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PubMed2003

[Urinary stones and urinary tract abnormalities. Is the stone composition independent of the anatomical abnormality?].

INTRODUCTION: More than ten per cent of stones are associated with a urinary tract abnormality. To verify whether the malformation influences stone composition, we studied the composition of stones observed in fifteen urological abnormalities. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This study is based on 1,461 stones associated with a clearly defined malformation analysed by infrared spectroscopy plus 402 bladder stones in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. RESULTS: In this series of 1,863 abnormalities, 732 (39.3%) involved the kidney, 561 (30.1%) involved the ureter and 570 (30.6%) involved the lower tract. Whewellite stones were predominant in all renal abnormalities with the exception of cysts, which were mainly associated with uric acid. The main differences concerned the second constituent: weddellite in horseshoe kidneys, carbapatite in Cacchi-Ricci disease and caliceal abnormalities. Struvite was uncommon (<10%). Whewellite was the main component in ureteric abnormalities except for megaureter and reflux in which carbapatite was predominant. Struvite was present in 10% to 30% of stones. Vesicourethral abnormalities were accompanied by calcium and magnesium phosphate stones (90% of cases), and struvite was present in 58% to 90% of cases. The exception to this general rule was bladder stones associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, in which the main component was uric acid. CONCLUSION: Significant differences in stone composition were observed as a function of anatomical abnormalities reflecting the fact that some abnormalities add infectious or metabolic risk factors to anatomical factors.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Canine urolithiasis: a look at over 16 000 urolith submissions to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre from February 1998 to April 2003.

The purpose of this study was to report on the age, sex, breed, and mineral composition of 16 647 canine bladder uroliths submitted to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre between February 1998 and April 2003. Each urolith submission was accompanied by a questionnaire. Of the submissions, approximately 43.8% were struvite and 41.5% oxalate. Struvite uroliths were most common in female dogs. Mixed breed dogs predominated, followed by the shih tzu, bichon frise, miniature schnauzer, Lhasa apso, and Yorkshire terrier. Oxalate uroliths were most common in males and in the miniature schnauzer, bichon frise, Lhasa apso, shih tzu, and Yorkshire terrier. Urate uroliths were most common in male Dalmations. Other urolith types, including cystine, xanthine, silica, and calcium phosphate, were less commonly reported. A review of risk factors for the various uroliths is presented, along with some recommendations for treatment and prevention.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A study of NH3-N and P refixation by struvite formation in hybrid anaerobic reactor.

This research is concerned with the removal of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus in foodwaste by crystallization. Reductions have been achieved by struvite formation after the addition of magnesium ions (Mg2+). Magnesium ions used in this study were from magnesium salts of MgCl2. The results of our analysis using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that the amount of struvite in precipitated sludge grew enough to be seen with the naked eye (600-700 microm). EDX analysis also showed that the main components of the struvite were magnesium and phosphorus. NH3-N removal efficiency using MgCl2 was 67% while PO4-P removal efficiency was 73%. It was confirmed that nitrogen and phosphorus could be stabilized and removal simultaneously through anaerobic digestion by Mg, NH3 and PO4-P, which were necessary for struvite formation.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2004

Ammonium nitrogen removal from slurry-type swine wastewater by pretreatment using struvite crystallization for nitrogen control of anaerobic digestion.

Precipitation of ammonium together with phosphate and magnesium is a possible alternative for lowering the nitrogen content of wastewater. In this study we examine the removal of ammonium nitrogen and phosphorus from slurry-type swine wastewater containing high concentrations of nutrients by the addition of phosphoric acid along with either calcium oxide or magnesium oxide, which leads to the crystallization of insoluble salts such as hydroxyapatite and struvite. The struvite crystallization method showed a high capacity for the removal of nitrogen when magnesium oxide and phosphoric acid were used as the magnesium and phosphate sources, respectively. When it was applied to swine wastewater containing a high concentration of nitrogen, the injection molar ratio of Mg2+:NH4+:PO4(3-) that gave maximum ammonium nitrogen removal was 3.0:1.0:1.5.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical value of crystalluria study].

