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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

The effect of mouthrinses on parameters characterizing human periodontal disease.

The objective of the present clinical trial was to assess the efficacy of mouthwashes containing antiseptic agents on established and developing plaque and periodontal disease in adult subjects using a newly described clinical research model. The study was carried out in 21 patients with periodontal disease. At the baseline examination, all tooth surfaces-sites were studied with regard to dental plaque, gingivitis, bleeding on probing to the base of the pocket and probing pocket depths. The patients were subsequently randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups, each consisting of 7 individuals. Group A rinsed with a 0.01% solution of Sanguinarine, group B rinsed with a 0.2% solution of chlorhexidine and group C rinsed with a placebo solution. No instructions regarding mechanical plaque control measures or information regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease were given to any of the patients during the course of the 6-weeks of trial. The clinical examination was repeated after 2 weeks use of the mouthwash preparations. Following the re-examination, all patients were subjected to scaling and root planing in 2 jaw quadrants chosen at random. After another 2 weeks, the 2nd re-examination was performed and the teeth in the 2 remaining jaw quadrants were thoroughly scaled. The final examination was performed 2 weeks later. During the 4 weeks of rinsing, without adjunctive professional mechanical debridement, the frequency distribution of plaque Index scores 2 + 3 did not change in the group of patients using the placebo solution, but was significantly reduced in both the chlorhexidine and the Sanguinarine groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans of polymorphonuclear cells in patients with organ transplant of periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND: The easiest defence system carried out by the organism, the inflammatory response, happens with the support of phagocyting cells: the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) or neutrophils are the most important cell line acting as the first defence of the organism against bacterial agents. Previous studies have shown a correlation between a reduction of the immune function and development of periodontal disease. Furthermore, it is well known that transplant patients show a variety of oral lesions as a consequence of their therapy, in particular to immunosuppressive drugs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the phagocytosis and killing functions of PMNL in transplant patients and in patients with periodontal disease in comparison with a group of healthy subjects. METHODS: PMNL, were isolated by spontaneous sedimentation from heparinized blood and centrifugation of plasma on density medium. Phagocytosis rate was expressed as the percentage of Candida albicans phagocyted after 20' incubation and phagocyting PMNLs. Intracellular killing was expressed as the percentage of yeast cells killed. RESULTS: We did not find a significant decrease of phagocytosis in transplant patients and patients with periodontal disease while these two groups of patients showed a decrease of PMNL killing activity in respect to healthy controls, an effect which was unrelated to the severity of periodontal disease. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a reduction of killing activity, either spontaneous or drug-induced, would contribute to the development of periodontal disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Depressed helper-to-suppressor T-cell ratios in early-onset forms of periodontal disease.

Helper (CD4+)-to-suppressor (CD8+) T-cell ratios were determined by flow cytometry for 12 patients with early-onset forms of periodontal disease and their appropriate controls. When considered as a group, patients with early-onset periodontal disease showed a markedly depressed CD4+/CD8+ ratio relative to controls (means 0.92 and 1.50 respectively). This difference was significant at the 0.0015% level as determined by the Mann-Whitney test. Separate analysis of patients with either the juvenile or rapidly progressive types of early-onset periodontal disease showed both to have reduced CD4+/CD8+ ratios (means 0.91 and 0.92) relative to their controls (means 1.57 and 1.45) which were both statistically significant (p less than 0.05).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Periodontal disease and prematurity among non-smoking Sri Lankan women.

The hypothesis that periodontal disease is associated with pre-term low birthweight was tested in a prospective follow-up study of rural prima-gravida women (N = 227) who were free of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use. Women with 3rd trimester mean probing pocket depths, plaque, and bleeding scores that were greater than the median value in the cohort were defined as "exposed". There were 17 (7.5%) preterm low birthweight singleton deliveries in the cohort (among "exposed" = 12%; among "unexposed" = 5.6%; Odds Ratio = 2.3; 95% CI = 0.9-6.3). After adjustment for the independent variables, the OR for preterm low birthweight in relation to "exposure" was 1.9 (95% CI = 0.7-5.4). Our results are only suggestive of an association between periodontal disease and preterm low birthweight, perhaps indicating that previously reported associations may have been subjected to residual confounding due to tobacco, alcohol, and drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Birth order, sibship size, and housing density in relation to tooth loss and periodontal disease: a cohort study among Swedish twins.

