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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Magnetic resonance in pediatric and adolescent neuroimaging.

With improved availability and a practical understanding of the principles of utilization, MRI will continue to replace CT and US in pediatric neuroimaging, just as it has impacted upon the more invasive modalities. In general, US remains the procedure of choice for screening of fetal and infant CNS abnormalities, and CT continues as the principal screening modality beyond infancy and especially for acute, emergent presentations. MRI has now emerged as a primary option for screening as well as for more definitive assessment of many intracranial and most intraspinal conditions.

Brain↗
PubMed1989

[Silent stroke and advance in neuroimaging].

Silent stroke showed a yearly increase in our clinic with the advance of neuroimaging. Of the recent 33 cases of cerebrovascular disease, asymptomatic cerebral infarcts unrelated to the presenting stroke were detected in 20 cases (61%) by CT and in 28 (85%) by MRI, respectively. MRI also revealed asymptomatic hemorrhage in 7 (21%) and white matter lesions in 27 (82%). The clinical significance of silent stroke was discussed.

Brain↗
PubMed1985

Syndrome of the paramedian thalamic arteries: clinical and neuroimaging correlation.

Two patients had sudden alteration of consciousness followed by fluctuating hypersomnia and bilateral ophthalmoplegia. Magnetic resonance imaging showed asymmetric, paramedian thalamic and midbrain lesions. The clinical and neuroimaging features are consistent with the syndrome of the paramedian thalamic arteries of the basilar communicating artery. These strokes were caused by an embolus to the rostral basilar artery originating from a fibrillating heart. Magnetic resonance imaging clearly delineates the delicate pattern of arterial involvement in mesodiencephalic junction infarctions.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Neuroimaging.

The role of neuroimaging procedures, including new techniques, such as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of seizures, is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Late-life psychosis and modern neuroimaging.

A historical review of the literature on late-life psychosis (LLP) is presented with special emphasis on the relationship of structural and metabolic brain disease to this condition. The study of this patient population with modern neuroimaging is described. With the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon computerized emission tomography (SPECT), and computerized EEG, the authors estimate that approximately 50 to 60 per cent of cases will have structural or metabolic brain disease as a significant contributing factor to their psychosis. In their experience, silent vascular disease is seen in approximately one quarter of all cases. A logical clinical approach to these patients is presented.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Neuroimaging in neuroendocrine diseases.

The neuroimaging findings in diverse types of juxtasellar pathologic processes are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the role of CT in their diagnosis.

Aneurysm↗
PubMed1984

Neuroimaging evaluation of patients with headaches.

As discussed in the introduction, the rote laboratory and neuroimaging evaluation of a patient with headache but without other neurologic symptoms or signs is often unrewarding. Such evaluations are dictated by the clinical history and examination, hence rely on the diagnostic acumen of the physician. In the case of patients during their initial visit, it is frequently useful to proceed with skull radiographs and, if the symptoms warrant, contrast-enhanced CT scanning. In the future, as NMR imaging becomes more widely available, it may prove useful for these initial clinical evaluations. More invasive procedures, such as angiography, are undertaken only if specific indications, such as those summarized in Table 1, are present.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1984

Neuroimaging of the spine.

This article addresses the subject of available technology and techniques of neuroimaging of the spine. It also reviews broad areas of neuropathology such as congenital anomalies, degenerative joint disease, the postoperative spine, disorders of the spinal cord, neoplasia, trauma, and infection. A general approach to the radiographic diagnosis of spinal disorders is covered.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

[Neuroimaging and pathology of the spinal cord in compressive cervical myelopathy].