Crystalluria is a marker of urine supersaturation present in both normal and pathological conditions. Indeed, nature and characteristics of the spontaneous crystalluria are of clinical interest for detecting and following biological disorders involved in renal diseases. Method. Crystalluria examination should preferably be performed on first morning urine or fresh fasting voiding samples by polarised microscopy in a Malassez cell. Urine samples must be stored at 37 degrees C or at room temperature and examined within two hours following voiding. Results and discussion. Crystalluria should be interpreted according to various criteria: 1) chemical nature of crystals for abnormal crystals such as struvite, ammonium urate, cystine, dihydroxyadenine, xanthine or drugs; 2) crystalline phase of common chemical species as calcium oxalates, calcium phosphates and uric acids; 3) crystal morphology (calcium oxalates); 4) crystal size (calcium oxalates); 5) crystal abundance (calcium oxalates, calcium phosphates, uric acids, cystine); 6) crystal aggregation (calcium oxalates); 7) frequency of crystalluria assessed on serial first morning urine samples, a very useful tool for long-term surveillance of patients. Within calcium oxalate crystalluria, presence of whewellite is a marker of elevated oxalate concentration (urine oxalate > 0.3 mmol/L); a crystal number > 200/mm 3 is highly suggestive of heavy hyperoxaluria of genetic or absorptive origin. Predominant weddellite crystalluria is most often indicative of an excessive urine calcium concentration (> 3.8 mmol/L); a dodecahedric aspect of the crystals is a marker for heavy hypercalciuria (> 6 mmol/L) while an increased crystal size (>or= 35 microm) is indicative of simultaneous hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria. Calculation of the global crystal volume, especially when applied to calcium oxalates or cystine, is a clinically useful tool for the monitoring of patients suffering from primary hyperoxaluria or cystinuria. Lastly, presence of crystalluria in more than 50% of serial first voided morning urine samples is in our experience the most reliable biological marker for detecting the risk of stone recurrence in lithiasic patients. Conclusion. Crystalluria examination is an essential laboratory test for detecting and following pathological conditions, which may induce renal stone disease or alter kidney function due to urine crystals.

Biomarkers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The chemotactic properties of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in the presence of natural fine-grained minerals].

The natural argillaceous minerals montmorillonite and palygorskite were found to enhance the motility of Bradyrhizobium japonicum cells and to slow down their chemotactic motion to glucose. The latter effect of the minerals is probably due to the adsorption of mineral particles on the cell surface and the blockade of the receptors that are responsible for the chemotactic behavior of the bacterium.

Bentonite↗
PubMed2004

[A new gel for topical use in treating severe periodontal disease--clinical observations].

Within the framework of the efforts to find non-invasive treatment methods for severe periodontitis, a topical gel was developed by an Israeli research group. The aim of the current study is to present clinical observations and X-ray measurements of alveolar bone changes following an 8 week, self-care periodontal treatment in two groups of patients with severe periodontitis. All 31 patients who participated in the study showed an improvement of the periodontal condition as expressed in all the indexes examined. The observation findings testify to the fact that through self-care using a topical gel, significant results were achieved: decrease in probing depth, decrease in bleeding, significant improvement in teeth mobility and in level of the alveolar bone height and its density. These clinical findings raise interesting research questions and hint at the potential for regeneration of supportive periodontal tissues in cases of severe periodontitis, currently achieved only through surgical means. In order to obtain more accurate data regarding the treatment potential of this gel, it is important to conduct additional controlled clinical trials on different populations and also to try and determine how it works.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Ascorbic acid and mineral availability in two Nigerian plant foods.

