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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Power vector analysis of the optical outcome of refractive surgery.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the power vector method of representing and analyzing spherocylindrical refractive errors. SETTING: School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. METHODS: Manifest and keratometric refractive errors were expressed as power vectors suitable for plotting as points in a 3-dimensional dioptric space. The 3 Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) of each power vector correspond to the powers of 3 lenses that, in combination, fulfill a refractive prescription: a spherical lens of power M, a Jackson crossed cylinder of power J0 with axes at 90 degrees and 180 degrees, and a Jackson crossed cylinder of power J45 with axes at 45 degrees and 135 degrees. The Pythagorean length of the power vector, B, is a measure of overall blurring strength of a spherocylindrical lens or refractive error. Changes in refractive error due to surgery were computed by the ordinary rules of vector subtraction. RESULTS: Frequency distributions of blur strength (B) clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of refractive surgery in reducing the overall blurring effect of uncorrected refractive error. CONCLUSIONS: Power vector analysis also revealed a reduction in the astigmatic component of these refractive errors. Paired comparisons revealed that the change in manifest astigmatism due to surgery was well correlated with the change in keratometric astigmatism. Power vectors aid the visualization of complex changes in refractive error by tracing a trajectory in a uniform dioptric space. The Cartesian components of a power vector are mutually independent, which simplifies mathematical and statistical analysis of refractive errors. Power vectors also provide a natural link to a more comprehensive optical description of ocular refractive imperfections in terms of wavefront aberration functions and their description by Zernike polynomials.

Astigmatism↗
PubMed2003

Central and peripheral corneal thickness measurement with Orbscan II and topographical ultrasound pachymetry.

PURPOSE: To compare thickness measurements of the central 6.0 mm of the cornea obtained with the Orbscan(R) II topography system and topographical ultrasound pachymetry. SETTING: School of Optometry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain. METHODS: In 24 right eyes, pachymetric measurements were taken at the center and 1.2 mm and 3.0 mm on the superior and inferior hemimeridians. A 1-sample t test was applied to assess the significance of the relationship between Orbscan II and ultrasound methods. The relationship between the 2 was assessed by analyzing regression and plotting the differences against the mean corneal thickness. Orbscan II data were analyzed in 3 ways: (1) without the application of an acoustic equivalent correction factor; (2) with a correction factor of 0.92, as recommended by the manufacturer; (3) with correction using the equations derived in this study. The data were systematically compared with those of ultrasound pachymetry. RESULTS: Before the correction factor was applied, the Orbscan II overestimated the corneal thickness at all locations, with the mean difference (48.15 microm +/- 33.74 [SD]) significantly different from zero (P <.001). Differences increased toward the periphery, and the reliability of Orbscan II readings seemed to decrease with thicker corneas. After the acoustic equivalent was applied, the differences were significantly less; however, this effect did not seem clinically significant as large differences remained. When specific corrective equations were applied for each corneal location, the level of agreement between Orbscan II and ultrasound pachymetry improved substantially; the mean (-0.11 +/- 15.22 microm) was not statistically different from zero (P >.05). CONCLUSIONS: The acoustic equivalent correction factor proposed by the manufacturer to obtain corneal thickness measurements with the Orbscan II compared to those from ultrasound pachymetry was not valid for all corneal topography positions. Orbscan II measurements agreed better with those of ultrasound pachymetry when equations for the central and each peripheral location across the topography were applied.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Confocal microscopic evaluation of particles at the corneal flap interface after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the appearance and origin of interface particles in the cornea after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using the confocal microscope. SETTING: Department of Optometry and Neuroscience, UMIST, Manchester, United Kingdom. METHODS: An in vivo slit-scanning, real-time confocal microscope (Tomey ConfoScan P4) fitted with an Achroplan(R) 40X/0.75 NA immersion objective (Zeiss) was used to examine the morphology of the central cornea in 6 patients (12 eyes) at the initial visit (before surgery) and 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months after LASIK for myopia. RESULTS: In all eyes, several interspersed particles of variable size and brightness were observed 1 week after surgery at the flap interface. The overall density of these particles decreased with time (F = 14.34, P =.01). For analysis, the particles were divided by density into high brightness and low brightness. The low-brightness particles significantly decreased with time (F = 13.26, P =.02). The high-brightness particles remained constant in density at all postoperative visits (F = 1.3, P =.15). CONCLUSIOINS: The particles of low reflectivity may represent 1 or more types of remains. It is unclear whether the low-reflectivity particles will eventually disappear. The high-reflectivity particles may represent fine metallic debris arising from the mechanical drive mechanism and/or the disposable knife of the microkeratome. If they are metallic and magnetic, they could be cleared during surgery (immediately before flap replacement) using a specially adapted magnet.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Interaction between aberrations to improve or reduce visual performance.

