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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Experimental poisoning of cattle by the mushroom Ramaria flavo-brunnescens (Clavariaceae): a study of the morphology and pathogenesis of lesions in hooves, tail, horns and tongue.

Seven 2 to 7-mo-old calves were fed the mushroom Ramaria flavo-brunnescens. Clinical signs of toxicosis included salivation, nasal serous discharge, smoothing of the dorsum of the tongue, increased sensitivity in the hooves, reddening of the coronary bands, loss of the long hairs of the tip of the tail, softening of the base of the horns, and progressive weight loss. Affected calves either died or were euthanatized in extremis within 12-37 d from the initiation of feeding. Postmortem examination confirmed changes observed in the live calves. Histopathologic changes were marked in those structures where hard keratinization occurred and there normally is a high uptake of sulfur in the form of cystine during the keratinization process. Toxicosis appeared to alter the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids in keratinocytes, particularly cystine, with resultant strength loss in the molecular structure of hard keratin and loosening of the hooves, hairs and horns, and flattening of the lingual filiform papillae.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

GABAergic synapses in the antennal lobe and mushroom body of the locust olfactory system.

To help elucidate the role of inhibitory feedback in the genesis of odour-evoked synchronization of neural activity, we investigated the distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synaptic terminals in the antennal lobes (AL) and mushroom bodies (MB) of the locust olfactory system. Electron-microscopy, intracellular horseradish peroxidase labelling, and immunocytochemistry were combined to assess the distribution of GABAergic synapses, using established methods (Leitch and Laurent [1993] J. Comp. Neurol. 337:461-470). In the AL, GABA-immunoreactive presynaptic terminals contacted both immunoreactive and immunonegative profiles. Conversely, GABA-immunoreactive profiles received direct input from both reactive and negative terminals. The tract containing the axons of the projection neurons that run from the AL to the MB contained about 830 axons of fairly uniform size, none of which was immunoreactive for GABA. In the calyx of the MB, large immunoreactive terminals contacted very-small-diameter profiles thought to belong to the Kenyon cells (KCs). This was confirmed by combining immunocytochemistry with intracellular HRP-labelling of KCs. KCs were not immunoreactive for GABA. Although some GABAergic contacts were made onto the spiny profiles of KCs, others were made onto their dendritic shafts. Large GABA-immunoreactive profiles were also found to contact large negative profiles that were presynaptic to KC terminals. This suggests that KC dendrites can be both pre- and post-synaptically inhibited in the calyx. The MB pedunculus contained ca. 50,000 tightly packed KC axons, showing conspicuous en passant and often reciprocal synaptic contacts between neighbouring axons. KC axons were immunonegative, but received direct input from, and contacted directly, large immunoreactive profiles running across or along the KC axons. In the alpha- and beta-lobes of the MB, connections similar to those in the pedunculus were seen with two main differences: (1) The density of synaptic profiles was higher, giving on occasion numerous serially connected profiles in a single section; (2) large immunonegative profiles with dense-core vesicles were abundant and were frequently presynaptic to GABAergic processes and to very-small-diameter profiles which possibly belong to KCs. These results are discussed in the context of the known physiological data on olfactory processing in these complex circuits.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Topography of modular subunits in the mushroom bodies of the cockroach.

The mushroom body (MB), a conspicuous neuropil structure in the insect brain, is implicated in associative memory and in some aspects of motor control. Intrinsic neurons of the MB (Kenyon cells) extend dendrites into the calyx, and their axons run through the pedunculus and then bifurcate to form the alpha and the beta lobes. At the pedunculus and the lobes, Kenyon cells make synaptic connections with dendrites of extrinsic (output) neurons. Previously, we reported that the alpha lobe of the cockroach MB consists of repetitive modular subunits (Mizunami et al. [1997] Neurosci. Lett. 229:153-156). Each subunit is composed of a dark layer and a light layer, and the layers are refereed to as slabs. Each slab is composed of axons of a specific subset of Kenyon cells. In the present study, we examined serial sections of reduced silver preparations and found that each dark and light slab continues throughout the length of the pedunculus and the alpha and beta lobes. We also found that Golgi-impregnated Kenyon cells often exhibit a characteristic grouping, forming a thin sheet interlaced by dozens or hundreds of axons. The sheet is much thinner than the slab, and each sheet remains within a particular slab throughout the length of the pedunculus and the lobes. Thus, the sheet is a component forming the slab. In the pedunculus and the beta lobe, a class of Golgi-impregnated extrinsic neurons exhibit segmented dendritelike arbors that interact with every other slab, i.e., either with only dark or light slabs. Because each neuron of this class interacts with each particular set of dark or light slabs, we conclude that the slabs are units for transmitting output signals from the MB.

