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PubMed1988

Prevalence of overweight and obesity and its relation to coronary heart disease in the CORIS study.

Using body mass index as a measure of overweight and obesity in the Coronary Risk Factor Study (CORIS) on a large white South African study population (N = 7,188) aged 15-64 years, 41.9% of the men and 38.8% of the women were overweight and, in addition, 14.7% of the men and 18.0% of the women were obese. In a subset of the study population (45-64-year-old age group) coronary risk factors were related to the different weight categories. Mean values of serum cholesterol, uric acid and systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased progressively from the underweight, through the normal and overweight to the obese category in both sexes, while the high-density lipoprotein/total cholesterol ratio and the number of cigarettes smoked per day showed an inverse trend. The daily energy expenditure remained unchanged across the weight categories. Coronary heart disease prevalence was progressively higher in the overweight and obese groups compared with the normal weight group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Overweight and obesity in hypertension.

Many studies have shown body weight to correlate with blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension, but few have examined whether the correlation between overweight and hypertension holds at higher levels of blood pressure. This study evaluated the degree of overweight and hypertension among 1795 adult men and women with hypertension (diastolic pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg) who were referred to a community-based hypertension clinic in Milwaukee during a five-year period. Using a nomogram for body mass index (BMI), we found that more than one-third of the subjects were overweight and over one-third were obese, with black and white females showing slightly higher indices than males. There was a trend for BMI to decline with age in both ethnic groups. Among the group not on antihypertensive medication (1344 patients), there was no correlation between BMI and blood pressure. Blood pressure correlated positively with age but BMI showed an opposite trend. After BMI was corrected for age, the correlation was the same and tended to be in the negative direction. A striking trend observed is that the higher the BMI, the greater the percentage of subjects with diastolic pressures between 90-104 mmHg. These results do not necessarily contradict a possible role of obesity in hypertension. Rather, they confirm the high prevalence of overweight among hypertensives and suggest that a large proportion of obese hypertensives tend to have a relatively mild pressure elevation. In view of the known hypotensive effect of weight reduction, the likelihood of reducing blood pressure to normotensive levels in this group by diet is stressed.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Developmental trends in eating rates of normal and overweight preschool children.

Eating rates (bites per interval) and other meal behaviors (number of chews, sips, talks with a neighbor, and chews per bite) were observed for 30 normal and 30 overweight white preschool children in their school cafeterias. Children were classified according to weight (overweight or normal), age (1 1/2--2 years, 3--4 years, or 5--6 years) and sex. Analysis of variance revealed that overweight preschool children demonstrated a somewhat higher rate of distinctly fewer chews per bite. Boys showed increasing chew rates with increasing age. Talk rates also increased with age but were unrelated to sex or weight status. Sip rates were not significantly associated with age, sex, or weight status. These results support the hypothesis that overweight persons are characterized by an increased eating rate and show that it is apparent even around the time of first self-feeding.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

[Energy balance and caloric profile in the elderly obese or in those with overweight compared to those of normal weight].

BACKGROUND: Elderly obese people have higher morbidity and mortality rates than those of normal weight and thus deeper knowledge of the problem of obesity is required in order to establish measures for prevention and correction. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in the energetic ingestion and caloric profile in the diets of elderly patients based on their body mass index (BMI). METHODS: A collective of 127 elderly patients (44 institutionalized and 83 not) from 65 to 89 years of age were studied being grouped as: overweight-obese elderly (BMI > 25 kg/m2) and normal weight elderly patients (BMI < 25 kg/m2). The ingestion of energy and caloric profile of their diets was calculated in both groups by the "precise individual weight" method (in the institutionalized patients) and by the "register of food consumption" (in non institutionalized patients). The data of energetic ingestion were validated by comparison with the energy spent calculated on the basis of weight, age, and the daily activities of each patient. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the energetic ingestion of overweight and obese elderly persons and those of normal weight, although the former had a more unbalanced caloric profile, with greater protein contribution and lesser carbohydrate contribution to total calories. It was also found that overweight and obese elderly patients underevaluate their energetic ingestion more than those of normal weight. CONCLUSIONS: The main difference observed between overweight-obese elderly patients with respect to those of normal weight was in the composition of their diets more than in the total energetic consumption.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

High prevalence of overweight and short stature among Head Start children in Massachusetts.