For diseases with an infectious etiology, birth order may dictate the age of exposure to childhood infection, while sibship size may be a proxy for the probability of exposure. The authors examined whether birth order, sibship size, and childhood housing density affect risk of tooth loss and periodontal disease. The study included 28,690 adults aged > or = 42 years who were participating in a 1998-2002 follow-up of persons listed in the Swedish Twin Registry. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, with adjustment for age, sex, education, and smoking and mutual adjustment for family composition (sibship size and/or birth order). Tooth loss and periodontal disease affected 8% and 19% of the twins, respectively. Each additional sibling increased the odds of tooth loss by 10% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.15) and the odds of periodontal disease by 5% (95% CI: 1.02, 1.08). Later birth order was associated with lower odds of periodontal disease. Each additional person per room in the childhood home increased the odds of tooth loss (odds ratio = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.60) but lowered the odds of periodontal disease (odds ratio = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.89). These findings are compatible with the hypotheses that adult oral diseases are associated with the probability of exposure in childhood and that earlier age at exposure lowers risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cases of HIV-associated characteristic periodontal diseases.

In the course of infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) typical changes of inflammatory periodontal diseases can arise. The prevalence of these illnesses may be up to 5%. The HIV-associated periodontal diseases include linear gingival erythema (LGE), necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP). The necrotizing forms appear particularly in severe or advanced immunosuppression. It can be safely assumed that the HIV infection and the resulting immunological defects are responsible for these severe forms of destruction of the periodontal tissue. Periodontal therapy consists in the removal of necrotic tissues and removal of soft and hard plaque-deposits. This is supported by a chlorhexidine digluconate mouthrinse and antibiotics. In the interest of further prophylactics a strict system of recall appointments is recommended.

Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of periodontal disease in HIV seropositive subjects and controls (I). Clinical features.

The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases in HIV seropositive and assumed HIV seronegative individuals in the Edinburgh area. 29 HIV seropositive subjects were examined at baseline and at 3-monthly intervals. Attachment loss and dichotomous indicators of periodontal disease were recorded. 27 control subjects were seen at baseline only. Although there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of mean attachment loss at baseline, HIV seropositive subjects had experienced more severe attachment loss localised to the lower incisor region. HIV seropositive subjects had a significantly higher mean % of sites exhibiting suppuration and redness. A distinct subgroup of 9 HIV seropositive subjects with widespread attachment loss was detected, which included those subjects with severely affected lower incisors. Site-specific attachment loss of > or = 3 mm was observed in only 20 sites out of 2814 sites in HIV+subjects observed longitudinally. The incidence of aggressive periodontal disease in this study was lower than anticipated, despite the inclusion of patients with advanced HIV infection or AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Fatty acids of healthy and periodontally diseased root substance in human teeth.

In this comparative study, samples of root substance from healthy and periodontally diseased human teeth were analyzed for fatty acids by means of a gas-chromatographic technique. The sample preparation procedure allowed specimens from individual teeth to be analyzed. The content of the fatty acids C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, and C18:1 in the superficial layer of the periodontally diseased teeth was significantly higher than that of healthy teeth. In the inner layer, there was no such difference. Four different 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH C14:0, 3-OH C15:0, 3-OH C16:0, and 3-OH C17:0) were identified by combined gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry in the tooth substance of periodontally diseased teeth. This indicates the presence of lipid A, which is the toxic component of bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1996