PURPOSE: To investigate how pairs of Zernike modes interact to increase or decrease visual acuity. SETTING: Visual Optics Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. METHODS: Subjects read aberrated and unaberrated visual acuity charts 3 times. Each aberrated chart was produced by convolving an aberrated point-spread function with an unaberrated acuity chart. Point-spread functions were defined by 4 pairs of Zernike modes. For each pair, 9 combinations were used, ranging from all aberration being loaded into the first mode to all aberration being loaded into the second mode. The root mean square (RMS) wavefront error always totaled 0.25 microm (6.0 mm pupil), a level similar to the aberration induced by traditional flying small-spot laser refractive surgeries. RESULTS: For all conditions (except the unaberrated charts), visual acuity decreased. Acuity varied significantly depending on which modes were mixed and the relative contribution of each mode. Modes 2 radial orders apart and having the same sign and angular frequency tended to combine to increase visual acuity. Modes within the same radial order tended to combine to decrease acuity. CONCLUSIONS: For low levels of aberration, the RMS wavefront error is not a good predictor of visual acuity. Clinically, it is important to define how aberrations interact to optimize visual performance. New metrics of optical/neural performance that correlate better with clinical measures of visual performance need to be adopted or developed, as well as new clinically viable measures of visual performance that are sensitive to subtle changes in optical performance.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of posture and artificial tears on corneal power measurements with a handheld automated keratometer.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of posture and artificial tears on handheld automated keratometry. SETTING: Department of Optometry and Radiography, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. METHODS: Thirty-five subjects were recruited to have corneal curvature measurement in 1 eye (randomly selected) by a Medmont topographic keratometer and a Nidek handheld keratometer. In handheld keratometry, the measurements were taken with the subject in a sitting and lying posture (both with and without the use of artificial tears). The sequence of measurements was randomly assigned, but the application of artificial tears was always the last. The steepest and flattest corneal curvatures were compared between the 4 conditions. The corneal power was converted to orthogonal power vector components and rectangular Fourier form (M, J(0), J(45)) for another comparison. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the steepest and flattest meridians between the 4 conditions (P<.01). However, the mean difference between the handheld keratometer and the topographic keratometer was less than 0.50 diopter, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was very high (0.96), indicating good clinical reliability. When analyzed in rectangular Fourier form, the difference was also significant but the ICCs were lower (0.97, 0.89, and 0.64 for M, J(0), and J(45), respectively). The greatest difference was when subjects were in the lying posture and had received artificial tears. CONCLUSIONS: Handheld keratometry provided different results from topographic keratometry. The difference was greatest with the use of artificial tears. Cataract surgeons should take this into consideration, especially when using the handheld keratometry in the operating theater in patients under general anesthesia. Results show that the power vector method is best for studying corneal shape.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Estimation of pupil size by digital photography.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a digital photography method of pupil size estimation over a broad range of illumination conditions and to compare this method with common clinical techniques. SETTING: College of Optometry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. METHODS: Two examiners measured the pupil diameter in 45 right eyes at 3 illumination levels: <0.63 lux (dark), 5 lux (dim), and 1000 lux (bright). Estimation by infrared video recording, the reference standard, was compared with measurements by digital photography, ruler, semicircular templates, and the Colvard pupillometer. Masked graders measured pupil size from infrared video recordings and digital photographs. RESULTS: The repeatability of the measurement method determined by the mean intraclass correlation coefficients was highest for video recording across conditions (0.86-0.97), followed by digital photography (0.76-0.94), Colvard pupillometry (0.63-0.82), ruler (0.71-0.85), and templates (0.70-0.83). An analysis of variance showed a significant difference in pupil size by method (P<.001). All methods except digital photography estimated smaller pupil sizes under dark and dim illumination than infrared video measurements (all P<.01). Under bright illumination, the ruler measurements were significantly smaller (-0.15 mm) and the Colvard pupillometer measurements were greater (+0.30 mm) than the reference (P<.01). The 95% limits of agreement (LoA) between examiners were smallest for video measurements at all light levels. The remaining measures ranked from best to worst by 95% LoA were digital photography, Colvard pupillometry, ruler, and templates. CONCLUSIONS: Estimation of pupil size by digital photography was more repeatable and accurate than estimates by common clinical techniques over a wide range of illumination. Although not as quick as other methods, digital photography is relatively inexpensive, permits lasting documentation, and allows independent grading suitable for clinical research purposes.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Subjective and objective measurement of human accommodative amplitude.