The Head Start Program measures children's heights and weights to screen for growth problems such as obesity, wasting, and short stature. At present, little public health use is made of these data. In this paper, the authors present serial cross-sectional nutrition surveillance data from Massachusetts Head Start Programs. Nonrandom samples of local Head Start Programs provided annual screening data from 1988 to 1991 on an average of 2,664 children per year. Height and weight measurements were compared with National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference populations. On average, 87 percent of the children were 36 to 59 months of age and 51 percent were white. From 7.3 to 8.8 percent of children were below the 5th percentile of height for age each year, and from 1.2 to 3.3 percent were underweight, with weight below the 5th percentile for height (P < 0.05 compared with NCHS population). In each year overweight (weight for height above the 95th percentile) was most prevalent, ranging from 9.6 percent to 13.3 percent (P < 0.05 compared with NCHS) and demonstrating a statistically significant upward trend over the 4 years of study (chi-square = 9.21, P < 0.01). The prevalence of overweight and short stature varied by race and ethnicity. A statistically significant upward trend in overweight was seen among Hispanic children (chi-square = 5.99, P < 0.05). Also, children who were 48 months of age or older were more likely than younger children to be overweight (P < 0.05). The prevalence of short stature did not vary significantly by year, sex, or age. The authors conclude that children attending Head Start Programs in Massachusetts are at risk for short stature and are at increasing risk of obesity. These risks vary by race and ethnicity. Further research is needed to determine the generalizability of these findings to other regions and to evaluate social and behavioral correlates of poor nutrition outcomes among Head Start children.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

The response to treatment of overweight in postmenopausal women is not related to fat distribution.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether fat distribution or sex hormone status in overweight postmenopausal women do influence the response to treatment of overweight. DESIGN: Longitudinal, clinical intervention study of a 4.2 MJ diet daily with or without exercise. SUBJECTS: 98 healthy, overweight, postmenopausal women (age: 49-58 y, BMI: 25-42 kg/m2). MEASUREMENTS: Various fatness and fat distribution parameters (by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and anthropometry), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), sex hormones, and the resting energy expenditure (REE) at baseline and after 3 months. RESULTS: Reductions in weight and fat were independent of the initial fat distribution and the REE, but were significantly associated with high initial SHBG levels. Furthermore, loss of fat was significantly and independently associated with increases in SHBG and reductions in central fat distribution. CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal women with an android and gynoid fat distribution respond with similar weight loss to treatment of overweight. Furthermore, a more healthy, less android, fat distribution and sex hormone status may be achieved with increasing weight loss.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Overweight and obesity in native-American adolescents: comparing nonreservation youths with African-American and Caucasian peers.

Previous studies have consistently shown that, compared to national standards, Native Americans across all age groups are disproportionately overweight or obese. Although most available data on rates of obesity in this group come from studies conducted on reservations, the proportion of Native Americans residing on reservation lands is rapidly declining. This study examines the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a population of Midwestern adolescents in public school settings and contrasts Caucasian and African-American adolescents with Native-American youths of the same age. Data were derived from a secondary analysis of an anonymous health-risk survey. Height, weight, and ethnicity were ascertained through self-report. The results call into question whether rates of overweight or obesity in Native-American adolescents are disproportionate relative to those for Caucasian and African-American adolescents. Cumulative comparisons of all overweight and obese adolescents in the sample (n = 5,655) show significant differences among ethnic groups, but age-specific comparisons do not yield a consistent pattern, especially for Native-American girls. To compare the entire sample to national weight standards, we plotted mean body mass index (BMI) for each ethnic group by age against NHANES II reference data. Age-specific BMI means for Native-American and Caucasian girls fell largely below the NHANES II reference data. We present several explanations for these results. Given the study limitations, further objective study of the weight status of Native-American children and adolescents in direct comparison with other ethnic groups is recommended.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Overweight and obesity in adults aged 20-74 in southern Iran.

