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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Estimation of the remaining periodontal ligament from attachment-level measurements.

AIM: Accurate assessment of the remaining area of periodontal attachment assists in determining the prognosis of a tooth. The aim of this study was to determine formulae to estimate the remaining area of periodontal attachment from attachment-level measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Roots of 30 extracted teeth of each tooth type were coated with vinyl acetate solution and alpha-cyanoacrylate monomer to produce a membrane. The membrane was removed after guidelines were drawn to simulate various attachment levels. The root surface area on the apical side of each simulated attachment level was measured using image analysis software. The net or percent root surface area and corresponding attachment level data were fitted to a linear, quadratic, cubic, and exponential functions and a growth curve. RESULTS: The linear function provided the most appropriate fit for the data. For net root surface area, a steeper slope was evident for tooth types with a larger mean total root surface area. For percent root surface area, a steeper slope was evident for tooth types with a shorter root length. CONCLUSIONS: A linear function provides the most appropriate formula for estimation of the remaining area of periodontal attachment based on the attachment-level measurement.

Bucrylate↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of the crown size of teeth in children from a high and an optimum fluoride area in South Africa.

An odontometric analysis was undertaken of the teeth of 6-7 and 14-15-yr-old schoolchildren exposed throughout life to a naturally fluoridated drinking water supply (2.5 ppm) in Klipfontein and of equivalent children living in the adjacent area of Garies (1.06 ppm). Measurements were made of the mesio-distal diameter of permanent maxillary and mandibular central incisors, second premolars and first and second molars; in addition, bucco-lingual measurements of the molars were made. In comparing the dimensions of teeth in the high- and optimum-fluoride samples, a tendency towards smaller dimensions in the former group was observed, but statistically significant differences applied to only some of the measurements. This finding suggests a reducing influence on crown size of an increase in the level of fluoride in the drinking water. Coupled with previous findings that increased the fluoride level from low or zero to optimal results in a reduction in crown size, an inverse relationship between crown size and fluoride level in the drinking water appears possible, but has not been confirmed in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence and distribution of developmental enamel defects in primary dentition of Chinese children 3-5 years old.

A total of 1344 children, 3-5 yr old, from two rural counties, Haidian and Miyun, close to Beijing, China, were examined in 1992. A modified DDE Index was employed in this study, and a pre-designed formula was used to calculate an enamel defect score (EDS) for each individual in the study. Oral examination was performed by one dentist under natural light using a standard mouth mirror and dental probe. Developmental enamel lesions were diagnosed without drying or cleaning the teeth prior to examination. Results from this study showed that primary teeth with defective enamel were seen in 23.9% of the children examined, opacity in 1.6%, and hypoplasia in 22.2%. Among the teeth, maxillary central and lateral incisors were affected by enamel hypoplasia most often (40.8% and 39.2%), followed by maxillary canines (25.7%), maxillary 1st molars (22.1%), and mandibular 1st molars (18.5%). The enamel defects occurred more frequently on the buccal surfaces of teeth than on any other surface. The study did not find a significant association of the children's age, family socioeconomic status, and anthropometric measurements with the distribution of enamel defects. However, there was a significantly higher prevalence of teeth with defects in males compared to females (P < 0.001), as well as mean tooth surfaces with defects (P < 0.05), and mean EDS (P < 0.05). Children born prematurely were shown to have four times more enamel lesions than children who were full term (P < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Effects of diphenylhydantoin on teeth in rabbit.

The drug diphenylhydantoin (DPH) is well known to affect the gingiva of humans. Among other known unwanted effects is that on calcified tissues. The initial purpose of our study was to examine the effect of chronic administration of DPH on the continuously erupting incisors of the rabbit. While studying the dentin a second investigation was undertaken when it was noticed that the pulps in DPH-treated rabbits were apparently more vascular than those in the control rabbits. After a treatment period of from 5-6.5 weeks the rabbits were killed, the jaws decalcified, sectioned and stained. The results presented here show that the animals treated with DPH developed less dentin. The pulps from the DPH-treated animals showed a greater area occupied by blood vessels. These experimental results are of interest in view of reported clinical findings that some patients treated with DPH develop smaller teeth with blunted apices. The vessel changes remain unexplained.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Assessment of enamel hypoplasia in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED).

