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PubMed2002

Characterization of TgROP9 (p36), a novel rhoptry protein of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites identified by T cell clone.

T cell clone 3Tx19 detects a Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite protein which, in high resolution 2D gel electrophoresis, runs at 36 kDa apparent MW with two spots of pI 5.9 and 6.5, thus exhibiting a migration pattern distinct from those of other known Toxoplasma antigens. The sequences of peptide fragments from tryptic digestion of the more prominent protein spot allowed the design of oligonucleotide primers to obtain the coding cDNA sequence. Sequence analysis of cDNA from strain BK revealed a 363 amino acid open reading frame, defined by all nine peptide sequences determined. The deduced protein sequence contains two hydrophobic segments, one near the N-terminus including a predicted signal peptide and a shorter second at the carboxy terminus, but homology to any other known protein is lacking. With synthetic peptides covering the complete primary structure, the epitope for clone 3Tx19 was mapped within the deduced partial sequence, which had remained unconfirmed by tryptic peptides. Antibodies raised against another, putative B cell epitope peptide detected the same two protein spots in 2D gel, indicating that they are antigenically related isoforms. The protein p36 is expressed by T. gondii isolates of all three intraspecies subgroups, but not in the bradyzoite stage. In intracellular tachyzoites, p36 colocalizes with rhoptry proteins and has a distribution pattern disparate from that of dense granule and microneme proteins. Subcellular fractionation indicated that p36 is a soluble constituent of tachyzoites. We suggest that this T cell-stimulatory novel rhoptry protein of T. gondii be named ROP9. It represents a marker of the tachyzoite stage.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

GRA7, an excretory 29 kDa Toxoplasma gondii dense granule antigen released by infected host cells.

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) TxE2, reactive with Toxoplasma gondii excretory products, detects an acidic 29 kDa protein (p29) which, in 2D gel electrophoresis, exhibits a migration pattern distinct from those of the toxoplasmic excretory proteins described so far. The sequence of seven peptides from tryptic digestion of isolated p29 allowed the design of primers to obtain the coding DNA sequence. The full-length gene was amplified from genomic DNA of T. gondii strain BK and the sequence was identical with that of the corresponding cDNA, providing evidence for an intron-free gene structure. A single mRNA transcript of 1.3 kb was detected by Northern blot analysis. The deduced 236 amino acid protein contains a putative N-terminal signal peptide, one site of potential N-linked glycosylation, and, close to the C-terminus, a further hydrophobic, putative transmembrane domain. With synthetic peptides spanning the sequence of p29, the epitope for mAb TxE2 was mapped adjacent to the putative signal sequence. The antigen, which represents almost 0.5% of T. gondii protein, is expressed in strains of all three intraspecies subgroups, and is associated with the parasite dense granules as demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy. In tachyzoite-infected cells, p29 accumulates within the parasitophorous vacuole and co-localizes with its delimiting membrane. In bradyzoite-infected cells, p29 is present within the host cell cytoplasm as detected by immunofluorescence staining, and, furthermore, in the supernatant of cyst-bearing cell culture lacking extracellular parasites as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thus, p29 which is named dense granule protein (GRA)7 may indicate the presence of intracellular toxoplasma.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Ribonucleotide reductase R2 protein is phosphorylated at serine-20 by P34cdc2 kinase.