OBJECTIVE: There is paucity of data on actual weight patterns among Iranians. It was the purpose of this study to provide estimates of prevalence of overweight and obesity among adult population aged 20-74 in southern Iran. DESIGN AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study during January 1993 to September 1994, anthropometric measurements, including height and weight, were obtained in a randomly selected sample population (n = 3378), aged 20-74 years, and permanently resident of the southern province of Fars in Iran. Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) was calculated for each individual, and the results were categorized for each sex by age groups of 5 years. RESULTS: The mean body mass index was 22.8 +/- 4.6 (+/- SD) for mean and 23.6 +/- 6.6 (+/- SD) for women. Men had their highest BMI in their late forties and women did so in their early fifties. Twenty-five percent of men and 30% of women were overweight (BMI = 25-30). Eight percent of women and 2.5% of men were obese (BMI > 30). CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to the commonly-held belief that overweight and obesity are generally uncommon in Iran, this study revealed that both are prevalent in the adult population of southern Iran and both are more frequent among women than men. The frequency for either overweight or obesity in Iran is expected to increase further as life becomes increasingly sedentary unless early intervention by promotion of healthy life styles and provision of nutritional information to the public is implemented.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Assessment of overweight and obese patients.

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States has significant impact on the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment skill requirements of clinicians. There are a number of parameters that are used in the appropriate assessment of overweight and obesity. These include knowledge of basic body composition, measurement techniques for the assessment of total and regional body fat, and awareness of cultural influences on overweight and obesity. The focus of this article is to define overweight and obesity and delineate appropriate assessment parameters for those conditions.

Anthropometry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Treatment of overweight. Use of a program].

This article publicizes the results of an overweight treatment program carried out as a working model under the auspices of Primary Health Care. This program placed special emphasis on educational aspects, preventive as well as promoting healthy ways of living; and one in which activities planned towards establishing means of conduct which play a direct role in their users health factors are focused on. This treatment program occurred as a group activity. The 27 participating subjects, 23 women and 4 men, were recommended by their doctor/nurse. Their average age was 37.6 years, +/- 11.3. 19 subjects were overweight with an IMC between 25 and 30; the other 8 had been diagnosed as obese with an IMC over 30. This program took place in the Health Center meeting hall over 4 months, from February through June. Among the elements of this program, these deserve special mention: the use of a vocabulary exempt of adverse connotations, for example, instead of diet we spoke of menus; the establishment of behavioral goals before weight loss goals; the practice of elaborating and designing hypercaloric menus; providing positive reinforcement for those behaviors which increased the level of physical activity which was objectively measured by means of podometers; the practice of eating slowly; etc. At the end of the program, the results showed an average weight loss of 4.2 kilograms, a range of 0.9 to 6.12 K, with respect to the average weight at the start of the program. One can foresee that this loss will continue to occur, especially in those cases where the subject had modified some habits such as eating rapidly or performing physical exercise related to overweightness. These results are open to discussion regarding the efficiency of the program and with regards to this program as an example of a coordinated effort between the Mental Health Unit and a Primary Health Care Team in relation to the design and implementation of health programs directed towards the attention of people with overweight problems.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Medications for Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.

AIMS: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-obesity medications (AOMs) for long-term weight maintenance following initial weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from inception to 31 October 2025. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing AOMs with placebo during the weight-maintenance phase in adults with overweight or obesity after initial weight loss achieved through lifestyle, dietary, surgical or pharmacological interventions. Outcomes included anthropometric indices, cardiometabolic measures, safety endpoints, quality of life and neuropsychiatric adverse events. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and odds ratios (ORs), each with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were pooled for continuous and categorical outcomes, respectively, using fixed-effect or random-effects models as appropriate. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE framework. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420261293040). RESULTS: A total of 12 RCTs comprising 4915 participants met the inclusion criteria. Compared with placebo, AOM therapy during the weight-maintenance phase was associated with prevention of weight regain and additional improvements in anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes. AOMs led to further reductions in body weight (BW, WMD: -8.68 kg, 95% CI: -13.25 to -4.11), waist circumference (WC, WMD: -7.16 cm, 95% CI: -10.34 to -3.98) and body mass index (BMI, WMD: -3.58 kg/m2, 95% CI: -5.69 to -1.46). Additional benefits were observed for triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Gastrointestinal adverse events were more common with AOMs, whereas serious adverse events were not significantly increased. Neuropsychiatric adverse events were generally comparable between groups, and available quality-of-life measures favoured AOM treatment. CONCLUSIONS: AOM therapy during the weight-maintenance phase can help prevent weight regain, provide further reductions in body weight and improve cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with overweight or obesity. Gastrointestinal adverse events were more common with AOMs, whereas serious adverse events were not significantly increased. Further long-term trials are needed to clarify optimal treatment strategies and safety.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Exercise for overweight or obesity.