This paper reports the effect of various concentrations of ascorbic acid on the availability of Fe, Zn, Ca and Mg in two popular plant foods--cowpea and amaranthus vegetable--in Nigeria. Ascorbic acid enhancement of iron availability was over 300 % and zinc by 200 % from 0-100 mg concentration. Availability of iron was further increased by 200 mg ascorbic acid in amaranthus but showed a 50 % decrease in the legume. Availability of zinc was decreased by 200 mg ascorbic acid but to different levels in both plant foods. In the legume, maximum enhancement of Ca and Mg availability was exhibited at 100 mg ascorbic acid level but suppressed at higher concentrations. In amaranthus, maximum Ca enhancement was exerted by 200 mg ascorbic acid and 50 mg for Mg. Enhancement of Cu in the legume was marginally affected by ascorbic acid concentrations while inhibition of Cu was observed in amaranthus between 50-300 mg ascorbic acid concentrations. The effect of ascorbic acid on the availability of minerals seems to be concentration dependent and varies with theplant food.

Amaranthus↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of the efficacy of a commercial diet in the dissolution of feline struvite bladder uroliths.

Clinical signs of struvite urolithiasis resolved in an average of 19 days in cats fed either a canned or dry urine-acidifying, magnesium-restricted diet, and stones completely dissolved in 31 of 39 cats in an average of 30 days. Stones were surgically removed from five cats, and analysis revealed that these stones were not composed of struvite. The results of this study strongly suggest that the diet will dissolve naturally occurring feline struvite bladder uroliths.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Renal calculi: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and medical therapy.

Selective medical therapy of nephrolithiasis is highly effective in preventing new stone formation. A remission rate of greater than 80% and an overall reduction in individual stone formation rate of greater than 90% can be obtained in patients with nephrolithiasis. In patients with mild to moderate severity of stone disease, virtually total control of stone disease can be achieved with a remission rate of greater than 95%. The need for stone removal may be dramatically reduced by an effective prophylactic program (Fig 6). Selective pharmacological therapy of nephrolithiasis also encompasses the advantages of overcoming nonrenal complications as well as averting certain side effects that may be caused by nonselective medical therapy. Despite these advantages, it is clear that selective medical therapy cannot provide total control of stone disease. A satisfactory response requires continued, dedicated compliance by patients to the recommended program and a commitment by the physician to provide long-term follow-up and care.

Calcium↗
PubMed2005

Metal-free PPi activates hydrolysis of MgPPi by an Escherichia coli inorganic pyrophosphatase.

Soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase from Escherichia coli (E-PPase) is a hexamer forming under acidic conditions the active trimers. We have earlier found that the hydrolysis of a substrate (MgPP(i)) by the trimers as well as a mutant E-PPase Asp26Ala did not obey the Michaelis-Menten equation. To explain this fact, a model has been proposed implying the existence of, aside from an active site, an effector site that can bind PP(i) and thus accelerate MgPP(i) hydrolysis. In this paper, we demonstrate that the noncompetitive activation of MgPP(i) hydrolysis by metal-free PP(i) can also explain kinetic features of hexameric forms of both the native enzyme and the specially obtained mutant E-PPase with a substituted residue Glu145 in a flexible loop 144-149. Aside from PP(i), its non-hydrolyzable analog methylene diphosphonate can also occupy the effector site resulting in the acceleration of the substrate hydrolysis. Our finding that two moles of [32P]PP(i) can bind with each enzyme subunit is direct evidence for the existence of the effector site in the native E-PPase.

Allosteric Site↗
PubMed1992

[Respective role of the size, location and composition of the calculus as determinants of therapeutic success after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in renal lithiasis].

We evaluated the respective role of size, location and composition of renal stones as determinants of the outcome of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). The analysis of the chemical composition and of the morphology of the fragments eliminated by hundred patients who underwent ESWL has been made by X-rays diffraction. Results showed that the larger the stone, the higher the risk of having to perform an extra intervention (additional sessions of ESWL, percutaneous nephrostolithotomy, nephrolitholapaxy) or of finding residual fragments at the three month check-point. In addition, the location of the stone in a calice, especially a lower calice, strongly predisposes to incomplete elimination of the fragments. Finally, two types of stones appear to lessen the probability of success of ESWL: those of struvite and those of cystine. Indeed, out of eleven ESWL performed on struvite stones (pure or mixed), two had to be completed by percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy and even one by a nephrectomy because of superinfection. Out of the four patients with cystine stones, two had to be treated by additional percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy because of inadequate fragmentation after ESWL. However, for the remaining types of stones (pure or mixed) chemical composition seems to be less important than size or location.