Validity of a self-reported periodontal disease measure.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of a self-reported periodontal disease measure for use in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. METHODS: Participating dentists responded to the question "Have you had periodontal disease with bone loss?" Radiographs obtained from 140 participants were evaluated for bone loss at 32 posterior sites and used as the standard. A site was positive if it had bone loss > 2 mm and/or complete loss of crestal lamina dura. To avoid falsely classifying participants as positive, three blinded examiners independently evaluated each participant's radiographs. An a priori decision rule was used to classify a participant positive if all examiners independently assessed the same two or more sites positive. RESULTS: The validity of the self-reported measure was good among dentists, with positive and negative predictive values of 0.76 and 0.74, respectively. Among nondentists, the self-reported measure showed discriminatory power by confirming associations with known risk factors such as age and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Dentists have a good perception of their periodontal status, and there is reasonable consensus among dentists regarding the threshold for defining periodontal disease. Self-reported measures might have potential for use in studies of other populations with substantial cost reduction, and deserve further evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Association between smoking different tobacco products and periodontal disease indexes.

Six indexes of periodontal health were recorded in cigarette smokers, pipe/cigar smokers and nonsmokers from the Veterans Administration Dental Longitudinal Study. These indexes included calculus deposition, plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, periodontal pocket depth, alveolar bone loss and tooth mobility. Cigarette smokers had significantly more calculus deposition than pipe/cigar smokers, although both smoker groups had more calculus than nonsmokers. Cigarette smokers accumulated slightly less plaque than pipe/cigar smokers, and both smoker groups accumulated less plaque than nonsmokers. Gingival inflammation and tooth mobility did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers, nor between the two smoker groups. Cigarette smokers had significantly greater pocket depth than nonsmokers, in contrast to pipe/cigar smokers who were not different from nonsmokers. Radiographic measurements indicated that cigarette smokers had significantly more alveolar bone loss than either pipe/cigar or nonsmokers. After covariance adjustment for age and calculus, all smokers had less plaque, gingival inflammation and tooth mobility than nonsmokers, similar periodontal pocket depth, but only cigarette smokers had greater bone loss. This finding of greater alveolar bone loss in cigarette smokers suggests a tobacco product-related effect in systemic physiologic action.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Clinical efficacy of dental radiography in the detection of dental caries and periodontal diseases.

This article reports the ability of dental radiographs to correctly detect evidence of dental caries and periodontal disease (sensitivity) and to correctly establish the absence of these diseases (specificity). The analysis used a unique data set that was collected as part of the Veterans Administration Dental Longitudinal Study in Boston. Periapical, panoramic, and posterior bitewing radiographs were independently compared with a consensus radiographic standard of all three radiographs read simultaneously. Findings showed that the sensitivities of all three radiographs to detect dental caries were lower than expected, at approximately 60%, whereas the sensitivities to detect evidence of periodontal disease averaged approximately 85%. Panoramic radiographs were substantially less sensitive for detecting dental caries than periapical and posterior bitewing radiographs, but no difference between these modalities was observed in the analysis of sensitivity to periodontal disease. The proportion of false-negative and false-positive readings from dental radiographs was substantial and requires further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Nonsurgical approaches for the treatment of periodontal diseases.

This article reviews nonsurgical approaches for the management of periodontal diseases. A brief review of the pathogenesis of periodontitis allows the reader to identify the potential points of intervention. Assessment of risk factors for periodontitis and the potential for risk reduction are introduced as the first part of a three-pronged approach to therapy. Antimicrobial approaches, including the use of mechanical therapy, antiseptics, and antibiotics,are described next. Host modulatory therapy is addressed as the fi-nal component of the nonsurgical approach to periodontal therapy. Clinical applications of these nonsurgical options are presented as part of the treatment strategy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

Awareness of periodontal diseases amongst Nigerian diabetics.

