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PubMed1990

Factors related to self-reporting of the pre-menstrual syndrome.

Menstrual health questionnaires were completed by a self-selected sample of the readership of a woman's magazine (n = 5457). Sixty-one per cent of subjects described themselves as suffering from pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) and this was largely corroborated by ratings of symptoms pre-menstrually, menstrually and post-menstrually for the most recent cycle. Mood symptoms were more strongly implicated than physical ones. Self-report of PMS was found to be modestly associated with aspects of parity and oral contraceptive use, but strongly and positively related to the duration of 'natural' menstrual cycles (i.e. uninterrupted by pregnancy or steroidal contraception) and to psychosocial stress. There were interactions among psychosocial factors and between psychosocial load and duration of natural cycles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1993

Media influences on body size estimation in anorexia and bulimia. An experimental study.

Anorexic and bulimic women overestimate their body sizes substantially more than comparison women, but little is known about the factors that influence this overestimation. This study examined the influence of media portrayal of idealized female bodies in women's fashion magazines. Comparison women were not affected by the nature of the photographs that they saw, but eating-disordered women were--they overestimated more when they had seen the pictures of women than when they saw photographs of neutral objects.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Changes in public attitudes to depression during the Defeat Depression Campaign.

BACKGROUND: Aims of the Defeat Depression Campaign between 1991 and 1996 included the reduction of stigma associated with depression, education of the public about the disorder and its treatment and encouragement of earlier treatment-seeking. Newspaper and magazine articles, radio and television programmes and other media activities were employed. METHOD: Surveys of public attitudes were conducted by MORI in late 1991, early 1995 and mid-1997. Each covered approximately 2000 subjects, sampled to be representative of the population of Great Britain. Structured interviews covered views on depression, treatment and general practitioners (GPs). RESULTS: There were significant positive changes regarding attitudes to depression, reported experience of it, attitudes to antidepressants, and less consistently, to treatment from GPs. Changes were of the order of 5-10%. Throughout, attitudes to depression and to treatment by counselling were very favourable, whereas antidepressants were regarded as addictive and less effective. CONCLUSIONS: Positive attitude change was achieved during the Campaign, although there is still room for improvement in some aspects.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Adjuvant tamoxifen: predictors of use, side effects, and discontinuation in older women.

PURPOSE: To identify predictors of adjuvant tamoxifen use, side effects, and discontinuation in older women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We followed a cohort of 303 women > or = 55 years of age diagnosed with stage I or stage II breast cancer for nearly 3 years. Data were collected from women's surgical records and from computer-assisted telephone interviews at 5, 21, and 33 months after primary tumor therapy. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-two (96%) of 303 patients in the study provided information about tamoxifen use. Tamoxifen use was reported by 189 patients (65%); 26 (15%) discontinued use during the follow-up period. Patients who were 65 to 74 years of age (relative to those 55 to 64 years of age), had stage II disease, were estrogen receptor-positive, saw a greater number of breast cancer physicians, and had better perceptions of their abilities to discuss treatment options with physicians had greater odds of tamoxifen use. Those who had better physical function, had received standard primary tumor therapy, and had obtained helpful breast cancer information from books or magazines had lesser odds of tamoxifen use. Patients > or = 75 years of age (relative to those 55 to 64 years of age) and patients with better emotional health had significantly lesser odds of reporting side effects. Patients who were estrogen receptor-positive were less likely to stop taking tamoxifen; patients who experienced side effects were more likely to stop taking tamoxifen. CONCLUSION: Deviations from a prescribed course of adjuvant tamoxifen occur relatively frequently. The clinical consequences of this deviation need to be identified.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Who learns preventive health care information from where: cross-channel and repertoire comparisons.

We studied from which information channels individuals reported learning the most information about preventive health care, how those channels correlated with one another, and how well they were predicted by demographics and health orientations. A probability sample of 1,963 adults from 8 midwestern communities were interviewed from late 1994 to early 1995. Respondents reported learning different amounts of preventive health information from different channels, and a mix in levels of learning was found across channels. Television news and information rated unexpectedly high across the population studied. An exploratory factor analysis indicated a clear grouping or repertoire consisting of television channels, and for magazines and newspapers, but also a distinct personal media repertoire involving a mix of health professionals, family and friends, books, educational materials, and computers. Demographics did better at predicting learning from traditional print media, but personal health orientations were more effective predictors of personal media; television was less well predicted by either.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Cognitive activity and cognitive decline in a biracial community population.

