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PubMedDate not supplied

Survival of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in poultry manure and manure slurry at sublethal temperatures.

Exponential inactivation was observed for Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in poultry manure with decimal reduction times ranging from half a day at 37 C to 1-2 wk at 4 C. There was no material difference in inactivation rates between S. typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7. Inactivation was slower in slurries made by mixing two parts of water with one part of manure; decimal reduction times (time required for 90% destruction) ranged from 1-2 days at 37 C to 6-22 wk at 4 C. Escherichia coli O157:H7 consistently exhibited slightly slower inactivation than S. typhimurium. Log decimal reduction time for both strains was a linear function of storage temperature for manure and slurries. Chemical analysis indicated that accumulation of free ammonia in poultry manure was an important factor in inactivation of the pathogens. This finding was experimentally confirmed for S. typhimurium by adding ammonia directly to peptone water or to bovine manure, which was naturally low in ammonia, and adjusting pH to achieve predetermined levels of free ammonia.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2001

Application of Bacillus thuringiensis in poultry houses as a biological control agent against the housefly, Musca domestica sorbens.

The efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t) as a microbial housefly control agent was evaluated in one of the natural maggot breeding medium, namely poultry faeces. Two commercial formulations, a wettable powder and a liquid concentrate were assayed against Musca domestica sorbens in synthetic fly breeding madia and in chicken faeces. The latter was found to favour maggot breeding when compared with the synthetic one. Both formulations resulted in significant reduction in maggot numbers,, pupal development and adult emergence. Concentration was found significantly affecting adult emergence. The liquid concentrate induced higher larvicidal activity than dry powder formulation. Contaminated faeces produced from orally fed chickens were found significantly toxic to the breeding maggots, reaching maximum larvicidal activity till the 4th day post-feeding faeces, and continued in less activity till the 6th day. Adding B.t. in chicken food in poultry mass breeding is recommended for housefly control.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2004

Airborne Campylobacter infection in a poultry worker: case report and review of the literature.

A man who had recently started work as a packer in a chicken factory developed campylobacteriosis with severe complications. This prompted a qualitative assessment of the occupational infection risk. It is likely that his infection occurred by droplet transmission via the mouth. Serological studies have shown increased risk of infection to poultry workers, particularly in the first weeks of employment. Previous reports have identified the risks of airborne pathogen transmission, and these papers are reviewed here. Epidemiological evidence from the plant indicated that workers were three times more likely than the general population to suffer campylobacteriosis, and occupational health reporting confirms the risk to poultry workers. Employers should offer face masks to their workers for protection from airborne infection.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1991

Composition of the enterococcal and streptococcal intestinal flora of poultry.

Identification to species level showed that Enterococcus faecalis and Ent. faecium largely dominated the enterococcal and streptococcal gut flora of 1-d-old chicks. Enterococcus faecalis was rare in 3- to 5-week-old broilers. Two species, Ent. faecium and Streptococcus alactolyticus, were isolated from nearly all broilers examined. Enterococcus hirae and Ent. durans were found in the small intestines of this category of poultry. In layers and parent stock of over 12 weeks of age, Ent. cecorum dominated with Strep. alactolyticus ranking next. Other species were isolated irregularly. Enterococcus avium and Ent. gallinarum, originally described from chickens, were rarely found. These species did not appear to belong to the normal intestinal flora of poultry.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacokinetic and residue studies of quinolone compounds and olaquindox in poultry.

Nalidixic acid and similar antimicrobial agents have been available for more than 20 years, mainly for treating infections caused by Gram-negative enterobacteria. Recently, several chemically related drugs, including oxolinic acid, pipemidic acid, piromidic acid and flumequine, have been developed. They are either naphthyridine-carboxylic acid or quinoline-carboxylic acid derivatives and, with nalidixic acid, are so-called quinolones. A major advance in antimicrobial chemotherapy was the synthesis of newer quinolones containing at least 1 fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group. These new fluoroquinolones have an extended antimicrobial spectrum compared to the first quinolone generation, and are highly active against most Gram-negative pathogens including the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pharmacokinetic properties and residue levels of these quinolones and fluoroquinolones for which clinical experience or experimental information exists in poultry are reviewed here. On the other hand, administration of the quinoxaline-di-N-oxide, olaquindox, for medical purposes raises questions concerning the pharmacokinetic disposition of the drug and the risk of its residues in poultry. This paper presents information about the pharmacokinetic profile of olaquindox and the presence of its residues in chickens.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed1990

[Use of filter paper for blood specimen collection in poultry for use in the detection of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus].