Ribonucleotide reductase is a rate-limiting enzyme in DNA synthesis and is composed of two different proteins, R1 and R2. The R2 protein appears to be rate-limiting for enzyme activity in proliferating cells, and it is phosphorylated by p34cdc2 and CDK2, mediators of cell cycle transition events. A sequence in the R2 protein at serine-20 matches a consensus sequence for p34cdc2 and CDK2 kinases. We tested the hypothesis that the serine-20 residue was the major p34cdc2 kinase site of phosphorylation. Three peptides were synthesized (from Asp-13 to Ala-28) that contained either the wild type amino acid sequence (Asp-Gln-Gln-Gln-Leu-Gln-Leu-Ser-Pro-Leu-Lys-Arg-Leu-Thr-Leu-Ala, serine peptide) or a mutation, in which the serine residue was replaced with an alanine residue (alanine peptide) or a threonine residue (threonine peptide). Only the serine peptide and threonine peptide were phosphorylated by p34cdc2 kinase. In two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping experiments of serine peptide and Asp-N endoproteinase digested R2 protein, peptide co-migration patterns suggested that the synthetic phosphopeptide containing serine-20 was identical to the major Asp-N digested R2 phosphopeptide. To further test the hypothesis that serine-20 is the primary phosphorylated residue on R2 protein, three recombinant R2 proteins (R2-Thr, R2-Asp and R2-Ala) were generated by site-directed mutagenesis, in which the serine-20 residue was replaced with threonine, aspartic acid or alanine residues. Wild type R2 and threonine-substituted R2 proteins (R2-Thr) were phosphorylated by p34cdc2 kinase, whereas under the same experimental conditions, R2-Asp and R2-Ala phosphorylation was not detected. Furthermore, the phosphorylated amino acid residue in the R2-Thr protein was determined to be phosphothreonine. Therefore, by replacing a serine-20 residue with a threonine, the phosphorylated amino acid in R2 protein was changed to a phosphothreonine. In total, these results firmly establish that a major p34cdc2 phosphorylation site on the ribonucleotide reductase R2 protein occurs near the N-terminal end at serine-20, which is found within the sequence Ser-Pro-Leu-Lys-Arg-Leu. Comparison of ribonucleotide reductase activities between wild type and mutated forms of the R2 proteins suggested that mutation at serine-20 did not significantly affect enzyme activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Discrimination between epidemiological cycles of rabies in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The design of efficient rabies control programs within a geographic area requires an appropriate knowledge of the local epidemiological cycles. In Latin America, there is a geographical overlap of the two main epidemiological cycles: (a) the terrestrial cycle, where the dog is the main terrestrial vector and the principal cause of human transmission; and (b) the aerial cycle, in which the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus is representative in Mexico. This bat is the major sylvatic rabies vector transmitting rabies to cattle. The purpose of this study was to distinguish between the epidemiological cycles of rabies virus (aerial and terrestrial) circulating in Mexico, using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). METHODS: Thirty positive rabies isolates were obtained from different species (including humans, domestic, and wildlife animals) and geographical regions. The methodology included the extraction of RNA, and synthesis of cDNA, PCR, and RFLP using four restriction endonucleases. To determine the aerial cycle, BsaW I and BsrG I were utilized, and for terrestrial cycle, BamH I and Stu I. Most of the samples belonged to the aerial and terrestrial cycles, except for two skunk isolates from Northwestern Mexico, which were not cut by any of the enzymes. RESULTS: Three different migration patterns were detected: (a) the first was observed in six amplicons, which were cut by BsaW I and BsrG I (aerial cycle); (b) 19 amplified samples were digested with BamH I and Stu I enzymes (terrestrial cycle); and (c) two skunk isolates from Northwest Mexico, were not cut by any of the enzymes utilized in the experiments (hypervariable cycle). CONCLUSIONS: This concludes that RFLP can be used for the classification of rabies field samples in epidemiological studies. Moreover, it has demonstrated its usefulness, not only for differentiating between the main epidemiological rabies cycles present in Mexico, but also to detect new cycles in wildlife species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Otosclerosis: a local manifestation of a generalized connective tissue disorder?

The hypothesis that otosclerosis is a local manifestation of a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of generalized connective tissue disorders was tested by quantitative biochemical techniques. In contrast to previous studies, no significant differences were found in individual glycosaminoglycans excreted in urine of control subjects and patients with otosclerosis. Moreover, no significant differences were detected in the rate of synthesis and secretion of glycosaminoglycans and collagen in skin fibroblast cultures of patients and controls. Preliminary results obtained with more sensitive and specific methods suggest a possible error in collagen metabolism. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed slight differences in migration patterns of several collagenous proteins between patients and control subjects. In addition, collagenase was significantly increased in three of five patients.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2002

Differential glycosylation of MHC class II molecules on gastric epithelial cells: implications in local immune responses.