BACKGROUND: Frequent participation in cognitively stimulating activities has been associated with reduced risk of AD in several prospective studies. However, the association of cognitive activity with cognitive decline, the principal manifestation of AD, is not well understood. METHODS: More than 4,000 older residents of a geographically defined biracial community of Chicago were interviewed at approximately 3-year intervals for an average of 5.3 years. Each interview included administration of four cognitive function tests from which a previously established global measure was derived. At baseline, each person rated frequency of participation in cognitively stimulating activities (e.g., reading a magazine) from which a previously established composite measure of cognitive activity was derived. RESULTS: Cognitive activity scores ranged from 1 to 5 (mean = 3.14, SD = 0.66), with higher scores indicating more frequent participation. More frequent cognitive activity was associated with reduced cognitive decline during follow-up. In a model that controlled for baseline level of cognition, age, sex, race, and education, a 1-point increase in cognitive activity score was associated with an approximately 19% decrease in annual rate of cognitive decline (p < 0.001). This effect remained when we controlled for depressive symptoms and chronic medical conditions (p < 0.001), and when we excluded persons with evidence of memory impairment at baseline (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Frequent participation in cognitively stimulating activities is associated with reduced cognitive decline in older persons.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Baby Jane Doe in the media.

A review of national television, magazine, and newspaper coverage of the case of Baby Jane Doe indicates that most of it lacked perspective and context; stories were generally incomplete and often imprecise; reporting was sometimes inaccurate; and overall, inadequate attention was paid to the medical, legal, philosophical, and social implications of the case. Human-interest and political elements of the story were generally well covered. Even after taking account of the pressures and constraints of daily and weekly news reporting, we conclude that the print press and television could have done a better job without devoting more space or time to the story. This could have been done by assigning reporters with greater expertise and by paying more attention to the needs of a hypothetical "reasonable reader."

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed2001

Fruits of human genome project and private venture, and their impact on life science.

A small knowledge base was created by organizing the Human Genome Project (HGP) and its related issues in "Science" magazines between 1996 and 2000. This base revealed the stunning achievement of HGP and a private venture and its impact on today's biology and life science. In the mid-1990, they encouraged the development of advanced high throughput automated DNA sequencers and the technologies that can analyse all genes at once in a systematic fashion. Using these technologies, they completed the genome sequence of human and various other organisms. These fruits opened the door to comparative genomics, functional genomics, the interdisprinary field between computer and biology, and proteomics. They have caused a shift in biological investigation from studying single genes or proteins to studying all genes or proteins at once, and causing revolutional changes in traditional biology, drug discovery and therapy. They have expanded the range of potential drug targets and have facilitated a shift in drug discovery programs toward rational target-based strategies. They have spawned pharmacogenomics that could give rise to a new generation of highly effective drugs that treat causes, not just symptoms. They should also cause a migration from the traditional medications that are safe and effective for every members of the population to personalized medicine and personalized therapy.

Biological Science Disciplines↗

PubMed2002

[Development and application of an Internet-based educational system to share pharmaceutical case reports between pharmacists].

For pharmacists to enhance skill of pharmaceutical cares, it is necessary to learn many instructive clinical cases, which include drug-related incidences and checks of medication errors by pharmacists. However, these cases tend to be kept in each facility and there is no access to the cases for outside pharmacists. Therefore, we aimed to develop an internet-based educational system to gather such cases, append educational commentaries by university staffs, and share them between pharmacists. An exclusive site was set up on the world wide web (WWW) homepage of the Section of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University (http://seizai.phar.kyushu-u.ac.jp) on November 2000. Browsing was limited to registered pharmacists. Any pharmacist can be freely registered. Cases were collected via WWW-forms in the site. After educational commentaries and elucidation were appended, the cases were distributed to the registered pharmacists by e-mails and WWW pages. Many applications for membership have been sent from around Japan to have more than 50 members per month, and many cases have been contributed. These cases were distributed weekly by e-mail magazines. The developed system enabled us to share many educational cases of drug-related problems all over the country. This system could contribute to pharmacists to enhance their skills of pharmaceutical cares.

Education, Pharmacy, Continuing↗

PubMed2003

[Pharmacy, pharmacists and society--pharmaceutical science and practice with philosophy].

