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Results for “Mandatory Testing”

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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Hypopituitarism after cranial irradiation.

Radiation-induced damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary (h-p) axis is associated with a wide spectrum of subtle and frank abnormalities in anterior pituitary hormones secretion. While the rapidity of onset of these abnormalities is primarily radiation dose-dependent, their frequency and severity also depend on the length of follow-up. The GH axis is the most vulnerable to radiation damage, and GH deficiency is usually the only neuro-endocrine abnormality following irradiation of the h-p axis with doses <30 Gy. With higher radiation doses (30-50 Gy), the frequency of GH insufficiency can be as high as 50-100% and that of TSH and ACTH around 3-6%. Abnormalities in gonadotrophin secretion are dose-dependent; precocious puberty can occur after radiation dose <30 Gy in girls only, and in both sexes equally with a radiation dose of 30-50 Gy. Gonadotrophin deficiency occurs infrequently, and is usually a long-term complication following a minimum radiation dose of 30 Gy. Hyperprolactinemia has been described in both sexes and all ages, but is mostly seen in young women after intensive irradiation and is usually subclinical. A much higher incidence of gonadotrophin, ACTH and TSH deficiencies, (30-60% after 10 yr) occurs after more intensive irradiation (>70 Gy) used for nasopharyngeal carcinomas and tumors of the skull base, and following conventional irradiation (30-50 Gy) for pituitary tumors. Radiation-induced anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies are irreversible and progressive. Regular testing is mandatory to ensure timely diagnosis and early hormone replacement therapy, to improve linear growth and prevent short stature in children cured from cancer, to preserve sexual function, prevent ill health and osteoporosis, and improve the quality of life.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of HIV infection and AIDS symptomatology in malnourished children--a hospital based study.

One hundred and seventy five malnourished children aged between 1(1/2) and 12 years attending pediatric department of Regional Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Imphal from January 2001 to June 2002 were screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection along with their biological mothers after pretest counselling and informed consent. The prevalence rate of HIV seropositivity among malnourished children was 21.7%. Children aged between 1(1/2) and 3 years had the highest seroprevalence (47.4%) and male to female ratio was 1.5: 1. Underweight children showed the highest seroprevalence (47.4%) and children with kwashiorkor showed least seroprevalence (10.5%). Mode of HIV transmission was vertical in 94.7%. The causative agent was HIV-I in all the cases. AIDS defining children features were seen more frequently among HIV seropositive malnourished children as compared to the seronegative children. Prolonged fever (p 0.001), oropharyngeal candidiasis (p<0.001), generalised lymphadenopathy (p<0.001) and disseminated maculopapular dermatitis (p<0.001) were significantly related to HIV infection. Among seronegative children 18.2% fulfilled the clinical criteria for AIDS and among seropositive children 94.7% had AIDS. The total mortality encountered among seropositive children was 34.2%. It is suggested to confirm findings based on larger community based data before recommending mandatory HIV testing in all malnourished children. Specific guidelines on the nutritional management of children with HIV/AIDS is needed in Manipur where HIV is spreading rapidly.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

Adams v. State.

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AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2006

HER-2 positivity and correlations with other histopathologic features in breast cancer patients--hospital based study.

OBJECTIVE: To review HER-2 status and its correlation with all other prognostic histopathological features of all Breast Cancer (BC) patients diagnosed between January 2000 and December 2004 at King Abdul Aziz University Hospital (KAUH) in the western region of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: Histopathology specimens were examined by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and labeled as HER-2/neu positive when Hercep Test score was three plus (3+). RESULTS: HER-2/neu was reported only in 145 patients out of 260. Out of 145 patients, it was positive in 41 patients (28.3%), negative in 104 patients (71.7%). Correlations between HER-2/neu status and age, race and other prognostic histopathologic features revealed: No correlation with age (or < or = 40 Y vs >40 Y with a p-value of 0.552), race (Saudis vs Non-Saudis with a p-value of 0.133), histopathology subtype (p=0.980), tumor size (p=0.455), number of positive lymph nodes (p=0.660), tumor grade (p=0.062), lymphovascular invasion (p=0.055) and progesterone receptor (PR) status (p=0.069) but positive correlation only with estrogen receptor status (ER) (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: HER-2/neu over expression was positive in 28.3% of the tested specimens of BC which is consistent with what was reported in literature. It was found to correlate inversely with ER status. Routine testing is mandatory because of its prognostic value and impact on further management.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

HIV transmission among male inmates in a state prison system--Georgia, 1992-2005.

The estimated prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is nearly five times higher for incarcerated populations (2.0%) than for the general U.S. population (0.43%). In 1988, the Georgia Department of Corrections (GDC) initiated mandatory HIV testing of inmates upon entry into prison and voluntary HIV testing of inmates on request or if clinically indicated. GDC offered voluntary HIV testing to inmates annually during July 2003-June 2005 and currently offers testing to inmates on request. During July 1988-February 2005, a total of 88 male inmates were known to have had both a negative HIV test result upon entry into prison and a subsequent confirmed positive HIV test result (i.e., seroconversion) during incarceration. Of these 88 inmates, 37 (42%) had had more than one negative HIV test result before their HIV diagnosis. In October 2004, GDC and the Georgia Division of Public Health invited CDC to assist with an epidemiologic investigation of HIV risk behaviors and transmission patterns among male inmates within GDC facilities and to make HIV prevention recommendations for the prison population. This report describes the results of that investigation, which identified the following characteristics as associated with HIV seroconversion in prison: male-male sex in prison, tattooing in prison, older age (i.e., age of >26 years at date of interview), having served > or =5 years of the current sentence, black race, and having a body mass index (BMI) of < or =25.4 kg/m2 on entry into prison. Findings from the investigation demonstrated that risk behaviors such as male-male sex and tattooing were associated with HIV transmission among inmates, highlighting the need for HIV prevention programs for this population.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Issues of congenital syphilis in the past twenty years. I. Etiology, epidemiology and diagnosis].