Animal Structures↗
PubMed1998

Topography of four classes of Kenyon cells in the mushroom bodies of the cockroach.

Mushroom bodies (MBs), which are higher centers in the insect brain, are implicated in associative memory and in the control of some behaviors. Intrinsic neurons of the MB, called Kenyon cells, receive synaptic inputs from axon terminals of input neurons in the calyx. Axons of Kenyon cells project into the pedunculus and to the alpha and beta lobes, where they make synaptic connections with dendrites of extrinsic (output) neurons. In this study, we examined the morphology of Kenyon cells in the cockroach by using Golgi stains and found that they can be classified into four classes (K1, K2, K3, and K4), according to the diameter, location, and morphology of the cell bodies, dendrites, and axons. The somata of Kenyon cells of different classes occupy different concentric zones; K1 cells occupy the most central zone, and K4 cells occupy the most peripheral zone. The main processes of Kenyon cells of different classes also occupy different concentric zones in the calyx. Dendrites of K2 and K3 cells are distributed throughout the calycal neuropil, whereas those of K1 and K4 cells cover the outer and inner halves of the depth of the neuropil, respectively. In the pedunculus and the alpha and beta lobes, axons of Kenyon cells of different classes occupy different zones, although the separation is not complete. A class of extrinsic neurons in the a lobe has dendrite-like arbors that cover the zones where either K1, K2, or K3 are located. These neurons probably transmit signals of each class of Kenyon cells. We conclude that, in the cockroach, four classes of Kenyon cells subdivide the cell body region, pedunculus, and lobes of the MBs, whereas subdivision is less prominent in the calycal neuropil.

Animal Structures↗
PubMed1999

Morphology of feedback neurons in the mushroom body of the honeybee, Apis mellifera.

The anatomy of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive, recurrent feedback neurons in the mushroom body (MB) of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, was investigated by using intraneuropilar injections of cobalt ions and light microscopic techniques. Each MB contains approximately 110 GABA-immunoreactive neurons, and approximately 50% of them are feedback neurons, i.e., they connect the MB output regions--the alpha-lobe, beta-lobe, and pedunculus--with its input regions--the calyces. Their somata are located in the lateral protocerebral lobe, and their primary neurites project medially and bifurcate near the alpha-lobe. In the alpha-lobe feedback neurons form narrow banded, horizontal arborizations in the dorsal and median alpha-lobe; each cell innervates a certain alpha-lobe layer. The neurons form additional branches in the pedunculus and the beta-lobe. All calycal subcompartments--the lip, collar, and basal ring--are innervated by feedback neurons. However, individual feedback neurons innervate exclusively a certain subcompartment in both the median and lateral calyx. Due to the arrangement of intrinsic Kenyon cells, each calycal subcompartment is connected to its specific, corresponding layer in the alpha-lobe. Feedback neurons interconnect the alpha-lobe and the calyces in either a corresponding or a noncorresponding fashion. With respect to their branching pattern in the alpha-lobe, the basal ring and the collar neuropil receive input from feedback neurons innervating the corresponding dorsal and median alpha-lobe layers. By contrast, the lip region, which receives olfactory antennal input, is innervated by feedback neurons with arborizations in a noncorresponding dorsal alpha-lobe layer.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Formation of antennal lobe and mushroom body neuropils during metamorphosis in the honeybee, apis mellifera.