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has enabled us to see the spinal intramedullary pathology as differences in signal intensity. Intramedullary high intensity lesions were observed on T2-weighted MRI in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (20.0%) and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the cervical spine (25.7%). The frequency of this findings was proportional to the clinical severity of myelopathy and degree of spinal cord compression. The pathophysiological basis of such signal abnormality was presumed to vary from acute edema to chronic myelomalacia. The intramedullary lesion on MRI is considered to be the main site of lesion responsible for the neurological symptom because of a good correlation between the neurological level and high intensity level. We found from nine autopsy cases of OPLL that there are distinct differences in severity and extent of pathological changes between the spinal cord with a boomerang-shaped cross-section and that with a triangular-shaped cross-section. In the boomerang-shaped cases, major pathological changes were restricted to the gray matter and the white matter was relatively well preserved. Secondary wallerian degeneration was restricted to the fasciclus cuneatus the fibers of which were derived from the affected segments. In the cases of a triangular shape, pathological changes were more severe, both white and gray matter were involved. There were severe pathological changes over more than one segment, and both descending degeneration of the lateral pyramidal tracts and ascending degeneration of the posterior column, including the fasciclus gracilis, were observed. In conclusion, it is clinically very important to understand the pathological basis of the compressed spinal cord on neuroimages.

Cervical Vertebrae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[MELAS syndrome: clinical, pathological and neuroimaging study].

The form of presentation of a new case of Melas Syndrome is described, together with a pathological and neuroimage study, including clinical development over a 3 year period. The usefulness of MR should be underlined here, given clinical doubts, and also normality in the EMG early phases of and the association with obstructive hypertrophic miocardiopathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer-type dementia and vascular dementia based on neuroimaging study].

A new method for differential diagnosis of Alzheimer-type dementia (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) based on neuroimaging studies was developed by Hayashi's quantification theory II. Fifty-five patients with AD and 36 patients with VD underwent both SPECT and MRI studies. Both images in each subject were scored according to the extent of hypoperfusion in areas including frontal and temporoparietal regions and the severity of deep white matter lesions and medial temporal lobe atrophy. The scores of AD and VD patients were significantly different, and this difference was considered to contribute most to the differential diagnosis of AD and VD. The weight of each score of SPECT and MRI items was computed, and the sum of the weights was calculated as a score for each subject to best distinguish AD from VD patients. This method was designed to simplify the calculation of the sample scores, and the sum of the weights was established so that a positive score (0 < or =) indicated the probability of AD, while a negative score (< 0) indicated the probability of VD. The correct diagnosis rate was 91% (50/55) for AD and 89% (32/36) for VD, for an overall discrimination of 90%. The present method seemed to be practically useful in the differential diagnosis of AD and VD.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Structural neuroimaging in partial epilepsy. Magnetic resonance imaging.

MR imaging is the structural neuroimaging procedure of choice in patients with intractable partial epilepsy being considered for surgical treatment. The results of the MR imaging study may be used to identify appropriate candidates for epilepsy surgery. The MR imaged pathology may be of prognostic importance, alter the presurgical evaluation, and affect the operative strategy. Favorable candidates for epilepsy surgery include patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy related to MTS and patients with lesional epileptic syndromes. Postoperative MR imaging may be useful to determine the extent of lesional and cortical resection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis.

Neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis is now dominated by MR imaging. This article will focus primarily on conventional MR imaging studies in multiple sclerosis, but will also discuss briefly some of the more recent advances related to MR imaging. Fast spin-echo imaging, fluid attenuated inversion recovery MR studies, three-dimensional volumetric studies, magnetization transfer, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy as it applies to multiple sclerosis are examined.

Brain↗
PubMed1994

Neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis.

Modern neuroimaging, and in particular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has made a major contribution to the assessment of patients with multiple sclerosis. Brain MRI is the single most useful diagnostic investigation, and recent improvements in the quality of spinal cord imaging make MRI of this region a powerful tool in the evaluation of patients with undiagnosed myelopathies or with probable multiple sclerosis but equivocal findings on brain imaging. Putative MR markers of inflammation and axonal loss have, respectively, provided new insights into the mechanisms of relapse and remission on the one hand and persistent disability on the other. Monthly MRI is a powerful method for screening new therapies in relapsing-remitting and relapsing-progressive disease, but because of the uncertain relationship between short-term MRI activity and long-term disability, definitive trials should continue to have primary clinical endpoints.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multiple sclerosis in children: clinical, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological correlations.