PURPOSE: To assess objective and subjective methods to measure accommodation in a young human population. SETTING: Research laboratory, University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, USA. METHODS: Accommodation was measured in the right eye of 15 young subjects (9 women and 6 men) whose ages ranged from 23 to 28 years and 1 36-year-old subject. The mean age of all subjects was 26 years. Accommodation was stimulated and measured with 4 techniques. Two subjective measures (focometer and minus-lens procedures) were used. Accommodation was also stimulated with minus-lens-induced blur and with pilocarpine 6% and measured objectively with a Hartinger coincidence refractometer. RESULTS: Accommodative amplitudes measured with the 2 subjective methods agreed with each other but differed from the objectively measured amplitudes. Objectively measured accommodative amplitudes were similar in all subjects, with a mean of about 7.0 diopters. Accommodation stimulated with pilocarpine reached a maximum 33 minutes after administration. Individuals with light irides showed a stronger accommodative response to pilocarpine than subjects with dark irides. CONCLUSIONS: Subjective measures of accommodation tend to overestimate true accommodative amplitude. Methods exist to measure accommodation objectively. These include stimulating accommodation with trial lenses or pilocarpine 6% and measuring the accommodative response with an objective optometer such as a Hartinger coincidence refractometer. Objective measures of accommodation should be used to determine whether accommodation can be restored in presbyopes.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1999

Heat trapped under paper and plastic ophthalmic drapes during eye surgery using local anesthesia.

PURPOSE: To assess whether heat trapped under ophthalmic drapes is responsible for patient reports of being hot during cataract surgery using local anesthesia. SETTING: Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine and of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Innsbruck University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, single-blind study, the temperature in the ambient air under 2 types of paper drapes (Group A: Barrier Ophthalmology Drape, Johnson & Johnson; Group B: Steri Drape 1062, 3M) and a plastic drape (Group C: cotton drape + Steri Drape 1024, 3M) was measured for 25 minutes in 60 patients having cataract surgery under local anesthesia. RESULTS: Three minutes after the patient's head was draped, the mean temperature under the drape began to increase significantly: Group A, 25.7 degrees C +/- 0.3 degree C (SD) to 29.17 degrees C +/- 0.9 degree C (P < or = .001); Group B, 25.87 degrees C +/- 0.4 degree C to 29.41 degrees C +/- 0.9 degree C (P < or = .001); Group C, 25.8 degrees C +/- 0.35 degree C to 29.4 degrees C +/- 0.6 degree C (P < or = .001). It continued to increase in all groups as the operation continued. No significant differences in temperature were observed among the 3 drape types studied. Subjective thermal discomfort was reported by 35% to 40% of patients. CONCLUSION: Paper drapes did not cause less heat from being trapped than the plastic drape. Trapped heat may impair the comfort of patients having eye surgery under local anesthesia.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1997

Education, training, and experience: the professional triad that nurses bring to the ophthalmic health care table.