BACKGROUND: Clinical trials have shown that exercise in adults with overweight or obesity can reduce bodyweight. There has been no quantitative systematic review of this in The Cochrane Library. OBJECTIVES: To assess exercise as a means of achieving weight loss in people with overweight or obesity, using randomised controlled clinical trials. SEARCH STRATEGY: Studies were obtained from computerised searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases. The last search was conducted in January 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials that examined body weight change using one or more physical activity intervention in adults with overweight or obesity at baseline and loss to follow-up of participants of less than 15%. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: The 43 studies included 3476 participants. Although significant heterogeneity in some of the main effects' analyses limited ability to pool effect sizes across some studies, a number of pooled effect sizes were calculated. When compared with no treatment, exercise resulted in small weight losses across studies. Exercise combined with diet resulted in a greater weight reduction than diet alone (WMD -1.1 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.5 to -0.6). Increasing exercise intensity increased the magnitude of weight loss (WMD -1.5 kg; 95% CI -2.3 to -0.7). There were significant differences in other outcome measures such as serum lipids, blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose. Exercise as a sole weight loss intervention resulted in significant reductions in diastolic blood pressure (WMD -2 mmHg; 95% CI -4 to -1), triglycerides (WMD -0.2 mmol/L; 95% CI -0.3 to -0.1) and fasting glucose (WMD -0.2 mmol/L; 95% CI -0.3 to -0.1). Higher intensity exercise resulted in greater reduction in fasting serum glucose than lower intensity exercise (WMD -0.3 mmol/L; 95% CI -0.5 to -0.2). No data were identified on adverse events, quality of life, morbidity, costs or on mortality. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review support the use of exercise as a weight loss intervention, particularly when combined with dietary change. Exercise is associated with improved cardiovascular disease risk factors even if no weight is lost.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

A cognitive behavioral therapy intervention to promote weight loss improves body composition and blood lipid profiles among overweight breast cancer survivors.

UNLABELLED: Overweight or obesity is an established negative prognostic factor in breast cancer. Co-morbidities associated with obesity, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), may negatively impact quality of life and survival in this population. Our purpose was to determine the effect of a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention for weight loss through exercise and diet modification on risk factors for recurrence of breast cancer, and risks for CVD associated with obesity. Eighty-five overweight or obese breast cancer survivors were randomly assigned to a once weekly, 16-week intervention or wait-list control group. The intervention incorporated elements of CBT for obesity, addressing a reduction in energy intake, as well exercise, with a goal of an average of 1 h a day of moderate to vigorous activity. Body weight, total and regional body fat (by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), waist and hip circumference, and blood lipids were assessed at baseline and following 16 weeks of intervention. RESULTS: Seventy six women (89.4%) completed the intervention. Independent t-test to evaluate group differences at 16 weeks showed significant differences in weight, body mass index, percent fat, trunk fat, leg fat, as well as waist and hip circumference between intervention and control groups (P <or= 0.05). Furthermore, levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were also significantly reduced following the intervention. These results indicate that 16 weeks of a CBT program for weight management may reduce obesity and CVD risk in overweight breast cancer survivors.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The implications of maternal overweight and obesity on the course of pregnancy and birth outcomes.