Since 1990 there is an upward trend in the incidence of both acquired and congenital syphilis in the Czech Republic. A similar situation exists in other European countries as well. Higher incidence of syphilis is clearly associated with urban agglomerates and sexual tourism destinations. The only way to reduce the number of cases is a consistent application of mandatory preventive and diagnostic measures. These important measures against the spreading of the infection include mandatory serological testing of pregnant women and newborns (from umbilical blood), antibiotic treatment and systematic follow-up of HIV-positive mothers and children. This paper describes the current epidemiological situation of syphilis in the Czech Republic and presents a review of available diagnostic tests and their significance for diagnosis.

Czech Republic↗
PubMed2006

Feasibility of spinal cord stimulation in a patient with a cardiac pacemaker.

OBJECTIVE: To report about the safe use of a spinal cord stimulator (SCS) and a permanent cardiac pacemaker (PPM). DESIGN: Open-label case report. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 75-year-old male with a history of diabetic polyneuropathy and a permanent pacemaker was followed for 6 months after implantation of a SCS. CONCLUSION: The simultaneous use of bipolar SCS in a patient with a PPM is not contraindicated. However, because false inhibition of a cardiac pacemaker may potentially lead to serious events, individual testing is mandatory to ascertain safety in each patient.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

In re Michael WW.

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AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2006

Ectopic pregnancy--risk factors and diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Ectopic pregnancy is still the most common cause of first trimester maternal deaths, accounting for 73% of early pregnancy mortalities. OBJECTIVE: Detailed management will not be discussed in this review. However, risk factors for tubal ectopic pregnancy, ultrasound diagnosis and the benefits of early pregnancy units will be discussed. DISCUSSION: All women in the reproductive age group who present to a general practitioner or hospital emergency department with lower abdominal pain, with or without vaginal bleeding, have an ectopic pregnancy until proven otherwise. A urinary pregnancy test is mandatory in this clinical situation and if positive, these women should then have a transvaginal--not transabdominal--ultrasound scan (TVS) performed. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy should be based on the positive visualisation of an adnexal mass using TVS rather than on the basis of a scan that fails to demonstrate an intrauterine gestational sac. Diagnosing the condition earlier in its natural history using TVS has changed management options and reduced the associated mortality, with collapse and subsequent emergency laparotomy being the exception rather than the rule in modern practice. Early pregnancy units have been shown to benefit women with early pregnancy complications, reduce unnecessary admissions, reduce costs and are an effective use of resources.

Female↗
PubMed1991

[Epidemiology and legislation: HIV infections, AIDS and prisons].

A review of legislative and regulatory policies regarding the issues of HIV infection and AIDS epidemic in correctional facilities is conducted. Screening and prevention policies, mainly in the US State and Federal legislation, are particularly reviewed. Liberal and compulsory policies, including voluntary and mandatory screening tests for various prison population groups are analyzed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

[Magnetic resonance tomography in the diagnosis of peripheral joints].

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an excellent soft tissue contrast with high spatial resolution. Using spin echo and fast gradient echo sequences all relevant joint structures such as the hyaline cartilage, the meniscus, the ligaments, the tendons, the capsulae, and their adjacent muscles and their pathology are visualized. Diagnosis of osteonecrosis, meniscal and cruciate ligament lesions, as well as tumors, represents the major current indication for MRI. Due to its high cost MRI should be employed for the diagnosis of joint disease only to clarify equivocal findings of conventional radiographic, nuclear and tomographic methods. Prior clinical examination and laboratory tests are mandatory. As a component of a stepwise diagnostic approach, MRI often provides reliable differential diagnostic information.

Bone Diseases↗
PubMed1989

Human immunodeficiency virus infection in transfused patients with acute leukemia.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted by sexual contact and by blood products. Patients with acute leukemia are extensively transfused as part of their supportive care. We conducted a retrospective study of the incidence of HIV antibody positivity in patients treated for acute leukemia at The Mount Sinai Medical Center between 1970 and 1986. Serum samples from 106 patients were studied, including 71 (67%) with at least one posttransfusion specimen. Six were found to have HIV antibodies. All positive specimens occurred in patients treated between 1980 and April 1985, when mandatory HIV testing of blood donors began. Twelve percent of the 51 patients studied from this time period underwent seroconversion documented by the presence of HIV-negative specimens prior to transfusion. These results show that these extensively transfused patients were at significant risk for HIV infection during the time period 1980 to April 1985.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

[Physical examination preceding entry into apprenticeship: preventive measure or administrative burden?].

The new Swiss federal legislation on vocational and trade training requires that all cantons organize a system of medical screening for young people entering an apprenticeship. This paper focuses on the principles and implementation of such an examination. It outlines the most frequent health problems young people may face upon leaving school and entering apprenticeship. It underlines the difficulties of this kind of examination, since absolute contra-indications to distinct professions are very rare. Indeed, the medical examination should not be a selection procedure but much more an occasion to facilitate the transition from school to workplace. With this objective, the canton of Vaud health authority has created an examination sheet that will be supplied each year to the physicians (private pediatricians, general practitioners and internists) examining about 5000 candidates. This instrument introduces a uniform history taking procedure oriented towards occupational medicine and focuses on a few important screening items. No laboratory tests are mandatory. The process does not use a contra-indication list, which most of the time appears fallacious. It insists on the importance of an assessment of each individual situation.

Adolescent↗