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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

BioThesaurus: a web-based thesaurus of protein and gene names.

UNLABELLED: BioThesaurus is a web-based system designed to map a comprehensive collection of protein and gene names to protein entries in the UniProt Knowledgebase. Currently covering more than two million proteins, BioThesaurus consists of over 2.8 million names extracted from multiple molecular biological databases according to the database cross-references in iProClass. The BioThesaurus web site allows the retrieval of synonymous names of given protein entries and the identification of protein entries sharing the same names. AVAILABILITY: BioThesaurus is accessible for online searching at http://pir.georgetown.edu/iprolink/biothesaurus

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Visual confrontation naming and hippocampal function: A neural network study using quantitative (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Prior research on the relationship between visual confrontation naming and hippocampal function has been inconclusive. The present study examined this relationship using quantitative (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) to operationalize the function of the left and right hippocampi. The 60-item Boston Naming Test (BNT) was used to measure naming. Our sample included 46 patients with medically intractable, focal mesial temporal lobe epilepsy who had been screened for all pathology other than mesial temporal sclerosis. Statistics included Pearson correlations and neural network analysis (multilayer perceptron and radial basis function). Baseline BNT performance correlated significantly with left (1)H-MRS hippocampal ratios. Thirty-six per cent of the variance in baseline BNT performance was explained by a neural network model using left and right (1)H-MRS ratios(creatine/N-acetylaspartate) as input. This was elevated to 49% when input from the right hippocampus was lesioned mathematically. In a second model, left (1)H-MRS hippocampal ratios were modelled using measures of semantic and episodic memory as input (including the BNT). Explained variance in left (1)H-MRS hippocampal ratios fell from 60.8 to 3.6% when input from BNT and another semantic memory measure was degraded mathematically. These results provide evidence that the speech-dominant hippocampus is a significant component of the overall neuroanatomical network of visual confrontation naming. Clinical and theoretical implications are explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Interactive imagery and affective judgments improve face-name learning in the elderly.

Groups of elderly adults were taught to learn name-to-face associations using one of three different techniques. In a control group (no image) participants were taught for each face-name pair to select a prominent facial feature and to transform the surname into a concrete word. Persons in a second group (image) additionally were taught to employ interactive imagery to form an association between the prominent feature and the transformed name. The third group (image + judgment) was treated the same as the second except that these individuals were also taught to judge the pleasantness of the image association that was formed. As predicted, improvement following instruction was minimal when no image association was formed but strong when interactive imagery was used. Moreover, those persons in the image + judgment group remembered more names than those in the image group and showed less forgetting on a measure of delayed recall. In addition to replicating and extending the findings of previous research with a different sample, the present study demonstrates that semantic orienting tasks can be used to enhance the retention of visual image associations as well as the simpler stimuli used in prior research.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Recognizing and naming faces: aging, memory retrieval, and the tip of the tongue state.

Subjects over the age of 50 were presented with famous and nonfamous male faces. If they recognized the face, they were asked for his name and for as much information about the person as possible. For recognition, older subjects were less sensitive (lower d-prime) and more cautious (higher beta) than younger subjects. The number of "tip of the tongue" (TOT) naming responses as a proportion of faces recognized increased with age, while the number of responses where the right name was produced correspondingly decreased with age. Following responses of No, TOT, and Yes to "Do you know his name?", older subjects reported fewer correct semantic features than younger subjects in all three cases; but as proportions of the number of correct semantic features following Yes responses, there were no age effects (.21 and .59 for No and TOT responses, respectively). In multiple regression analyses, age surprisingly was often a better predictor of performance than measures of current cognitive ability. The results are interpreted as evidence of impairment with age associated with at least three stages in the face recognition process as identified by Bruce and Young (1986).

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Drift as a mechanism for cultural change: an example from baby names.

In the social sciences, there is currently no consensus on the mechanism by which cultural elements come and go in human society. For elements that are value-neutral, an appropriate null model may be one of random copying between individuals in the population. We show that the frequency distributions of baby names used in the United States in each decade of the twentieth century, for both males and females, obey a power law that is maintained over 100 years even though the population is growing, names are being introduced and lost every decade and large changes in the frequencies of specific names are common. We show that these distributions are satisfactorily explained by a simple process in which individuals randomly copy names from each other, a process that is analogous to the infinite-allele model of population genetics with random genetic drift. By its simplicity, this model provides a powerful null hypothesis for cultural change. It further explains why a few elements inevitably become highly popular, even if they have no intrinsic superiority over alternatives. Random copying could potentially explain power law distributions in other cultural realms, including the links on the World Wide Web.

Culture↗
PubMed2006

Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 56, part 5, of the IJSEM.