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of childbearing age is a growing public health concern in the United States. The average body mass index (BMI) is increasing among all age categories and women enter pregnancy at higher weights. Women are also more likely to retain gestational weight with each pregnancy. Women who are overweight (BMI 25-30) and obese (BMI >/=30) are at greater risk of adverse reproductive health outcomes compared to women of normal weight status (BMI 19.8-25). This article provides an overview of the complications associated with maternal overweight and obesity including diabetes, pre-eclampsia, c-sections, and birth defects. We present updated information on the weight trends among women. Finally, we present an overview of the prevention studies aimed at adolescents and women prior to pregnancy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Built and social environments associations with adolescent overweight and activity.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the patterning of neighborhood characteristics, beyond the basic urban, rural, suburban trichotomy, and its impact on physical activity (PA) and overweight. METHODS: Nationally representative data (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1994-1995, n = 20,745) were collected. Weight, height, PA, and sedentary behavior were self-reported. Using diverse measures of the participants' residential neighborhoods (e.g., socioeconomic status, crime, road type, street connectivity, PA recreation facilities), cluster analyses identified homogeneous groups of adolescents sharing neighborhood characteristics. Poisson regression predicted relative risk (RR) of being physically active (five or more bouts/week of moderate to vigorous PA) and overweight (body mass index equal or greater than the 95th percentile, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics growth curves). RESULTS: Six robust neighborhood patterns were identified: (1) rural working class; (2) exurban; (3) newer suburban; (4) upper-middle class, older suburban; (5) mixed-race urban; and (6) low-socioeconomic-status (SES) inner-city areas. Compared to adolescents living in newer suburbs, those in rural working-class (adjusted RR[ARR] = 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13-1.69), exurban (ARR = 1.30, CI = 1.04-1.64), and mixed-race urban (ARR = 1.31, CI = 1.05-1.64) neighborhoods were more likely to be overweight, independent of individual SES, age, and race/ethnicity. Adolescents living in older suburban areas were more likely to be physically active than residents of newer suburbs (ARR = 1.11, CI = 1.04-1.18). Those living in low-SES inner-city neighborhoods were more likely to be active, though not significantly so, compared to mixed-race urban residents (ARR = 1.09, CI = 1.00-1.18). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate disadvantageous associations between specific rural and urban environments and behavior, illustrating important effects of the neighborhood on health and the inherent complexity of assessing residential landscapes across the United States. Simple classical urban-suburban-rural measures mask these important complexities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The significance of under- or overweight during childhood as a risk factor for hypertensive diseases in pregnancy.

Hypertensive diseases in pregnancy are still a major cause of foetal and maternal mortality. Known risk factors allow identification of only a small number of patients at risk of developing such a complication. However, better knowledge of the risk profile would improve an early adequate monitoring of these pregnancies. We therefore investigated the correlation between under- or overweight during childhood and the development of hypertensive diseases during pregnancy. The study was designed as a cross-sectional case control study. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 2600 women, who had contacted the German pre-eclampsia self-help group for information on hypertensive diseases in pregnancy and 1233 control women recruited in different hospitals. Diagnosis according to criteria of the international society for hypertensive diseases in pregnancy was based on medical records. 766 women with a hypertensive disease during their pregnancy and 951 control women with normal pregnancies were evaluated after verifying for exclusion criteria and complete data sets. Student t-test, chi square test and multivariate logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. A history of under- (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.23-3.61) or overweight (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.01-2.12) during childhood is associated with an increased risk for hypertensive diseases in pregnancy, which is at least partly independent of pre-pregnancy BMI. In combination with other risk factors, a history of under- or overweight during childhood will help to identify patients at risk for hypertensive diseases in pregnancy.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Overweight and stunting in migrant Hispanic children in the USA.

In order to evaluate the need for preventive interventions to improve nutrition, the BMI/sex/age percentile, height/sex/age percentile, prevalence of stunting, at-risk-for-overweight and overweight in a group of migrant Hispanic children, aged 2-18, in southern New Jersey, USA, was assessed using anthropometric measurements of height, weight and skinfold thickness with reference to the NHANES 1999-2000. Results showed that the frequency of overweight in this sample--20%--exceeds that of the general U.S. pediatric population and equals or exceeds (in 2-5-year olds) that of settled Mexican-Americans. Being born in the U.S. significantly diminished the prevalence of stunting, especially in boys. The children of migrant Hispanic agricultural workers belong to a marginalized, poor and insecure population who are not included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination studies, because of their transience. This is the first anthropometric study to evaluate growth in this population in over 20 years.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Management of overweight and obesity in adults: behavioral intervention for long-term weight loss and maintenance.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization has identified obesity as a global epidemic. While weight loss is a considerable challenge, long-term maintenance of weight loss is an even greater problem. AIMS: This review of the assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults covers factors contributing to overweight and obesity, components of weight-loss management, and interventions and effects of behavioral treatment for long-term weight loss and maintenance. METHODS: A thorough search of the medical and nursing literature recorded in the MEDLINE database from 1995 to 2003 was conducted by using the keywords "overweight", "obesity", and "behavioral therapy". RESULTS: Obesity is a complex, multifaceted condition in which excessive body fat places a person at risk of multiple health problems. Excessive body fat results from energy intake that exceeds energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing evidence suggests that obesity is not simply a problem of will power or self-control but a complex disorder involving appetite regulation and energy metabolism that is associated with a variety of comorbid conditions. Effective strategies of weight loss require management strategies in a combined approach of dietary therapy and physical activity by using behavioral interventions.

Adult↗