In Japanese pharmaceutical community, there seems to be a lack of "Science of Science" and "Research on Research" which are to utilize unit sciences and research for the benefit of human being. In other words, pharmaceutical people in Japan should have much more pharmaceutical philosophy. The late Professor Komei Miyaki, founder Editor-in-Chief of FARUMASHIA, the monthly membership magazine of Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, under whom I worked as one of editorial board members, taught me that scientists should have their own philosophy of their sciences. Such a pharmaceutical philosophy as mentioned above should be established on the basis of complete separation of medical profession between doctors and pharmacists, which form the most important and necessary issue in safety assurance for patients with the complete zero defect (ZD action), as there is a long history for that in Europe since the separation was completed by King Friedrich II in 1240. Therefore, we have to learn the social status of European/American pharmacist practitioners who are the great No. 1 among all the professions. European pharmacists guarantee the safety of every chemical used for human body and pets, such as medicines, cosmetics, foods, tooth stuffs and so on. Regarding the pharmaceutical sciences in Japan also there seems to be a lack of pharmaceutical philosophy, as pharmaceutical scientists have no identity in research object that may be similar to basic scientists who are non-pharmacy graduates. Japanese sciences generally have developed along the lines of the Western model, reaching the current high level. We now not only should receive profits from the outside but also should embark on a mission to support pharmaceutical sciences throughout the world, especially Asian courtiers. At the present, we do not seem to be fulfilling our mission to do that, even though general activity includes significant international exchange. We have to make much more effort for international contribution/participation. For that, the most important and necessary issue is to make change in fundamental sense in Japanese pharmaceutical community, though an internationalization of technological issues is usually taken into consideration. In this connection, regarding the new drug development, we must have a change in the sense to establish pharmaceutical philosophy and jump up in conception from the existing one. Based on the above mentioned pharmaceutical philosophy, seven star pharmacists should be educated as described in 2000 FIP Statement of Policy: Good Pharmacy Education Practice, who could be a (1) care giver; (2) decision maker; (3) communicator; (4) leader; (5) manager; (6) life-long learner; (7) teacher.

Asia↗

PubMed2000

A low-cost approach to public health education using multimedia packages.

The effect of health education programmes depends on the number of people exposed to the messages, as well as the method and style in which the information is transmitted. We conducted a pilot project to encourage healthier lifestyles by presenting culturally sensitive information using a variety of media. Material intended to provoke discussion was shared with a range of audiences in Barbados and Montserrat in the West Indies by a series of lecture discussions, which were videorecorded for local television and sound recorded for local radio. The lecture was also disseminated by newspaper articles, a special magazine and by publication on the Internet. The aim of the project was to achieve maximum effect for minimum effort, thus making optimum use of resources. The feedback obtained at the lecture discussions and in response to the radio broadcasts and newspaper articles provided a needs assessment on which to base a definitive programme, and confirmed that radio and television are the most effective media for health education.

Barbados↗

PubMed2003

Acceptance of telemedicine and new media: a survey of Austrian medical students.

Telemedicine and new media (e.g. the Internet, tele-teaching and tele-learning) are increasingly being used in medicine. We surveyed the awareness and acceptance of these developments on the part of medical students (n =750) at the University of Innsbruck. A 16-item questionnaire was handed out in randomly chosen medical classes and collected immediately after completion, which resulted in a response rate of 99.9%. Nearly all of the students used the Internet regularly (68%) or at least sometimes (30%). Telemedicine was already known to most of the students, mainly from articles in magazines and newspapers (41%), but the great majority of them (95%) reported that they did not know about the telemedicine lectures offered by the University of Innsbruck. Most students (75%) thought that they would benefit from tele-teaching or tele-learning. The survey suggested that medical schools should offer more special lectures, as well as undergraduate or postgraduate qualifications in telemedicine. The marketing of such opportunities needs to be improved.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Information on telemedicine.

Although the practice of telemedicine is still not considered part of mainstream health care, there has been a steady growth in information about telemedicine since 1999. The increasing body of literature about telemedicine, the staying power of various telemedicine societies and Websites, and the growing number of well-attended conferences about telemedicine all attest that interest in and the practice of telemedicine worldwide are very much alive and well. Searching for information has also become easier with the advent of better and faster search engines, particularly Google. Nonetheless, many Websites are out of date and the semantic confusion between 'telemedicine' and other terms such as 'telehealth' means that considerable perseverance is required to sift the wheat from the chaff. There is a wide variety of both electronic and print resources that have proven to be reliable sources of information. These include: the Internet (Web), books and reports, journals and trade magazines, telemedicine societies and conferences. While telemedicine cannot yet be considered to be part of mainstream health care, it has become a more familiar part of health terminology worldwide.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed2003