The projections to the mushroom bodies (mbs) have been clearly described in the brain of adult honeybees (Apis mellifera). Olfactory projection neurons arborize in the lip of the calyceal neuropil, whereas visual projection neurons project to the collar. To study the maturation of this pattern of innervation, as well as the development of uniglomerular projection neurons within the antennal lobes (als), we conducted the following three studies focused on the first four stages of pupal development: mass staining of olfactory projection neurons, single cell labeling of olfactory projection neurons, and simultaneous labeling of olfactory projection neurons and visual projection neurons. Examination of whole-mount preparations with the confocal laser scanning microscope revealed that the olfactory projection neurons achieved their adult arborization pattern within their main output region, the lip of the mb calyces, earlier during development (pupal stage 1) than their dendritic processes within their main input region, the al (pupal stage 2). Simultaneous labeling experiments showed further that the fiber terminals of olfactory projection neurons and visual projection neurons did not overlap but instead occupied their respective projection areas within the mb calyces as early as pupal stage 1. We conclude that selective innervation of different subregions of the calycal neuropil precedes the segregation of glomerular units within the antennal lobe neuropil, and that the Kenyon cells themselves provide a template for the innervation of olfactory and visual projection neurons.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Structure and non-enzymatic light emission of two luciferin precursors isolated from the luminous mushroom Panellus stipticus.

The chemical structure of two luciferin precursors PS-A and PS-B, isolated from the luminous mushroom Panellus stipticus, were determined as 1-O-decanoylpanal (2) and 1-O-dodecanoylpanal (3), respectively. Both PS-A and PS-B were converted into chemiluminescent luciferins by treatment with 50 mmol/l methylamine in a pH 3.5 buffer solution containing an anionic surfactant Tergitol 4 at 25-35 degrees C. The luciferins emitted chemiluminescence in a pH 7-8 buffer solution containing a cationic surfactant in the presence of O2 and O2-.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2000

Antitumor protein (AP) from a mushroom induced apoptosis to transformed human keratinocyte by controlling the status of prb, c-MYC, cyclin E-cdk2, and p21WAF1 in the G1/S transition.

Antitumor protein (AP) from a mushroom, induced the morphological changes typical to apoptosis such as nuclear condensation, aneuploidity, and DNA fragmentation at concentrations as low as 5-20 ng/ml to cancer cells. Molecular alterations related to cell cycle. Molecular alterations related to cell cycle, especially G1/S transition were investigated with a human keratinocyte transformed with oncoproteins, E6 and E7 of human pappiloma virus(HPV)-16. AP didn't alter significantly and oncosuppressor p53 level, but induced hyperphosphorylation of pRb. Time-dependent change of G1 cyclins, cdk2 and cdk4 after addition of AP showed that expression level of cdk inhibitors, INK4 family, and p27KIP1 did not altered, while that of p21WAF1 was downregulated.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2004

DPPH radical scavenging activity of ten natural p-terphenyl derivatives obtained from three edible mushrooms indigenous to China.

The antioxidant activities of ten natural p-terphenyl derivatives, 1-10, obtained from the fruiting bodies of three edible mushrooms (Thelephora ganbajun, Thelephora aurantiotincta, Boletopsis grisea) indigenous to China were evaluated in comparison with BHA ('butylated hydroxyanisole'=(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxyphenol) and alpha-tocopherol by the DPPH ('1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl'=2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl) radical-scavenging method. The compounds 1-3 showed significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activities of compounds 1-10 and reference compounds followed the order: 2>BHA>1>3>alpha-tocopherol>10>9>6 > 5>8>7>4. The compound 2 exhibited the strongest radical-scavenging activity with an EC(50) value of 0.07 (EC(50)(BHA) 0.09; EC(50)(alpha-tocopherol) 0.25).

Agaricales↗
PubMed1994

A chimeric homeodomain protein causes self-compatibility and constitutive sexual development in the mushroom Coprinus cinereus.