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression is a hallmark of antigen presenting cells (APC). Human gastric epithelial cells (GEC) express class II MHC and this expression increases during infection with Helicobacter pylori as does the number of CD4 T cells found adjacent or in between epithelial cells. These observations suggested that human GEC act as APCs. To characterize and compare class II MHC complexes with those present in conventional APC, immunoprecipitated class II MHC from GEC and B cells, as prototypic APC, were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Although the composition of class II MHC from both cell phenotypes was similar, their electrophoretic mobility differed. Methodical elimination of carbohydrates, either enzymatically with endoglycosidase-H or blocking with tunicamycin, revealed that the deviations were due to differences in glycosylation in both cell phenotypes. When deglycosylated class II MHC alpha chains, beta chains, and the invariant chain from both cell phenotypes were mixed and run in the same gel, the core proteins had identical migration patterns. Because differences in glycosylation of class II MHC proteins may affect peptide selection and/or recognition by T cells, the noted differences in glycosylation of class II MHC expressed by GEC could be important in considering their potential role as APC locally.

Antigen-Presenting Cells↗
PubMed1998

Organochlorine contaminants in northeast Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata).

Blubber samples of 72 minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) were obtained from the northeast Atlantic in July and August 1992, and evaluated for organochlorine contamination. The following organochlorines were determined: the industrial chemicals PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), and the organochlorine pesticides DDTs (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes), HCHs (hexachlorocyclohexaneb), HCB (hexachlorobenzene) and CHLs (chlordanes). The concentrations of SigmaPCB (sum of concentrations of 18 PCB congeners) and SigmaDDT (sum of concentrations of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDD) ranged from 0.6-20.8 and 0.5-14.8 microg g(-1) lipid weight, with mean concentrations at 3.8 and 2.5 microg g(-1) lipid weight, respectively. The mean concentrations of HCB, the chlordane metabolites oxychlordane, cis-chlordane and trans-nonachlor, and the HCH isomers (alpha-, beta- and gamma-HCH) were all < 1 microg g(-1) lipid weight. Significantly higher concentrations of the three major pollutants (SigmaPCB, SigmaDDT and SigmaCHL) were found in mature males as compared to mature females and juveniles of both sexes. No such relationship was found for SigmaHCH and HCB. Stomach contents of northeast Atlantic minke whales indicate considerable heterogeneity in the diet when comparing different years, seasons and geographical areas. However, without knowing more about the minke whale migration pattern, or possible geographical segregation with age and sex, the interchemical variation of organochlorines between sampling areas may not reflect true geographical differences.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Deltamethrin-induced testicular apoptosis in rats: the protective effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor.

This study is the first to examine and characterize the testicular apoptosis which might be induced due to exposure of male rats to deltamethrin. Furthermore, the role which might be played by nitric oxide (NO), as well as the other reactive oxygen species (ROS) in controlling this testicular apoptosis was assessed. Apoptosis was evaluated by DNA fragmentation detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and cellular morphology on testicular tissue sections. It was found that administration of deltamethrin (1 mg/kg daily for 21 days) to animals resulted in characteristic DNA migration patterns (laddering), thereby providing evidence that apoptosis is the major mechanism of cell death in the testicular tissues. In addition, histopathological examination of testicular tissue sections showed that apoptosis was confined to the basal germ cells, primary and secondary spermatocytes. These changes, in addition to the appearance of Sertoli cell vacuoles in deltamethrin-intoxicated animals, indicates the suppression of spermatogenesis. At the same time, the plasma levels of both NO and lipid peroxides measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) were found to be significantly increased in deltamethrin-treated animals. Administration of NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors such as N(G)-nitro monomethyl L-arginine hydrochloride (L-NMMA, 1 mg/kg) to rats 2 h before exposure to deltamethrin was effective in the reduction of the typically testicular apoptotic DNA fragmentation pattern and the associated histopathological changes. These findings may suggest that deltamethrin-induced testicular apoptosis is mediated by NO. Therefore, the pharmacological manipulation of apoptosis by selective NOS inhibitors such as L-NMMA may offer new possibilities for the control of deltamethrin-induced testicular dysfunction and infertility in the future.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A CRE-like sequence that binds CREB and contributes to cAMP-dependent regulation of the proximal promoter of the human aromatase P450 (CYP19) gene.