The use of food supplements among women attending menopause clinics in the West Midlands.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the extent of use of over the counter food supplements in women attending menopause clinics in the West Midlands. STUDY DESIGN: Questionnaire survey of women attending menopause clinics in Solihull Hospital, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Rugby and Walsgrave Hospitals and Birmingham Women's Hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Type and rate of use of food supplements in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) users and nonusers and perceived benefits. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty women completed the questionnaire. 95% (n = 326) belonged to the white European ethnic group. The median age was 53 years, with 50% (n = 170) in the 50-59 years age group, and 30 % (n = 95) in the age range 40-49 years. Overall use of over the counter supplements in the clinic was 43% (n = 147), with Oil of Evening Primrose (53%) and vitamins (44%) being the most commonly used preparations. 71% (n = 242) women were users of conventional HRT. Of these, 46% were also using food supplements. The use of food supplements was higher amongst HRT users (46%) as compared to non-HRT users (32%). The use was similar between smokers and non-smokers. The most commonly perceived benefit was a feeling of well-being, 39% (n = 58/147). The proportionate use was highest in social class I and class II (51% and 54% respectively), in keeping with amount of disposable income. Friends (27%), the internet (26%) and magazines (20%) were the most commonly quoted sources of information. 79% (n = 116/147) were spending up to 10 each month on alternative remedies. 10% (n = 14/147) of women were visiting practitioners of alternative remedies. CONCLUSIONS: The use of food supplements is widespread and particularly in those already taking conventional HRT. This study was not designed to test confidence in orthodox medicine, but the prevalence of use of supplements amongst menopausal women attending menopause clinics. The most commonly perceived benefit is a feeling of well-being, but users of food supplements are unsure of any additional benefit when supplements are taken in conjunction with conventional therapy. There is a misapprehension that "herbal" or "natural" equals safe. In addition, the correlation between supplement use and side effects is very seldom made, as these compounds are mistakenly considered almost universally safe, and physicians often fail to enquire about their use in routine history taking.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[A study on the relationship between sources of health information concerning smoking and drinking, and health behavior].

To determine effective measures to popularize knowledge on the health effects of smoking and drinking and to change health behavior, an interview survey of 2000 persons aged 18 or older randomly chosen from national census forms throughout Japan was carried out. The coverage rates of the information concerning smoking and drinking were 97.3% and 92.5%, respectively. Television, newspapers and magazines were the major sources of health information concerning smoking and drinking. In addition, men who gave up or controlled smoking or drinking usually obtained health information from doctors, while those who had never controlled smoking usually obtained health information from their friends and families. Men who could not control drinking effectively usually obtained health information from the health examination consultant at the workplace. However, according to the answers from men who gave up or controlled drinking, the health information useful in changing health behavior was obtained from the health examination consultant at the workplace and from persons who had a disease history. Women who gave up or controlled drinking answered that the health information from their friends and families was helpful to change the health behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Vital tooth bleaching in dental practice: 1. Professional bleaching.

UNLABELLED: As dental health improves, with the concurrent drop in the provision of basic restorative care, patients are now asking their dentists to provide aesthetic treatments rather than the treatment of disease. Tooth bleaching is one such treatment that is frequently described in consumer magazines and television shows, driving consumer interest in this, apparently, benign therapy. This three-part series demonstrates the techniques that can be employed, within the dental practice or under the supervision of a clinician, those systems that can be bought by patients over the counter and, finally, a discussion of the biological effects of peroxide-containing solutions and the legal position on such products in the UK. In this section, we will describe the common methods by which teeth can be bleached, either by the clinician directly, or under his/her supervision by the use of'at home' kits. Efficacy and safety issues will be described. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should be able to discuss the merits, risks and likely success of a variety of bleaching treatments with their patients and, in doing so, assist in the process of obtaining informed consent.

Dental Devices, Home Care↗

PubMed1987

The medical treatment of battered wives.

Knowledge gained from a literature summary was tested against data obtained from a national volunteer sample of 1,000 battered women recruited primarily through solicitation by an advertisement in Woman's Day magazine. In comparison with other help-sources (social service agencies, the clergy, the police, lawyers, women's groups, shelters), medical personnel were found to have been used fairly frequently, but they were seen by the battered women as less effective than any other group. Quotes taken from indepth interviewers with 146 of the battered wives are used to bring life to the comparative statistics. Specific reasons for the low effectiveness ratings of the medical profession are considered, and ways to improve service delivery ratings are discussed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1992

Sexual exploitation in advertising health and wellness products.

This paper examines the way women are portrayed by the media in photographs advertising health and wellness products. Data were collected from five different health and fitness magazines. For purposes of this study, only advertisements in which women appeared were used in the analysis (N = 191). Findings suggest that a high percent of advertisements: (1) place women in submissive positions to men; (2) place women in unnatural poses; (3) emphasize dismemberment of body parts; (4) focus on sexuality rather than wellness.

Advertising↗