The A mating type genes of the mushroom Coprinus cinereus encode two classes of putative transcription factor with distinctive homeodomain motifs (HD1 and HD2). A successful mating brings together different allelic forms of these genes and this triggers part of a developmental sequence required for sexual reproduction. In this report we provide evidence that this developmental programme is promoted by a physical interaction between the two classes of homeodomain protein. Rare dominant mutations conferring self-compatibility map to the A locus and result in constitutive operation of the A-regulated developmental pathway. Our molecular analysis of one of these mutations shows that it has generated a chimeric gene by inframe fusion of an HD2 and an HD1 gene. Fusion has overcome the normal incompatibility between two proteins coded by genes of the same A locus and generated a protein that is sufficient to promote development in the absence of any other active A mating type genes. The fusion protein retains most of the HD2 sequence, but only the C-terminal part of the HD1 protein. It has only the HD2 homeodomain motif as a potential DNA binding domain fused to an essential C-terminal region of the HD1 protein, which in a normal HD1-HD2 protein complex may be the major activation domain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Considerations on the carcinogenicity of the mushroom poison gyromitrin and its metabolites.

Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), but not N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine (MFH), a mushroom poison, can be oxidized by the weak oxidant 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol. Hydrogen peroxide is formed by this oxidation, and has been found to cause decay of DNA in aqueous solution as measured by the decreased viscosity of a DNA solution in the presence of the hydrazines. Furthermore, MMH and UDMH but not MFH inhibit the incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]uridine into DNA and RNA of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. These experiments show that MFH is an inactive compound in contrast to MMH and UDMH. Since the hydrolysis rate of MFH, to produce MMH, is low, it is concluded that MFH must be activated in vivo into toxic metabolites which are ultimately responsible for the known high carcinogenicity of MFH.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed2005

Antimicrobial activity of Streptomyces species against mushroom blotch disease pathogen.

Bacterial blotch caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii is still one of the main diseases in mushroom farms. Effective treatment of the infections caused by P. tolaasii is yet to be established. The isolation and identification of three Streptomyces species that showed antimicrobial activity against P. tolaasii NCPPB 2192(T) were described. Six strains were highly active with an inhibition zone more than 20 mm in diameter. They were assigned to the known Streptomyces cluster groups as S. rochei, S. lydicus and S. antibioticus. The fermentation, preliminary extraction and isolation of bioactive components were carried out. The bioactive compound may be a beta-lactam structurally related to the penicillins.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2002

A protocol for evaluation of the role of disinfectants in limiting pathogens and weed moulds in commercial mushroom production.

In vitro and in vivo evaluations of the effects of three commercial disinfectants on isolates of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Cladobotryum dendroides (Bull) W Gams & Hoozemans were combined in the development of methodologies for realistic assessment of disinfectant performance. 'Environ' and 'Purogene' incorporated into agar media at 50 mg AI litre-1 were effective in totally preventing the mycelial growth of T harzianum and C dendroides isolates, whereas with 'Sudol' a concentration of 500 mg AI litre-1 was required. Evaluation of a model in vivo system was combined with observations on the fungicidal effects of disinfectants. Spore suspensions of T harzianum (Th1), T harzianum (Th2) and C dendroides prepared from culture washings with sterilised distilled water were used as contaminating inoculum. Environ, Sudol and Purogene in aqueous solutions at 1000 mg AI litre-1 were sprayed onto these building structure surfaces before or after artificial contamination with spore suspensions. Re-isolation from surfaces was carried out using agar swabs, which were prepared in visking tubing, applied to treated surfaces and incubated at 25 degrees C for 24, 48, 72 or 96 h. Environ and Purogene were more effective than Sudol in limiting the recovery of Trichoderma spp and C dendroides. All three disinfectants applied 12 h after artificial contamination onto wood, concrete or glazed surfaces were able to reduce the recovery of these isolates more effectively than when they were applied 12 h before artificial contamination. Greater persistence of contamination was noted on the rougher surfaces (wood and concrete) than on the smoother glazed surface. It was concluded in this in vivo evaluation that, in many cases, the protection achieved by the physical nature of the smooth glazed tile surfaces was equivalent to that available from the application of disinfectants, thus highlighting the attention needed to the nature of building surfaces in the structures used in the mushroom industry. The artificial contamination and re-isolation techniques allowed significant comparison between disinfectant materials, timings and surface types. In the in vivo experiments using a single standardised test concentration, the relative fungicidal effects of the disinfectants, which varied in the complexity of their active ingredients, were better discriminated than the effects observed in vitro, although the general trend was similar.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2002

A novel peptide with ribonuclease and translation-inhibitory activities from fruiting bodies of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus.