The major physiological regulator of human aromatase P450 gene expression in the ovary is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which acts by increasing intracellular cAMP levels. This study describes the identification of an element in the aromatase proximal promoter that is critical for the full transcriptional response of this promoter to cAMP. The cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-like sequence (CLS) was originally identified by its sequence similarity to a palindromic CRE, from which it differs by the insertion of a single cytosine. Mutation of the CLS in the context of 278 bp of 5'-flanking DNA resulted in the loss of cAMP-induced reporter gene expression in transfected ovarian luteal cells. A cell line survey EMSA revealed that CLS binding factors are ubiquitously distributed, although the migration pattern of CLS-nuclear protein complexes varied among different nuclear extracts. An extended half-site for binding members of the basic-leucine zipper class of transcription factors was found to be responsible for ovarian luteal cell nuclear protein binding and cAMP-dependent transcriptional transactivation. Competition and supershift EMSAs revealed that the CLS-nuclear protein complexes that regulate cAMP-induced transcription were indistinguishable from homodimeric CREB bound to the CRE oligonucleotide, yet the interaction with the CLS was of lower affinity.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Cross-infection of moose (Alces alces) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) with Elaphostrongylus alces and Elaphostrongylus rangiferi (Nematoda, Protostrongylidae): effects on parasite morphology and prepatent period.

Moose (Alces alces) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were experimentally cross-infected with Elaphostrongylus rangiferi and Elaphostrongylus alces, respectively. Both Elaphostrongylus species completed their development in the alternate hosts but produced fewer larvae than in their usual host species. Reindeer infected with Elaphostrongylus alces developed patent infections after 39-130 days. In moose, the prepatent period of this parasite was 39-73 days. Elaphostrongylus rangiferi infections were patent in moose after 133 days. The male morphological characteristic of E. alces in moose and reindeer, and E. rangiferi in moose and their migration pattern retained regardless of the host species. These results provide further evidence that E. alces and E. rangiferi are two distinct species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development and evolution of the collopallium in amniotes: a new hypothesis of field homology.

Embryological development is uniquely positioned to illuminate both hodology in adult brains and its inherited genetic bases. The lateral corner of the lateral ventricle in mammals is a particularly crucial region where cell migration patterns, transiently formed connections, axonal growth kinetics, and fasciculation patterns are complex and interactive. Based on hodology, the sauropsid anterior dorsal ventricular ridge (ADVR) has been proposed as the homologue on a one-to-one basis of the mammalian lateral neocortex (LNC), the basolateral amygdalar complex (BLA), or the claustrum-endopiriform nucleus (CE). Data on gene expression patterns during development have indicated ADVR homology with parts of the latter two structures rather than with LNC. Collothalamic nuclei (the set of dorsal thalamic nuclei that receive their predominant input from the midbrain roof) project to part of BLA and to LNC. Recent findings demonstrate a complex pattern of mutually overlapping but noncongruent gene expression territories and collothalamic projections, which suggests a new, collopallial field hypothesis that the ADVR is homologous as a field to all three structures LNC, BLA, and CE. This hypothesis accounts for current hodological and developmental data as well as for lack of a CE in monotremes and for an abnormal subcortical lamina of gray matter that results from a genetic abnormality in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Cloning and expression of a chicken alpha-amylase gene.