The features of enamel hypoplasia in a small group of patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) are described. Using a recently developed method, the authors evaluated quantitatively the amount of defect in each tooth by measuring the width of the hypoplastic lesions and dividing the value by the crown height. They then assessed the degree of damage in each tooth type (from central incisors to second premolars) and patient. Canines were the most severely affected among maxillary and mandibular teeth, but all tooth types were involved. Analysing both the differences between patients and their age at the beginning of the defect, the authors observe that hypoparathyroidism is not responsible for the onset of enamel hypoplasia in APECED, although it may contribute to the damage.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Histomorphometric analysis of primary teeth during the process of resorption and shedding.

The state of pulp tissue and periodontal root surface of 90 non-carious human primary teeth during the process of resorption and shedding was assessed by histomorphometric means. The teeth were classified into preshedding, shedding and delayed-shedding groups according to age of the child at the time of extraction. The root surface length measured from the cementoenamel junction was related to stages of shedding. Inflammatory cells in the pulp tissue were observed in all three groups (p less than 0.005). Odontoclasts in the pulp tissue could be demonstrated in the shedding and delayed-shedding stages (p less than 0.05). Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and odontoclasts were not observed before resorption had occurred approximately 1 mm subjacent to the cementoenamel junction. Active resorption of the periodontal root surface was observed in all stages. Deposition of cementum-like tissue in resorption lacunae on the root surface was most pronounced in the delayed-shedding stage showing repair in 30% of resorbing root surface length. Findings indicate that the process of resorption occurs mainly during the shedding stage and repair tends to accelerate in the delayed-shedding stage. The predentin appears to have more power of resistance than any other part of the tooth and there is no reason to believe that the pulp participates in the process of resorption of human primary teeth under physiologic conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Three-dimensional replicas of pit and fissure morphology in human teeth.

Nuva Seal replicas of pits and fissures from surgically removed unerupted human third molars and premolars, and from erupted premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons, were examined in the scanning electron microscope. The results confirm that the morphology on occlusal surfaces of third molars is extremely variable with numerous pits of considerable length positioned at various angles relative to the fissures. In contrast, the morphology of unerupted and erupted premolars is simpler with fewer and shorter pits positioned perpendicular to the fissure. It is pointed out that fine details of the morphology are lost when reconstructions of the occlusal morphology are made from serial ground sections. However, such reconstructions seem to be less reliable in third molars than in premolars.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1989

Dental root translucency as an indicator of age.

The apical translucent zone was studied in 1000 human teeth. For each type of tooth, excluding molars, the size of the apical translucency was estimated according to the scoring methods of Gustafson (1), Dalitz (2) & Johanson (3). The lengths of the translucent zones were measured on moist and then on dry teeth, both unsectioned and sectioned, while the areas were measured on dry sectioned teeth only. Statistical analyses using the SPSS package in a Cyber computer indicated a symmetric distribution of the translucent zone in left and right teeth. The extent of the translucency showed little variation from one type of tooth to another. The length of the translucent zone measured on unsectioned teeth demonstrated in most types the closest relation to age. Multiple regression analyses, including more than one method of measuring the size of the translucent zone, resulted in formulas showing a high correlation with age (from 0.68 to 0.86). Slightly larger translucent areas were found in teeth from males, in darker teeth and in teeth with increased thickness of the cementum. The increase in the translucent zone with advancing age was found to be almost linear and was not affected by periodontal destruction.

Age Determination by Teeth↗
PubMed1991

Morphometric analysis of occlusal groove-fossa-system in mandibular third molar.

Based on serially cut 200-microns-thick sections from 21 human mandibular third molars, a quantitative characterization was made of the morphology in the mesial and distal interlobal groove. Two parameters were used: depth of interlobal groove and structure angle. The interlobal groove depth varied between 0.13 and 0.55, taken in relation to the maximum crown height. The structure angle varied between 2 degrees and 170 degrees. If the structure angle was less than or equal to 25 degrees, the interlobal groove was classified as a fissure; if the angle was greater than 25 degrees, the interlobal groove was classified as a groove. Only in 18% of the sections did the interlobal groove manifest itself as a fissure. The study demonstrates that it was possible unambiguously to describe the two-dimensional profile of interlobal grooves by groove depth and structure angle.