From the fresh fruiting bodies of the oyster mushroom a peptide with a molecular weight of 9 kDa and demonstrating a novel N-terminal sequence GPCYLVAFYESSGRR was isolated. The isolation procedure involved ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose and Mono S. The peptide was adsorbed on both types of chromatographic media. The peptide demonstrated a ribonuclease activity of 650 U/mg toward yeast transfer RNA. It inhibited cell-free translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with an IC50 of 15 nM.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Inedible mushrooms: a good source of biologically active substances.

In the course of our investigation on biologically active substances from inedible mushrooms in Japan, Germany, and Vietnam, we studied the chemical constituents of 22 species belonging to five families: Scutigeraceae, Polyporaceae, Xylariaceae, Thelephoraceae, and Paxillaceae. Various types of chemical substances were purified and characterized based on the modern spectroscopic methods and also on chemical reactions. These metabolites have shown a broad activity in many biological systems, such as antimicrobial, nematicidal, inhibition of NO production, anti-human immunodeficiency virus, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and antioxidant activities. These isolated metabolites did not only show interesting activities, but also are employed as chemical markers supported for chemosystematics of these families. This review paper deals with the chemical constituents of 22 species, their biological activities, and also a discussion on chemosystematics.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2001

First simultaneous isolation of a ribosome inactivating protein and an antifungal protein from a mushroom (Lyophyllum shimeji) together with evidence for synergism of their antifungal effects.

From the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Lyophyllum shimeji, a novel ribosome inactivating protein with a molecular weight of 20 kDa and exhibiting antifungal activity against Physalospora piricola (IC(50) = 2.5 microM) and Coprinus comatus was isolated. The protein, designated lyophyllin, was purified by ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel Blue Gel, and then ion exchange chromatography on Mono S. Lyophyllin possessed an N-terminal sequence with some similarity to those of plant ribosome-inactivating proteins. It inhibited translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate with an IC(50) of 1 nM, thymidine uptake by murine splenocytes with an IC(50) of 1 microM and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity with an IC(50) of 7.9 nM. Lyophyllin did not manifest ribonuclease or hemagglutinating activity. An antifungal protein, designated Lyophyllum antifungal protein (LAP), with a molecular weight of 14 kDa, and an N-terminal sequence somewhat analogous to those of angiosperm thaumatin-like proteins and thaumatins and an inactive variant of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, was first isolated from Lyophyllum shimeji. LAP was adsorbed on CM-cellulose, Affi-gel blue gel, and Mono S. LAP exerted antifungal activity against P. piricola (IC(50) = 70 nM) and Mycosphaerella arachidicola but not against Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum gossypii, and Coprinus comatus. It exerted very low translation inhibitory activity in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system (IC(50) = 70 microM) and negligible ribonuclease activity toward yeast transfer RNA and hemagglutinating activity toward rabbit erythrocytes. It inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC(50) of about 5.2 nM. A synergism in antifungal activities of LAP and lyophyllin against P. piricola was demonstrable.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1998

Oxyresveratrol as the potent inhibitor on dopa oxidase activity of mushroom tyrosinase.

Oxyresveratrol (2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene), a naturally occurring compound particularly found in Morus alba L., exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on dopa oxidase activity of tyrosinase which catalyzes rate-limiting steps of melanin biosynthesis. Oxyresveratrol with 0.3 to 5 microM exhibited potent and dose-dependent inhibitions (25 to 84%) on the enzyme activity, where 50% of inhibition was shown at the concentration of about 1 microM. Oxyresveratrol seemed to inhibit the dopa oxidase activity of tyrosinase via a noncompetitive manner (Ki = 9.1 x 10(-7) M) when L-dopa was used as a substrate. Oxyresveratrol exhibited about a 150-fold more potent inhibitory effect than resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene). The more hydroxy groups of the hydroxystilbenes are methylated to be methoxy groups, while the less inhibitory effects on the enzyme activity were exhibited. The results indicate that both the number and positions of hydroxy groups in oxyresveratrol seem to play a critical role in exerting the inhibitory effect on dopa oxidase activity of mushroom tyrosinase.

Basidiomycota↗