Trials were conducted to verify the possibility of poultry blood sampling with filter papers for subsequent examination of the eluates for the presence (and level) of haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Qualitative examination was performed in 294 paired samples of sera and eluates, representing 10 selective sets, coming from three vaccinated poultry flocks. The numbers of positive sera (dilution ratios 1:20 and higher) and positive eluates of filter papers (dilution ratios of 1: 2 and higher) were compared and it was found that there were 238 positive paired samples (81%) and 30 were negative (10.2%), hence, there were like reactions in 268 paired samples (91.2% of the total number of samples examined). It was only in 25 paired samples that positivity was recorded just in the sera: 22 times with a titre of 1:20 and three times with a titre of 1:40. In one case, positivity was recorded just in the eluate. The final titres were compared in 181 paired samples of sera and eluates, all diluted at a ratio of 1:2, and it was found that the concentration of the haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies in the eluates corresponded to serum dilution ratio of 1:20. Under this assumption, the antibodies were found to have the same titre in 164 paired samples (55.8%) during the quantitative evaluation. A lower titre was recorded in 82 eluate samples (27.9%) and a higher antibody titre in 48 eluate samples (16.3%) (in comparison with the antibody titres in the respective sera). The over-all average geometrical titre (GMT) of antibodies was 1:65 in the eluates and 1:75 in the sera.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of "major genes" affecting disease resistance in poultry in respect to their potential for commercial breeding.

The evaluation of "major genes" is an essential step before their commercial utilization and transfer into a breeding population is considered. Of particular importance is, whether the effects of a "major gene" are independent of the genetic background into which it is introduced. This aspect has been investigated in respect to "major genes" affecting disease resistance in poultry. One of these controls genetic resistance to Leukosis virus (ALV) infection. Such infections have a negative effect on egg production and can result in increased mortality from causes other than Leukosis. The other "major gene" concerns B blood groups - genetic markers of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the fowl - which influence resistance to Marek's disease. The effects of these major genes on egg production and/or viability were studied in three Leghorn lines of different origin and in crossbred combinations of these lines. For either of the "major genes", significant interactions with genetic characteristics of lines have been found which might induce changes of their effects on performance traits in different purebred and crossbred populations. To ignore this, could lead to false decisions when evaluating the potential benefit of known "major genes" for genetic improvement of economic merit. From the point of view of practical poultry breeding, "major genes" need to be evaluated on the basis of the effects achieved in crossbreds of the particular breeding lines, before making decisions about their utilization.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of beef and poultry by serological field screening tests (ORBIT and PROFIT): collaborative study.

Ten laboratories each analyzed 30 raw meat and raw meat product samples in a collaborative study of the ORBIT (overnight rapid bovine identification test) and PROFIT (poultry rapid overnight field identification test) serological field screening tests for the detection of beef and poultry. Versatility of the tests was shown in the analysis of whole tissue, ground, or emulsified raw meat products. Both tests were demonstrated to be reliable and were capable of detecting adulterants present at the 10% level. The method has been adopted official first action.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic determination of amprolium in poultry feed and premixes using postcolumn chemistry with fluorometric detection.

Two extraction and liquid chromatographic procedures are presented which separate amprolium from compounds in poultry feed or premixes that could interfere with its fluorometric determination. The procedures are based on earlier work on the determination of thiamine in food samples. Amprolium is extracted from feed with a hexane-aqueous sulfosalicylic acid mix, separated on a C18 column, and detected fluorometrically after postcolumn derivatization. For premixes, water extraction is used. Values for the amprolium content of poultry feed obtained with these procedures are in good agreement with those obtained with AOAC official methods. It is suggested that these methods with suitable modifications may be of use for routine analysis of amprolium in feeds. The overall methods are rapid and appear to give reasonable results.

Amprolium↗
PubMed1985

[Amino acid composition of white poultry meat contaminated with psychrophilic microorganisms].

Studied was the effect of psychrophilic organisms of the Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, and Flavobacter genera on the amino acid composition of white poultry meat stored at 0 degrees to 4 degrees C in the course of 48 hours, and at 18 degrees C in the course of 6 to 12 months. The quantitative determination of individual amino acids was carried out by means of an automatic amino acid analyzer, Hitachi type, after the method of Speckman, Stein, and Moore. No changes were established in the amino acid composition of white poultry meat that was treated with psychrophilic organisms as against the composition of untreated meat. Proteins preserved their biologic value.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Circulation of the influenza virus on poultry-raising farms].

The results of examinations for immunity to influenza in chickens and the personnel handling them at the permanently observed farm are presented. Antibodies mainly to the same antigenic variants of human influenza viruses were found in chicken and human blood sera. Alongside with antihemagglutinins to influenza A (H3N2) virus strains, chicken in 1983-1984 were found to have antibodies to influenza B virus epidemically important in those years. Thus, in poultry farms human influenza viruses are introduced into poultry populations. The strains circulating among fowls may probably be potentially dangerous for man.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Wildlife surveillance associated with an outbreak of lethal H5N2 avian influenza in domestic poultry.