This listing of names published in a previous issue of the IJSEM is provided as a service to bacteriology to assist in the recognition of new names and new combinations. This procedure was proposed by the Judicial Commission [Minute 11(ii), Int J Syst Bacteriol 41 (1991), p. 185]. The names given herein are listed according to the Rules of priority (i.e. page number and order of valid publication of names in the original articles). Taxonomic opinions included in this List (i.e. the creation of synonyms or the emendation of circumscriptions) cannot be considered as validly published nor, in any other way, approved by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes and its Judicial Commission.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

Attention and the processing of emotional words and names: not so special after all.

Previous research has suggested that a person's own name or emotionally charged stimuli automatically "grab" attention, potentially challenging limited-capacity theories of perceptual processing. In this study, subjects were shown two digits surrounding a word and asked to make a speeded judgment about whether the parity of the two digits matched. When the subject's own name was presented on a few scattered trials, responses were markedly slowed (replicating a previous study). However, in a subsequent block of trials in which half the words were the subject's name, the slowing did not occur. The same slowing occurred (but even more fleetingly) when an emotionally charged word was presented between the digits. When the name was embedded among multiple distractor words, it ceased to slow reaction times. The results suggest that perceptual analysis of high-priority stimuli is subject to the usual capacity limitations of other stimuli, but when enough capacity is available for a high-priority stimulus to be perceived, a transient surprise reaction may interrupt ongoing processing.

Affect↗
PubMed1980

On naming.

Much has been said about what's in a name, but what, in law, is a name? Following a discussion of studies on the impact of a name on a person, the author discusses what constitutes a name at law.

Female↗
PubMed1979

Names and dream-work.

Four dreams are reported in which associations leading to previously unacknowledged material were elicited by asking about names. Inquiry into names and distortions of names (rhymes, puns, contractions, initials, visual symbols) is a useful technique in the provocation of emotionally-laden connections. A possible explanation lies in the parallel between naturally occurring name transformations and the dream work of regression, displacement, condensation and symbolization.

Dreams↗
PubMed1980

Name and identity.

Identity, though complex, can be encoded in a name. The name bears the stamp of the namers' traditions and their hopes for the child. The infant's characteristics influence the choice to some degree and, to a degree, a name affects the person who bears it. The interface between names and personal identity is illustrated clinically in syndromes of transsexualism and multiple personality, in twinning, and in the development of the ego-ideal.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2005

PSE: a tool for browsing a large amount of MEDLINE/PubMed abstracts with gene names and common words as the keywords.

BACKGROUND: MEDLINE/PubMed (hereinafter called PubMed) is one of the most important literature databases for the biological and medical sciences, but it is impossible to read all related records due to the sheer size of the repository. We usually have to repeatedly enter keywords in a trial-and-error manner to extract useful records. Software which can reduce such a laborious task is therefore required. RESULTS: We developed a web-based software, the PubMed Sentence Extractor (PSE), which parses large number of PubMed abstracts, extracts and displays the co-occurrence sentences of gene names and other keywords, and some information from EntrezGene records. The result links to whole abstracts and other resources such as the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Men and Reference Sequence. While PSE executes at the sentence-level when evaluating the existence of keywords, the popular PubMed operates at the record-level. Therefore, the relationship between the two keywords, a gene name and a common word, is more accurately captured by PSE than PubMed. In addition, PSE shows the list of keywords and considers the synonyms and variations on gene names. Through these functions, PSE would reduce the task of searching through records for gene information. CONCLUSION: We developed PSE in order to extract useful records efficiently from PubMed. This system has four advantages over a simple PubMed search; the reduction in the amount of collected literatures, the showing of keyword lists, the consideration for synonyms and variations on gene names, and the links to external databases. We believe PSE is helpful in collecting necessary literatures efficiently in order to find research targets. PSE is freely available under the GPL licence as additional files to this manuscript.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2002

Not the same by any other name.

The names of individuals play a significant role in the organization of ego defenses and the consolidation of identity. Names have several conscious and unconscious meanings to patients in treatment. This article postulates that names also represent similar meanings to the therapist or analyst. The desire or reluctance to address a patient by a particular name can serve as an effective measure of the therapist's countertransference. This provides invaluable information about the patient's character structure and interpersonal relationships, which, if used appropriately, can favorably promote treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Historical and socioeconomic predictors of the emotional associations of sounds in popular names.

The 10 most popular boys' and girls' names for most years of the 20th century were studied by Whissell in terms of the emotional associations of their sounds and their pronounceability. A set of historical and socioeconomic variables, namely, war, depression, the advent of the birth control pill, inflation, and year predicted component scores for name length, emotionality, and pronounceability. There were significant low-to-medium strength correlations among predictors and criteria, and prediction was significant in four of the six models. For example, the inclusion of Positive Emotional sounds in women's names was predicted with R2 = .73 from a formula emphasizing the advent of the pill (beta = 1.58) and year (beta = -1.56).