As health care continues its rapid and seemingly unending helix of change, I am uncomfortably mindful that I must be ever vigilant to convince the many evaluators of health care services that ophthalmic registered nurses are a vital and unique part of the team. I continually ask myself the question: what is it about nursing that is so unique and necessary to health care, whether it is at the bedside, in the community, operating theater, or clinic? And what is it that ophthalmic nurses bring to the "table" that other providers of ophthalmic health care services don't or at least, should not? When I look again at this second question, the should not really grabs me. Ophthalmology battles optometry over scope of practice issues and takes them all the way to the courts of law in order to obtain backup. It's time for ophthalmic nurses to stand for what they believe is their rightful scope, even if we do not have the power or money to take it to our judicial system.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1998

Soft contact lens care systems and corneal staining in Hong Kong-Chinese.

One hundred and ninety two patient files (for the year September 1995-September 1996) from the Contact Lens Clinic of The Department of Optometry & Radiography, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University were surveyed. A total of 117 patients mostly using three lens care systems (CIBA VISION AOSept, Allergan Oxysept 1-step and Bausch & Lomb Multipurpose solution (MPS)) were included in this retrospective study of the incidence of corneal staining in patients using different lens care systems. The incidence and severity of staining observed was significantly higher and worse respectively in patients using MPS than in patients using the peroxide systems. Corneal staining was observed in 32.3% of the patients using AOSept, in 17.8% of the patients using Oxysept 1-step, and in 70.7% of the patients using MPS system. However, these percentages did not take into account other factors (which we assumed to be affecting the three groups equally) which may have caused some of the corneal staining observed. Of the patients who had corneal staining: 31% (9/29) of the patients using MPS system changed to peroxide system, and 38% (11/29) of the patients were re-educated on proper lens care; 77% (14/18) of the patients using the peroxide systems did not use proper care procedures. The tear stability and volume of HK-Chinese have been reported to be low compared to those reported for Caucasians, which may render Hong Kong-Chinese soft contact lens wearers more prone to adverse reactions to preservatives and to rapid deposit formation. The majority of the patients with corneal staining did not complain of any ocular discomfort even when severe staining was observed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Ocular manifestations of AIDS: new considerations for patients using highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART).

BACKGROUND: Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) effectively restores the immune system and lowers the viral load in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Since widespread use of HAART drugs began in 1996, many AIDS patients are living longer and enjoying a higher quality of life. The incidence of AIDS-related ophthalmic infections, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, have declined sharply. AIDS patients with CMV are less likely to experience necrotizing retinitis and retinal detachment, once the major causes of vision loss. HAART and immune recovery is now considered the preferred treatment for CMV retinitis. The role of immune recovery vitritis (IRV), a new manifestation of CMV retinitis, is now understood. In patients with pre-existing CMV retinitis who begin HAART the manifestations of an active immune system are seen, as the body is now able to fight the CMV infection. Incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma has declined by an estimated 87% and molluscum contagiosum is seen less frequently in those using HAART. With the clinical picture of ocular AIDS changing, the role of optometry in the management of AIDS patients is also changing.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

Test-retest reliability of the Saladin card.