Cystine↗
PubMed2005

[Determination of Pb and Al in blood and hair of child using transverse heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy].

Pb and Al in blood and hair of child were determined by transverse heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with NH4H2PO4 and Mg(NO3)2 as a modifier, which enhanced the temperature of ashing, eliminated the matrix interference and memorial effect. The method is rapid, simple and accurate. The characteristic mass of the method was 2.3 x 10(-11) g and 2.2 x 10(-11) g for Pb and Al respectively. The relative standard deviation of Pb and Al was 3.0% and 11.4%, respectively, and the recovery was 96%-102%.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1992

[Therapeutic evaluation of Mormoiron attapulgite in acute diarrheas of infants and children. A multicenter study in controlled liberal practice versus placebo in 113 patients].

A placebo-controlled multicenter study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Actapulgite in infants and children with acute diarrhea. One hundred and thirteen patients, with a mean age of 28 months, were enrolled by pediatricians in the office. As recommended during acute diarrhea, the dosage of Actapulgite was doubled during the first three treatment days (2 to 4 packets a day according to the patient's weight), and reduced by half thereafter. The main effectiveness criteria was passage of the first normally formed stool, which denotes normalization of intestinal transit time. The first normally formed stool was recorded after two days of treatment with Actapulgite and was followed, on the next day, by a second normal stool, denoting complete recovery. The greater effectiveness of Actapulgite as compared with the placebo was demonstrated by the fact that both the first and the second normally formed stools were passed one day earlier with the active treatment (p = 0.01 and p = 0.002, respectively). In addition, resumption of a normal diet occurred significantly earlier with Actapulgite (4.4 days) than with the placebo (5.1 days). In addition to being effective, the study drug proved remarkably well tolerated. This study is especially valuable because of its office setting and the use of exclusively clinical criteria with a strict methodology.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1980

Renal lithiasis in Lebanon: I--the chemical types of urinary calculi.

The results of chemical analyses of 429 urinary calculi are presented and classified according to chemical composition. Some of the general features of the different chemical types of the stones are discussed. Although the general distribution of the chemical types of stones in Lebanon is essentially similar to that reported from other countries, the two striking features of this series are: (1) a relatively lower incidence of infection stones (i.e. stones containing magnesium ammonium phosphate) and (2) a relatively higher incidence of stones containing a mixture of uric acid and calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate.

Calcium Oxalate↗
PubMed2005

Adsorption/desorption behavior between a novel amphoteric granular lignin adsorbent and reactive red K-3B in aqueous solutions.

A novel amphoteric granular lignin adsorbent (AGLA) was prepared using magnesium lignosulfonate as a raw material which was provided by a straw sulfite pulp mill in Guangdong Province, China. A reactive dye (red K-3B) was used as an adsorbate to investigate the adsorption behavior by static and mobile ways. The removal of reactive red K-3B was found to be initially pH and concentration dependent. Moreover, an increase of solution temperature ranging from 5 degrees C to 60 degrees C helped to enhance the rate of intraparticle diffusion of adsorbate and changes in the size of the pores of the adsorbent and thus to reduce the adsorption time. The total breakthrough adsorption capacity was 531 mg/g, and the saturated adsorption capacity was 560 mg/g, which prevailed over the activated carbons evidently. The reactive red K-3B adsorbed on AGLA could be recovered with a mixture of alcohol, NaCl and HCl aqueous solutions. The recovery percentage could reach 92.4%.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1992

Struvite urethral calculus in a three-month-old thoroughbred colt.

A 3-month-old Thoroughbred colt was presented with signs of colic. Findings from physical examination, abdominal paracentesis, abdominal radiographs and clinical pathology revealed uroperitoneum secondary to a calculus obstructing the urethra and causing subsequent urinary bladder rupture. Analysis of the calculus demonstrated a tissue center with outer concretions composed primarily of struvite.

Animals↗