Association↗
PubMed1995

[The origin of the names of laboratory pharmaceuticals in use in present day Catalunya].

In this work the author researches about the origin of pharmaceutical laboratories name's (national and foreign) and compiles all the published information about it. He also includes information about recently disappeared or absorbed laboratories. Tables about kinds of names (founder's surname, contractions, acronyms or fantasy names), foundation year, and some curiosities about the names, can be found.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1989

Discriminating powers of partial agreements of names for linking personal records. Part II: The empirical test.

The preceeding paper examined the logical basis of an exact way of calculating the discriminating powers of people's names when they only partially agree. The method has application to automated file searching and record linkage. The present account describes an empirical test of the approach. Use is made of some 2000 comparison pairs of male given names, obtained as a byproduct from an earlier linkage study. The test shows that exact value-specific ODDS can indeed be calculated for common names when compared with their accepted synonyms (e.g. JOSEPH versus JOE). Moreover, the use can be extended to include rare variants, by arranging these into groups defined in value-specific terms (e.g. as selected blocks in an alphabetically sequenced listing, or combinations of such blocks). A majority of all name comparisons may be handled in this manner. The added precision serves to reduce the numbers of records that are ambiguously linked and require labour intensive clerical resolution.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

In search of the name.

Existing communications standards represent person name, date, time, and other ubiquitous attributes in various incompatible formats. The electronic medical record requires convergence of diverse representational systems toward a single communications standard or a harmonized group of standards. The obstacles to convergence include disparities in semantic definition, syntax, and communications protocols. To facilitate harmonization of existing standards, the message standards developers subcommittee of the ANSI HISPP (American National Standards Institute Healthcare Informatics Standards Planning Panel) has defined a set of common data types to facilitate semantic convergence. The authors present the general method used to develop the common data types. The derivation of the person name common data type is presented in detail. A general semantic model of the person name attribute is developed from observations of international usage conventions. A superset of the person name formats of the ACR-NEMA, ASTM, HL7, NCPDP, MEDIX, and X-12 standards is taken as the provisional starting point for a common data type definition. The convergence superset is compared with the general semantic model. Highly specialized and/or infrequently encountered sub components of the general model are combined into component complexes, thereby defining mappings to less rigorous representations. The ANSI HISPP common data types are specified for use in a demonstration of a prototype object-oriented HL7-DICOM HIS/PACS interface (between hospital information systems and imaging systems) at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

[Distribution of family names in rural populations of Kursk region].

The coefficient of inbreeding and its components were calculated for populations of rural districts of Kursk oblast with the use of the isonymic method. The following values were obtained: F(it) = 0.000567, Fst = 0.000650, and Fis = 0.000083. The Fst value agreed with the value of Malecot's local inbreeding coefficient (0.000201). In the districts where the proportions of families with frequent family names (FFNs; a frequency of 0.001 and more) were 50% and over, these family names were sufficient to adequately describe the population structure. The migration index and the index of family-name diversity were calculated. Significant correlations were revealed between Fst, the migration index, the index of family-name diversity, Malecot's local inbreeding, the mean square distance between birthplaces of spouses, the effective migration pressure, and the coefficient of linear systematic pressure.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2000

Nationwide cancer family ascertainment using Finnish Cancer Registry data on family names and places of birth for 35,761 prostate cancer patients.

Identification of predisposition loci to complex diseases, such as prostate cancer, requires high-quality family material, the ascertainment of which is often laborious, time-consuming and inaccurate with conventional methods. Here, we describe a new method for rapid, nationwide cancer family ascertainment using Finnish Cancer Registry data on 35,761 prostate cancer cases over a 40-year period. As members of a prostate cancer family are likely to share the same family name and place of birth, we stratified all prostate cancer cases by these 2 parameters (10,721 different names and 596 municipalities). Data were compared with the distribution of family names and places of birth for all 3.3 million Finnish men to derive standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs). A significantly elevated SPR of prostate cancer was detected for 468 (1.6%) of the 28,459 evaluable combinations of family name and place of birth. Of the 20 highest SPR values, 19 corresponded to true nuclear families, most of these having 3 or more affected cases. Two-thirds of our 50 previously established Finnish prostate cancer families were classified among this 1.6% fraction of the highest SPR values. Finally, many of the highest SPR values originated from municipalities in southern and south-western Finland. To explore whether such clusters could highlight local founder effects, we applied genealogical research to link together several families with elevated SPRs and identified an extended family with 20 prostate cancer cases with common ancestors in the early seventeenth century. In summary, a rapid novel method was developed and validated for identification of prostate cancer families from nationwide cancer registry data and for the identification of putative regional founder effects.

Cohort Studies↗