Classification↗
PubMed1992

Root canals in one-rooted maxillary second molars.

The Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, houses an extensive collection of human teeth extracted in Denmark. The collection currently contains 104 one-rooted, permanent maxillary second molars. The root complex on these teeth was sectioned at the junction between the coronal and the apical halves, i.e. mid-root, and at the junction between the middle and the apical thirds, i.e. apically. Using a stereomicroscope we then registered, mid-root and apically, the following variables: canal number, canal position, and canal cross-section. Mid-root there was 1 centrally located root canal in 25.96% of the teeth examined; 2 canals were observed either mesially and distofacially, mesiofacially and distally, or facially and lingually in 34.62%; 3 canals positioned mesiofacially, distofacially, and lingually were found in 39.42%. At the same level 63.51% of the canal cross-sections were non-circular, whereas 36.49% of the canals had a circular cross-section image. The non-circular canal cross-sections could more specifically be characterized as C-shaped, Y-shaped, hourglass-shaped or the root canal had a greater faciolingual than mesiodistal extension or, respectively, a greater mesiodistal than faciolingual extension. Apically there was 1 centrally located root canal in 35.58%; 2 canals were observed with a position either mesially and distofacially, mesiofacially and distally, or facially and lingually in 37.49%; 3 canals located mesiofacially, distofacially, and lingually were found in 26.92%. At the apical level, 64.32% of the root canal cross-sections were non-circular, whereas 35.68% of the canals showed a circular cross-section. The results presented here are aimed at: clinical dentists, endodontists, and dental morphologists.

Classification↗
PubMed1992

Influence of masticatory muscle function on craniofacial growth in hypocalcemic rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of low masticatory function on the craniofacial growth pattern in rats fed a low calcium and vitamin D deficient diet. Male growing rats were divided randomly into three groups: the Normal Hard Diet group, the Deficient Soft Diet group, and the Deficient Hard Diet Group. Lateral cephalograms were taken at days 0, 14 and at the end of the experiment, day 28. The craniofacial growth pattern was altered by an upwards rotation of the viscerocranium (orthocranialization) in the Deficient groups and, the total skull lengths were shorter than in the Normal Hard Diet group. The viscerocranium in the Deficient Soft Diet group was in an even more orthocranial position than in the Deficient Hard Diet group and the antegonial notch was shallower. This indicates that an induced disturbance of craniofacial morphology due to metabolic bone disease during growth is accentuated by a low masticatory function.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Amount of secondary dentin as an indicator of age.

The amount of secondary dentin in a tooth has been used as one of several parameters in methods for age estimation. Dentin deposition has been measured according to various scoring systems, and the Pearson correlation coefficient with age has been found to be approximately 0.6. In the present study of 1000 teeth, molars excluded, secondary dentin was estimated according to three scoring systems. The teeth were prepared according to the half tooth technique. In addition, the area of the coronal pulp and the widths of the root and pulp chamber were measured in a stereomicroscope at the cemento-enamel junction and at three other defined points along the root. The Pearson correlation coefficient between age and secondary dentin varied in different types of teeth. Of the scoring systems, scores according to Johanson were most strongly correlated with age (r = 0.59 to 0.74). Correlation between age and the coronal pulp area varied from -0.47 to -0.72, and the range between age and ratio between pulp- and tooth width at the cemento-enamel junction was from -0.46 to -0.77. Correlations between age and ratio between sum of pulp widths and the sum of tooth widths for all four such measurements ranged from -0.58 to -0.81. Multiple regression analyses showed that by combining several types of measurements, the correlation with age was increased. A tendency was also observed towards reduced speed of secondary dentin formation in the elderly and in women.

Age Determination by Teeth↗
PubMed1994

Mandibular premolar differentiation.