We have isolated and sequenced a genomic clone for a pancreatic alpha-amylase gene (amy) of the chicken (Gallus gallus). The gene is interrupted by nine introns, spans over 4 kb, and encodes a protein (AMY) of 512 aa that is 83% identical to the human pancreatic alpha-amylase enzyme. Southern blot analysis of chicken DNA revealed two distinct pancreatic amy loci. In addition, we have generated a cDNA from chicken pancreatic RNA corresponding to the coding sequence of the genomic clone. The cDNA was inserted into a yeast expression vector, and the resulting construct used to transform Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Transformed yeast cells synthesized and secreted active AMY enzyme, and the gel migration pattern of the alpha-amylase produced by the yeast cells was identical to that of the native chicken enzyme.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Activation of rat androgen receptor by androgenic ligands is unaffected by antiandrogens in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The E. coli lacZ has been utilized as a reporter to evaluate ligand-mediated activation of the rat androgen receptor (AR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YCR1. beta-galactosidase activity was androgen-specific and was found to be inducible approximately 260-fold by dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone and R1881. None of the antiandrogens tested was able to antagonize the DHT-dependent induction of beta-galactosidase activity. In the gel retardation assay, exposure of the receptor to DHT in vitro led to the formation of a protein-DNA complex that was not detected in yeast extracts unexposed to hormone. However, activation of AR by a steroidal (cyproterone acetate) and a non-steroidal antiandrogen (flutamide) either alone or in combination with DHT also results in a similar migration pattern. Additionally, LEM1, the ABC transporter that selectively modulates the biological potency of steroids in yeast, although operative in YCR1, was not responsible for antiandrogen resistance. These results thus indicate the involvement of other non-receptor factor(s) in mediating the effect of antiandrogens in yeast.

Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed2001

Modification of ferritin during iron loading.

Recombinant human ferritin loaded with iron via its own ferroxidase activity did not sediment through a sucrose-density gradient as a function of iron content. Analysis of the recombinant ferritin by native PAGE demonstrated an increase in altered migration pattern of the ferritins with increasing sedimentation, indicating an alteration of the overall charge of ferritin. Additionally, analysis of the ferritin by SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions demonstrated that the ferritin had formed large aggregates, which suggests disulfide bonds are involved in the aggregation. The hydroxyl radical was detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy during iron loading into recombinant ferritin by its own ferroxidase activity. However, recombinant human ferritin loaded with iron in the presence of ceruloplasmin sedimented through a sucrose-density gradient similar to native ferritin. This ferritin was shown to sediment as a function of iron content. The addition of ceruloplasmin to the iron loading assay eliminated the detection of the DMPO-*OH adduct observed during loading using the ferroxidase activity of ferritin. The elimination of the DMPO-*OH adduct was determined to be due to the ability of ceruloplasmin to completely reduce oxygen to water during the oxidation of the ferrous iron. The implications of these data for the present models for iron uptake into ferritin are discussed.

Apoferritins↗
PubMed1997

Response diversity and the timing of progenitor cell maturation are regulated by developmental changes in EGFR expression in the cortex.

Early cortical progenitor cells of the ventricular zone (VZ) differ from later progenitor cells of the subventricular zone (SVZ) in cell-type generation and their level of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). To determine whether differences in their behavior are causally related to EGFR number/density, we introduced extra EGFRs into VZ cells with a retrovirus in vivo and in vitro. This results in premature expression of traits characteristic of late SVZ progenitor cells, including migration patterns, differentiation into astrocytes, and proliferation of multipotential cells to form spheres. The choice between proliferation and differentiation depends on ligand concentration and progenitor cell age and may reflect different thresholds of stimulation. The level of EGFRs expressed by progenitor cells in the cortex may therefore contribute to the timing of their maturation and choice of response to pleiotropic environmental signals.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Type VI collagen: high yields of a molecule with multiple forms of alpha 3 chain from avian and human tissues.