BACKGROUND: Test-retest reliability is a measure of the confidence that results will be identical when the same patient is measured with an instrument in the same manner on more than one occasion. METHOD: Using the Saladin Near Point Balance Card--an instrument designed to test various near visual findings, including visual acuity, phorias, AC/A ratios, dynamic retinoscopy, fixation disparity, associated phorias, fixation disparity curves, as well as accommodative and vergence facilities--28 first- and second-year optometry students were evaluated on two occasions by one clinician, with the tests separated by approximately two weeks. Subjects were required to demonstrate 20/20 distance visual acuity and at least 100 sec of arc stereopsis. A total of 38 findings were compared, which included near horizontal and vertical phorias, associated phoria, and fixation disparity curves. Twenty-two findings were performed through the subjects' habitual prescription and the remaining findings were taken through the lens indicated by MEM retinoscopy. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the Saladin Near Point Balance Card had acceptable test-retest reliability. If reliability can be demonstrated, this instrument could be used in clinical situations to diagnose visual departures from normal. RESULTS: All but two of the 38 tests performed demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability. Coefficients of repeatability and 95% limits of agreement were calculated. The Saladin Near Point Balance Card demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability. CONCLUSION: Since it is light-weight, portable, easily and quickly administered, and reliable, the Saladin card can be used by clinicians who are performing screenings or examinations in non-clinical situations, such as nursing homes or schools.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Patients' perspectives on noncompliance with diabetic retinopathy standard of care guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Periodic dilated eye examinations are recommended by the American Optometric Association, American Academy of Ophthalmology, and American Diabetes Association to detect sight-threatening conditions in diabetic patients. However, many patients with diabetes do not receive this recommended eye care and there is limited research to explain why. The objective of this study was to determine reasons some diabetic patients do not receive a dilated eye examination at least every year. METHODS: A chart review identified patients at The Ohio State University College of Optometry who had not been examined for more than a year, but less than two years. A telephone interview was attempted for all subjects. RESULTS: Of 100 eligible subjects, 43 completed the telephone interview. The reasons patients with diabetes did not return for a recommended dilated eye examination included transfer of care to another eye doctor, limited personal mobility due to poor overall health, last examination at a homeless clinic, self-reported lack of insurance, and self-reported apathy. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies to improve compliance of patients with diabetes should include reaching patients of low socioeconomic status and those institutionalized for poor overall health. Improved compliance may also come by encouraging patients to use medical insurance for eye examinations and using patient recall systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

An analysis of high myopia in a pediatric population less than 10 years of age.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to document a comprehensive clinical profile-including the prevalence of amblyopia, strabismus, and anisometropia-of a pediatric population less than 10 years of age who manifested 6.00 diopters or more of myopia. METHOD: A retrospective record review was performed on all pediatric patients less than 10 years of age, examined at the State University of New York (SUNY) State College of Optometry between 1998 and 2001, and with a spherical equivalent of 6.00 diopters or more of myopia. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-eight patients met the criteria. Amblyopia or reduced corrected visual acuity was present in 75.8% of the patients. Strabismus was present in 31.5% of the patients, with essentially equal numbers of esotropes and exotropes. Anisometropia was present in 35.4% of the patients. One hundred forty-five patients had high myopia in the absence of significant ocular or systemic compromising conditions. In this sample of 145, strabismus or anisometropia was an etiology for amblyopia. There was a greater prevalence of bilateral high myopia (64.8%) than unilateral high myopia. Anisometropia was present in 10.6% of the bilateral high myopes, and 78.4% of the unilateral high myopes. CONCLUSION: Children less than 10 years of age with high myopia have a high risk of having amblyopia, strabismus, and anisometropia.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed2005

Acinetobacter as a causative agent in preseptal cellulitis.

BACKGROUND: The bacterial genus Acinetobacter, once viewed as inconsequential, has been increasingly implicated as a significant pathogen. Acinetobacter is becoming progressively more resistant to older and newer-generation antibiotics. The primary species encountered in infections is Acinetobacter baumannii. CASE REPORT: A 39-year-old woman came in for treatment of a preseptal cellulitis and conjunctivitis. She was referred to W.W. Hastings Optometry Clinic eleven days after first being diagnosed with a hordeolum that developed into a preseptal cellulitis, despite the use of oral cephalexin anazithromycin. After being referred, the patient was placed on oral regimen of gatifloxacin and topical ciprofloxacin. The patient gradually improved over the next 10 days, with full resolution occurring 21 days after the first presentation. Culturing revealed the offending organism to be Acinetobacter. DISCUSSION: Most ocular infections are still caused by common organisms such as Staphylococcus. However, atypical bacteria such as Acinetobacter are responsible for a minority of infections. Careful consideration of patient history and clinical signs must be made to differentiate preseptal cellulitis and orbital cellulitis. CONCLUSION: This case emphasizes that clinicians need to be aware of emerging and resistant bacteria in ocular infections. Infections that do not respond to traditional therapy should be treated aggressively with the latest-generation antibiotics. Ocular infections that do not resolve in a timely manner should be cultured for the offending organism and these organisms should be tested for susceptibility to anti-microbial drugs.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed2005