The authors present a method for differentiating between human mandibular premolars: P1 inf and P2 inf. The material with which the method was developed consisted of 260 stone casts. On these, both premolars were present and were intact on at least one side. The study models represented 131 girls and 129 boys, mean age 14.6 yr. In a comprehensive pilot project, a whole range of macromorphologic criteria was tested that, in various combinations, could be expected to be usable for differentiation between P1 inf and P2 inf. On the basis of the pilot study, the total variation was reduced to four criteria-combinations, called types, which, in summary, can be characterized as the following: type 1: flattening of the mesiolingual part of the crown, no lingual lobe; type 2: at least one lingual lobe; type 3: lingual part of the crown symmetrically curved, no lingual lobe; type 4: other characteristics. After definition of the types, their occurrence on P1 inf and P2 inf was definitively registered. Observations were made with a stereomicroscope; 131 premolar pairs from the right side and 129 from the left were registered. Statistical tests showed that there was no significant difference in the distribution of types between variants from the right and left sides, or between girls and boys. These data were therefore pooled for P1 inf and P2 inf, respectively. A subsequent test revealed, as expected, a highly significant difference in the distribution of the four types among 1. and 2. premolar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Age estimation with the aid of tooth development: a new method based on objective measurements.

The common methods of age determination with the aid of teeth have been criticized because they rely on subjective estimations of tooth development, as seen in radiographs, and subsequent comparisons with pictures and descriptions in compiled dental charts. The distribution around an estimated age with these methods is usually more than +/- 2 yr between the 10th and 90th percentiles. In an attempt to avoid subjective estimations, objective measurements of developing teeth were correlated with subjects' chronologic ages. The structures measured were crown height, apex width, and root length. With the aid of a multiple regression model, a linear relationship between some of these distances and age was shown. The distances which were best correlated with age differed according to sex and age. This method has a 95% C.I. of about +/- 2 yr around an estimated age. It therefore seems to be more accurate than the earlier methods. Thus, the individual variation in tooth development is of the same order of magnitude, and a better estimation can therefore not be done in children 6-14 yr of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Dental maturity in children of short stature, with or without growth hormone deficiency.

The aim of this investigation was to study dental maturity in healthy prepubertal children of short stature (height<-2 SD), with or without growth hormone (GH) deficiency, compared to healthy controls. The GH-deficient group (GH level<10.0 microg/l) included 29 children (11 female, 18 male) with a mean age of 10.2+/-2.2 years. The GH non-deficient group consisted of 17 children (5 female, 12 male) with a mean age of 8.5+/-2.1 years. All the children were evaluated for serum concentrations of IGF-1, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triiodthyronin (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and fasting plasma insulin; height and bone age were also recorded. Dental maturity was determined from panoramic radiographs. The mean difference between the dental and chronological ages was -0.67+/-0.89 years in the GH-deficient group compared to 0.23+/-1.07 years in their controls: in the GH non-deficient group the difference was -0.95+/-0.82 years compared to controls 0.16+/-1.06 years in their controls. Compared to chronological age, both bone and dental age were lower in the GH-deficient and GH non-deficient groups. It is concluded that children of short stature, both GH-deficient and GH non-deficient. exhibit a delayed dental age compared to their chronological age- and sex-matched controls. A multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the sitting height and GH level were the only significant factors associated with dental maturity.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗
PubMed2004

Inability to relate tooth forms to face shape and gender.

This study aimed to examine whether there exists a gender-dependent correlation between the inverted face shape and that of the upper central incisor as the literature often suggests. Standardized portraits and anterior tooth photographs of 204 dental students were made. Standardized enlargements of facial outlines and of the upper right incisor outlines were traced. They were classified into three different shapes: tapered, ovoid and square-shaped. Ten dentists determined twice - with an intervening interval of 3 wk - the gender of the students on the basis of the anterior tooth photographs. Tooth and face shapes could be classified as tapered (25% and 27%, respectively), ovoid (39% and 41%, respectively) or square-shaped (36% and 32%, respectively). A significant correlation could be shown between face shape and gender, but not between tooth shape and gender. The dentists were correct about the gender of the subjects in 47 to 59% of all cases. The reproducibility of their judgments varied between 54% and 77%. The theory that the tooth shape should correspond to the inverted facial shape could therefore not be confirmed. In addition it could be shown that the participants were not capable of determining a subject's gender from intraoral photographs alone.

Adult↗