII) activity. Sixty min after exertion beta-TG and F VIII activity were still significantly elevated. FPA continued to rise, reaching peak values 60 min after the run. 22 h after finishing the race F VIII activity was still significantly elevated. The study has demonstrated the great inter-individual variability of marathon race-induced haemostatic changes. The elevation of beta-TG varied from 42% to 156%, F VIII from 112% to 625%, and in three runners FPA reached more than 900% of its pre-exercise value. In some individuals the haemostatic changes observed could be potentially unfavourable for coronary heart disease prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The R1 gene conferring race-specific resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato is located on potato chromosome V.

Late blight in potato is caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans and can inflict severe damage on the potato crop. Resistance to P. infestans is either based on major dominant R genes conferring vertical, race-specific resistance or on "minor" genes inducing horizontal, unspecific resistance. A dihaploid potato line was identified which carried the R1 gene, conferring vertical resistance to all P. infestans races, with the exception of those homozygous for the recessive virulence allele of the locus V1. The F1 progeny of a cross between this resistant parent P(R1) and P(r), a line susceptible to all races, was analysed for segregation of R1 and of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers distributed on the potato RFLP map comprising more than 300 loci. The R1 locus was mapped to chromosome V in the interval between RFLP markers GP21 and GP179. The map position of R1 was found to be very similar to the one of Rx2, a dominant locus inducing extreme resistance to potato virus X.

Chromosomes↗
PubMed1992

Changes in haemorheology in the racing greyhound as related to oxygen delivery.

Arterial blood samples were obtained from six greyhounds during rest, immediately before, and after a 704-m (7/16th mile) race. Measurements were made of various haematological (red cell count, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, white cell count, plasma proteins) and haemorheological variables. Blood and plasma viscosity were determined at high wall shear stresses (67-200 dynes.cm-2, 670-2000 microN.cm-2) in a 20-microns glass capillary device which was designed to take the diameter dependence of blood viscosity (Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect) into account. Compared to values at rest, substantial haemoconcentration occurred before the race, mainly due to splenic discharge of red cells. Additional haemoconcentration was found after the race. The increase of effective blood viscosity caused by elevation of packed cell volume was greater than the increase in O2 binding capacity resulting from the elevated haemoglobin concentration, suggesting that the haemoconcentration observed in the exercising greyhound does not enhance O2 delivery to skeletal muscle. The main physiological effect of red cell discharge from the contracting spleen appeared to be a consequence of the volume rather than the composition of the circulating blood.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Study of the relationships between weather conditions and the marathon race, and of meteorotropic effects on distance runners.

The relationships between the results of Beijing International Marathon Races and the corresponding weather conditions are analysed quantitatively. There are obvious interrelationships between the marathon results and weather factors such as air temperature, wet bulb temperature and human biometeorological indices. For example, the correlation coefficient between the average times of the top ten finishers and temperature is r = 0.8910. The meteorological conditions are classified into three categories, suitable, moderate and unsuitable for running a marathon race, and the optimum meteorological index is given. Also the concept of a meteorological result, i.e. the part of the actual performances fluctuating with the changes in weather conditions, is presented. This plays an important role in some kinds of sports such as marathon racing. Finally, the results of physiological tests are given, which illustrate the physiological reactions of long- and middle-distance runners to the surrounding temperature.

Exercise↗
PubMed1990

Does migration function to reduce earnings differentials by race and gender?

"This study investigates the role of migration in the determination of earnings differentials by race and gender. Microdata from the United Status Census are used to estimate earnings functions by race, gender, and migration status. Strong evidence is provided suggesting that unexplained portions of earnings differentials, reflectng wage discrimination and other unobserved heterogeneity, are substantially reduced for both race and gender through the process of interstate migration."

Americas↗
PubMed1984

Pulmonary arterial haemodynamics and blood gas values of Thoroughbred racehorses with a history of epistaxis during a race.

In ten Thoroughbred racehorses which suffered epistaxis during a race, the mean pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (PADP) was significantly higher, and the mean pulmonary arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was significantly lower, than the corresponding mean values of a sample of fourteen clinically normal Thoroughbreds in training. The authors conclude that in horses with epistaxis during a race, pulmonary dysfunction may persist for up to two months after the episode, and that the results indicate a need for pulmonary function studies before and after racing, in order to resolve problems concerning exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of an ultra-long-distance (1000 km) race on lipid metabolism.