Wildlife surveillance was conducted for influenza viruses in conjunction with the 1983-84 lethal H5N2 avian influenza epizootic in domestic poultry in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. Virus-isolation attempts made on cloacal and tracheal swabs from 4,466 birds and small rodents within the quarantined areas and 1,511 waterfowl in nearby Maryland yielded only a single H5N2 isolate from a pen-raised chukar in Pennsylvania. Antibodies against hemagglutinin type 5 and/or neuraminidase type 2 were found in 33% of the aquatic birds tested; however, this finding could not be used to confirm previous H5N2 avian influenza virus activity because of the possibility of prior infections with multiple influenza subtypes. The low prevalence of lethal H5N2 avian influenza virus in wild birds and small rodents strongly indicated that these animals were not responsible for dissemination of the disease among poultry farms during the outbreak.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Contamination of butchered poultry with psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms].

Studied were the ways in which slaughtered birds were contaminated with psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms as well as the effect of the various technologic stages in the yield and processing of the poultry meat on the extent of its contamination and the occurrence of such organisms in alive and slaughtered broilers in dependence on the season. It was found that the individual stages of production of poultry meat influenced the rate of contamination of slaughtered birds. There was a difference between the psychrophilic microflora in alive birds and that found after slaughter and processing. In the first group highest was the percent of the Acinetobacter (100%) genus, followed by the Flavobacter (80%), Corinebacter (60%) and other genera, while in the slaughtered birds prevailing were the Pseudomonas (50-75%) and Flavobacter (17-30%) genera. Following scalding the psychrophile count dropped 12 times as compared to the count established at stunning, and the count of psychrotrophic organisms dropped 7 times. Greatest was the drop following the process of singeing--8 times for the psychrophiles and 2.5 times for the psychrotrophic organisms. During the following stages of the technologic process no rise was observed of the count of both types of organisms. The count of psychrotrophic organisms was found to be lower in the spring and autumn seasons, and it was higher in the summer. Psychrophiles showed highest number of strains isolated in the winter season--as many as 102.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Titrimetric determination of calcium in mechanically separated poultry and beef: collaborative study.

A collaborative study was conducted on a titrimetric EDTA method for the determination of calcium in mechanically separated poultry and beef tissue. Six laboratories analyzed, as blind duplicates, 5 poultry samples and 5 beef samples. Calcium concentrations covered the levels from 0.04 to 0.82%. Pooled standard deviations were 0.0165 for repeatability, 0.0072 for bias, and 0.0225 for reproducibility. The method has been adopted official first action.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Increasing number of Salmonella paratyphi B isolates from slaughtered poultry sent in to the national Salmonella reference laboratory].

In the last years the number of isolations of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar paratyphi B (S. paratyphi B) sent to the national salmonella reference laboratory of Germany has increased steadily. Most of the isolates originated from fowl or poultry products. The bacteriological, serological and biochemical properties of the isolates were investigated. Special emphasis was given to the utilization of d-tartrate which subgroups the serovar. All of them belonged to the d-tartrate positive variant, which is generally considered less virulent for humans and was formerly called S. java. The performance of various tests is compared and in addition the possibility of the spread within the production line is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Biosecurity in poultry production: where are we and where do we go?

An overview is given about the importance of biosecurity in the poultry industry, and a comparison is made with other systems of disease control such as vaccination and medication. Different measures considered to be important in bio-security are reviewed and some expectations for the future are given. Furthermore, some attention is paid to the animal welfare aspects.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1987

Immune mechanisms in infections of poultry.

Resistance to infectious agents may depend upon innate mechanisms or acquired immune responses. Inflammation, phagocytosis, cell-mediated immunity and antibodies are components of a complex reaction which result either in resistance or in susceptibility. Most infectious organisms stimulate immune responses within every compartment of the immune system. In rather few infections of poultry, it is possible to pinpoint a limited number of immune reactions that are primarily responsible for resistance. In some situations, autoimmunity may contribute to the pathology associated with infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Serological diagnosis of Salmonella serotype enteritidis infections in poultry by ELISA and other tests.

Serological methods have increasingly been used for the detection of invasive Salmonella serotypes including enteritidis in poultry. Different types of ELISA, particularly indirect or double antibody-blocking assays using a variety of antigens such as lipopolysaccharide, flagella and SEF14 fimbrial antigen are used as part of control programmes in a number of countries. There are many advantages to using such assays for preliminary screening of flocks prior to using bacteriological culture methods.

Agglutination Tests↗