Four female children with clinically-definite diagnoses of multiple sclerosis (MS) were studied with multimodal evoked potentials (EPs), electroencephalogram (EEG), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Correlations among the clinical features, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies were also evaluated. Their ages of the onset ranged from 5 to 11 years. The clinical evolution in the all four MS cases was relapsing-remitting form. MRI studies in three cases showed abnormal demyelinating plaques in the brainstem, cerebellum and white matter of the cerebrum. CT examination, performed in the other MS case, did not reveal hypodensic lesion. Despite that MRI failed to document optical nerve lesions, three cases had abnormal visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were abnormal in three cases. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were abnormal in two cases presenting with signs of brainstem dysfunction. The conclusion was that paraclinical evidences obtained from MRI and multimodal evoked potential studies are of value as an aid in localizing involved areas and detecting silent lesions in children with MS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Functional neuroimaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a technique for producing regional maps of the in vivo distribution of radioactively labelled tracers without either the complexity or the cost of positron emission tomography (PET). Use of commercially available single photon emitting tracers such as 99mTc, 123I, or 201Th with longer half-lives than positron emitters eliminates the need for an on-site cyclotron and greatly simplifies the radiopharmacy requirements. In addition, the ability to produce images using gamma cameras which are routinely available in most nuclear medicine departments has considerably reduced the capital asset cost of imaging. SPECT is not an inexpensive procedure but it is much cheaper than PET. It is not possible to use the ideal biological labels of carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen with SPECT or to measure metabolic rates for oxygen or glucose. It is, however, now possible to image the distribution of cerebral blood flow with a reasonably well-validated technique, to investigate tumour viability, and to study an ever-increasing range of neurotransmitter receptor systems using SPECT. SPECT may have its technical limitations but it is the functional imaging technique which is likely to be available to most clinicians and, as experience with its application to a variety of pathological conditions grows, a much broader benefit from functional neuroimaging than could be produced by PET alone will result. The purpose of this review is not to compare SPECT with PET, but to give an overview of how SPECT works and what has been established in studies of various pathologies. In some cases, the clinical role of SPECT has already been established and in some it is emerging, but in other cases SPECT is a measurement tool for research purposes which is unlikely ever to be used routinely.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Clinical neurophysiology, neuroimaging, and the surgical treatment of epilepsy.

Improved neurodiagnostic tools for examining cerebral structure and function have greatly enhanced the safety and efficacy of surgical treatment for epilepsy, and markedly increased the number of candidates for these surgical interventions. The application of new developments in clinical neurophysiology, as well as recent advances in neuroimaging, for surgical therapy of medically refractory seizures are reviewed. Improvements in surgical results are documented and future directions are discussed.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1995

Coupling of brain activity and cerebral blood flow: basis of functional neuroimaging.

The coupling of brain cell function to the vascular system is the basis for a number of functional neuroimaging methods relevant for human studies. These include methods as diverse as functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission tomography, optimal intrinsic signals, as well as near infrared spectroscopy, a method that may have imaging capabilities in the near future. These methods map a specific localized brain activation through a vascular response, such as an increase in cerebral blood flow or a change in blood oxygenation. To understand these direct maps to obtain high resolution maps of localized functional brain activity, a precise knowledge of the specific underlying physiological mechanisms and methodological properties and restrictions is essential. In this article, these fundamental physiological and methodological aspects will be discussed. After reviewing how the techniques cited obtain maps of functional activity, we will discuss our current knowledge of the physiology of coupling with particular reference to the functional imaging techniques. Specifically, we will consider the function, the mediators, and the hemodynamic mechanisms of coupling and point out potential interference by diet, and neurological disease.

Brain↗