The influence was examined of ultra-long-distance running (1000 km race lasting 20 days) on changes in serum lipids. The 110 participants received two types of diet, a conventional Western diet and a wholesome vegetarian diet. Of the 55 finishers the serum concentration of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and triglycerides decreased significantly during the first 8 days of the run, but rose again towards the end of the race without reaching pre-race levels. The high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol increased initially but decreased in the final days of the run. The values for apolipoprotein A-I were not correlated with HDL-cholesterol. The free fatty acids and free glycerol showed marked increases (five times the prerace concentration), falling towards the end of the run. Changes in serum lipids showed no correlation with changes in body mass. Similar changes were observed in both dietary groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Disability trends in gender and race groups of early retirement ages in the USA.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse disability trends over the 1980s-1990s in gender and race groups of early retirement ages in USA. METHODS: Disability trends for white and black males and females aged 65-69 and 70+ are analysed using the 1982-1999 NLTCS. Disability is analysed at three levels (instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), activities of daily living (ADL), and institutionalisation). RESULTS: 1) A larger increase in proportions of non-disabled blacks aged 65-69 compared with whites and males compared with females. 2) Differences in disability trends among gender and race groups. 3) A faster absolute decline in non-institutionalised disabled aged 65-69. 4) A larger absolute decline and a smaller relative decline in proportions of disabled aged 70+ compared with 65-69. 5) A significant decrease in the proportion of ADL disabled blacks and an increase of ADL disabled white females in the age group 70+. CONCLUSIONS: Americans aged 65-69 years manifest a significant improvement in health over the 1980s-1990s but the dynamics differs in gender and race groups. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Isolation and identification of eight races of powdery mildew of roses (Podosphaera pannosa) (Wallr.: Fr.) de Bary and the genetic analysis of the resistance gene Rpp1.

Powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera pannosa, is one of the most-severe diseases of roses grown under glass. The differentiation into physiological races and the genetic analysis of resistance in a segregating host population was investigated using single conidial isolates of the pathogen. Using ten rose genotypes, all eight isolates of the pathogen could be ascribed to different races. Five races were isolated from one location, which indicates that populations of P. pannosa exhibit a high racial diversity. Infection experiments in a backcross-population of 114 rose plants resulted in a 1:1 segregation, suggesting control by a single dominant gene. Rpp1 is the first resistance gene against rose powdery mildew to be described.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2003

Molecular mapping of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 3 resistance gene in chickpea.

Sequence-tagged microsatellite site (STMS) and sequence-tagged site (STS) markers linked closely to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 3 resistance gene in chickpea were identified, and linkage between three wilt resistance genes was elucidated. The resistance to race 3 in chickpea germplasm accession WR-315 was inherited as a single gene, designated foc-3, in 100 F(7) recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of WR-315 (resistant) x C-104 (susceptible). The foc-3 gene was mapped 0.6 cM from STMS markers TA96 and TA27 and STS marker CS27A. Another STMS marker, TA194, at 14.3 cM, flanked the gene on the other side. Linkage between foc-3 and two other chickpea wilt resistance genes, foc-1 (syn. h(1)) and foc-4, was established. foc-3 was mapped 9.8 cM from foc-1 and 8.7 cM from foc-4, whereas foc-1 and foc-4 are closely linked at 1.1 cM. The identification of closely linked markers to resistance genes will facilitate marker-assisted selection for introgression of the race 3 resistance gene to susceptible chickpea lines.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Race: a risk factor for dengue hemorrhagic fever.

Cuban DHF/DSS outbreaks have provided evidence of a reduced risk of people of Negroid race for DHF/DSS compared to those of Caucasoid race. These observations from Cuban dengue outbreaks have significant epidemiological interest, as the differences in susceptibility to DHF/DSS among racial groups in Cuba coincide with that reported in African and Black Caribbean populations. In this article, we review the literature on race as a risk factor for DHF/DSS and discuss recent results from ongoing studies. Taking into consideration the origins of contemporary Cuban inhabitants, we propose that the Cuban, Caribbean Black and African populations share a common gene pool that could explain, at least partially, the low incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Cuba and Caribbean and African countries. The central role played by immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of DHF/DSS has led us to consider that the polymorphic genes associated with the immune response must be carefully considered among those human genes regulating dengue disease severity that might be distributed unequally in Blacks and Whites.

Black People↗