Multiple calcified deposits along the eyelid margins secondary to chronic renal failure and hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Corneal and conjunctival calcification have been associated with chronic renal failure and hyperparathyroidism. Corneal alterations include band keratopathy and/or limbal involvement similar to limbal girdle of Vogt. Conjunctival lesions resemble pingueculae. Lid lesions, which include calcified deposits adjacent to the meibomian gland orifices, are much less common. CASE REPORT: A 52-year-old woman came to SUNY State College of Optometry clinic with a medical history of gestational hypertension, which led to chronic kidney failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Slit-lamp examination revealed multiple small, white, round calcium deposits, which were found just posterior to the Meibomian gland orifices, along the superior and inferior lid margins. CONCLUSION: Ocular calcification has been observed in patients with certain systemic diseases such as chronic renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, hypophosphonemia, sarcoidosis, hypervitaminosis D, and metastatic neoplasia. We present the third report of eyelid calcification associated with a systemic disease.

Calcinosis↗
PubMed2005

Emergence of a rehabilitation medicine model for low vision service delivery, policy, and funding.

BACKGROUND: A rehabilitation medicine model for low vision rehabilitation is emerging. There have been many challenges to reaching consensus on the roles of each discipline (optometry, ophthalmology, occupational therapy, and vision rehabilitation professionals) in the service delivery model and finding a place in the reimbursement system for all the providers. METHODS: The history of low vision, legislation associated with Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services coverage for vision rehabilitation, and research on the effectiveness of low vision service delivery are reviewed. RESULTS: Vision rehabilitation is now covered by Medicare under Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation codes by some Medicare carriers, yet reimbursement is not available for low vision devices or refraction. Also, the role of vision rehabilitation professionals (rehabilitation teachers, orientation and mobility specialists, and low vision therapists) in the model needs to be determined. In a recent systematic review of the scientific literature on the effectiveness of low vision services contracted by the Agency for Health Care Quality Research, no clinical trials were found. The literature consists primarily of longitudinal case studies, which provide weak support for third-party funding for vision rehabilitative services. CONCLUSIONS: Providers need to reach consensus on medical necessity, treatment plans, and protocols. Research on low vision outcomes is needed to develop an evidence base to guide clinical practice, policy, and funding decisions.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2003

Relationship between goblet cell density and tear function tests.

AIM: The objective of this study was to find a relationship between goblet cell density (GCD) and other diagnostic tests of dry eye in a group of normal healthy Chinese subjects. The capability of using GCD as a tear function test was assessed. METHOD: A total of 42 optometry students with no contact lens wear history were recruited. Subjects were required to fill in a dry eye questionnaire. The non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT) of each subject was measured, followed by phenol red thread test (PRTT) and tear break-up time (TBUT) tests. Conjunctival epithelial cells from the inferior nasal bulbar conjunctiva were harvested by the impression cytology technique. The specimens collected were labelled and stained with PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)-haematoxylin. The goblet cells and the conjunctival epithelial cells were counted under a light microscope of 100x magnification. Spearman's rho (rho) correlation test was used to analyse the relationship between GCD and the other tear function tests. RESULTS: With a probability level of 0.0051 (corrected for a cumulative familywise error rate of p = 0.05), GCD was found to have no correlation with NITBUT (rho = -0.193, p = 0.222), McMonnies Dry Eye Scores (MCDES) (rho = -0.052, p = 0.742), PRTT (rho = - 0.188, p = 0.234) and TBUT (rho = 0.246, p = 0.117). CONCLUSION: There was no correlation between GCD and MCDES, NITBUT, PRTT and TBUT. The GCD alone is not a useful diagnostic test for tear film instability in normal eyes although it is a good indicator in the diagnosis of ocular surface diseases.

Adult↗