This prospective study sample consisted of 261 Nigerians made up of 155 diabetics seen at the medical outpatient clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos and general hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria and 106 health controls randomly selected. The subjects were required to complete a questionnaire containing the biographic data and occupation, and assessment of their knowledge, attitude and practice towards periodontal health and utilisation of appropriate professional care. They were then examined and assessed using the CPITN code. Their ages ranged from 5 to 65 years. Close to three-quarters of the subjects (73.5% for diabetics and 74.5% for controls) were 45 years or older. Furthermore, 6% of the low skilled diabetics new about periodontal disease while only 27.2% of those in the medium and highly skilled group had some knowledge of periodontal disease. This relationship was found to be statistically significant (X2 = 12-22 ; df = 2, p < 0.05). Similarly, statistically significant relationship was demonstrated between diabetics and controls with regards to knowledge about the demonstrated between diabetic and controls with regards to knowledge about the cause/s of periodontal disease and awareness of gum bleeding. 73.6% of the controls had never been to the dentist before unlike 62.1% of diabetics. All subjects in either group who claimed not to bleed scored at least the minimum on the CPITN code. While 52.3% of diabetics and 22.5% of control had a CPITN score of 2,54% of those in the control group and 30% of diabetics recorded a score of 3 on the CPITN code. In conclusion, the level of awareness of periodontal disease is quite low amongst both groups, hence there is a need to promote periodontal health awareness in the general populace as well as clinics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Complicated periodontal disease.

Not all patients experience "normal" levels of periodontal disease. More complicated cases with deep periodontal pockets or excessive inflammation require specialized procedures and therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Periodontal diseases among Quebec adults aged 35 to 44 years.

BACKGROUND: Very little information is available on periodontal diseases in Canadian adults. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of periodontal problems in Quebec adults aged 35 to 44. METHODS: A total of 2,110 randomly selected Quebec adults were examined between September 1994 and July 1995. The participation rate was 77% for the questionnaire and 44.5% for the oral examination. Measurements for gingival bleeding, calculus, epithelial attachment and periodontal pocket depths were taken for each tooth. RESULTS: More than 80% of examined persons presented with gingival bleeding on at least one tooth, and 75% presented with calculus on at least one tooth. The CPITN indicated that only 5.2% of individuals had no treatment needs, and that one out of 5 necessitated complex treatment. People with low family income, men and persons living in metropolitan areas are at higher risk of having at least one tooth with a pocket >6 mm. Dental health behaviours (regular dental visits, brushing and flossing frequency) were not significantly associated with the presence of periodontal pockets. Finally, individuals were relatively unaware of their periodontal problems. CONCLUSION: Increasing the population s awareness of periodontal diseases will be a major task for public health workers. The dental profession and the dental industry need to develop awareness campaigns to improve prevention, management and control of periodontal problems. It is especially important to target people at risk, in particular men and low-income groups. As well, dental schools and continuing education courses should focus on this problem with the aim of modifying dental practices.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Relationship between bleeding on probing and periodontal disease progression in community-dwelling older adults.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between bleeding on probing (BOP) and periodontal disease progression in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: A 3-year longitudinal study was carried out in 229 non-smoking healthy older adults aged 70 years. Using pressure-controlled periodontal probes, BOP, pocket depth and attachment level at 13,289 sites were measured annually. Periodontal disease progression was defined as an increase in attachment loss of >or=3 mm from the baseline to the final examination. The backward stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between the total number of sites with BOP in the four examinations and periodontal progression. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratios of BOP frequency for periodontal disease progression ranged from 1.4 to 6.2 after controlling for pocket depth >or=4 mm at baseline, number of missing teeth, jaw type and tooth site. CONCLUSION: Increasing frequencies of bleeding might increase the probability of periodontal disease progression in community-dwelling older adults.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Trends in the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases in the US: a public health problem?

This article reviews trends in the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases in US adults and examines the implications of these trends regarding the recognition of periodontal disease as a public health problem. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) examination surveys, 1960-62 and 1971-74, and the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR) 1985-86 Survey of Employed and Senior Adults are examined. Issues of comparability and generalizability are discussed. Changes in the prevalence and severity of gingivitis and periodontitis are presented for the time periods 1960-62 to 1971-74 and 1971-74 to 1985-86. We concluded (1) it is difficult to document the changes occurring in the prevalence of gingivitis; however, given the available evidence, the prevalence and severity of gingivitis have probably declined; (2) it appears that periodontitis continues to affect approximately the same proportions of the overall US adult population; but with those affected, the extent and severity of the disease have declined; and (3) older adults continue to exhibit more disease and greater levels of severe disease than the younger age groups. Renewed efforts to clarify the epidemiologic confusion concerning trends in the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease should remain high on the agenda for public health dentistry.

Adolescent↗