A differential extraction procedure followed by molecular sieve column chromatography for the isolation of large quantities of the tissue form of type VI collagen is described. Recovery of the protein was more than 60% from both chick gizzard and human placenta. On reduced NaDodSO4-gels chick type VI collagen migrated as two major bands at Mr = 140,000 and 150,000 that were present in a 1:1 ratio and five less intense bands between Mr = 230,000 and 180,000. By immunoblotting with a polyclonal antibody against the pepsinized form of chick type VI collagen, all these bands were stained. Furthermore, the amino acid composition of the five higher Mr polypeptides indicated that they all contained hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. In the chick type VI collagen molecule the five bands of higher Mr belong to the alpha 3 chain since they were recognized by monoclonal antibodies specific for the chick Mr = 260,000 alpha 3 chain. On examination of antigenic activity by solid-phase radioimmunobinding, densitometry of stained NaDodSO4 polyacrylamide gels, and protein content type VI was found to be an abundant collagen since it accounted for up to 0.1% of the tissue wet weight. The yields per tissue wet weight and the migration pattern of human type VI collagen polypeptides were similar to those of the chick. Agarose/polyacrylamide composite gels indicated that the molecular size of the tissue form of type VI collagen molecules under non-reduced conditions corresponded to a basic type of tetrameric molecule.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2000

p53 and Ki-ras as prognostic factors for Dukes' stage B colorectal cancer.

Mutations of the TP53 and Ki-ras genes have been reported to be of prognostic importance in colorectal carcinomas. An increased intracellular concentration of the p53 protein, although not identical to, is sometimes seen in tumours with TP53 mutation and has been correlated with poor prognosis in some tumour types. Previous colorectal cancer studies, addressing the prognostic importance of Ki-ras mutation and TP53 aberrations, yielded contradictory results. The aim of this study was to determine in a clinically and therapeutically homogeneous group of 122 sporadic Dukes' B colorectal carcinomas with a median follow-up of 67 months (3-144 months) whether or not p53 protein expression, TP53 mutation and K-ras mutation correlated with prognosis. p53 staining was performed by immunohistochemistry, using the monoclonal antibody DO7 on paraffin-embedded tissue. Mutations in exons 5-8 of the TP53 gene and in codons 12 and 13 of the K-ras gene were assayed in paraffin-embedded tissue by the single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) assay. Nuclear p53 staining was found in 57 (47%) tumours. Aberrant migration patterns indicating mutation of the TP53 gene were found in 39 (32%) tumours. Forty-six carcinomas (38%) showed a mutation of the Ki-ras codons 12 or 13. In a univariate analysis, patients with wild-type TP53 status showed a trend towards better survival, compared with those with mutated TP53 (log-rank test, P = 0.051). Likewise, tumours immunohistochemically positive for p53 showed a worse prognosis than p53-negative tumours (P = 0.010). The presence or absence of mutations in Ki-ras did not correlate with prognosis (P = 0.703). In multivariate analysis, only p53 immunoreactivity emerged as an independent marker for prognosis hazard ratio (HR) = 2.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-4.11, P = 0.02). Assessment of p53 protein expression is more discriminative than TP53 mutation to predict the outcome of Dukes' stage B tumours and could be a useful tool to identify patients who might benefit from adjuvant therapy.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2000

Substance use in high school students in New South Wales, Australia, in relation to language spoken at home.

PURPOSE: To examine for the first time adolescent substance use by ethnicity, given the high proportion of migrants from non-English-speaking countries in New South Wales, (NSW), Australia. METHODS: Data from four surveys of NSW secondary school students in 1983, 1986, 1989, and 1992 were used for this analysis. The prevalence of substance use by whether English was spoken at home was stratified by sex and age using data from the most recent survey year. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were produced by simultaneous logistic regression, adjusting for sex, age group, and the interaction term of sex and age for each of these substances, and for each survey year separately. Data from 1989 and 1992 were pooled together to examine rates of substance use by ethnic subgroups which reflect migration patterns. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking and alcohol and illicit drug use was consistently lower among NSW adolescents speaking a language other than English at home, compared with those speaking English at home in all survey years. Only the prevalence of solvent sniffing was higher among younger adolescents speaking a language other than English at home. Students from Southeast Asia showed consistently lower rates of usage of all substances compared to all other groups. CONCLUSIONS: There may be different opportunities for the prevention of adolescent substance use among native English speakers to be gained from non-English-speaking cultures.

Adolescent↗