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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Correlations of self-ratings of attitude towards violent groups with measures of personality, self-esteem, and moral reasoning.

Relations of self-rated positive attitudes towards violent groups were examined among 273 adolescents with scores on self-esteem, moral reasoning, and self-perceptions of personality. Moral reasoning, measured by the Rest Defining Issues Test, correlated -.18 but not with self-esteem scores. There were significant correlations of .18 or .19 between the self-rated attitudes and Materialism, Conformity, Conservatism, Obstinance, Anxiety, and Thoughtlessness, but rs accounted for very little common variance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Moral reasoning, interpersonal skills, and cognition of rapists, child molesters, and incest offenders.

54 inmates were subdivided into four groups and classified according to their index offense. The groups included Rapists (n = 14), Incest Offenders (n = 9), Child Molesters (n = 11), General Offenders (n = 20). Nonoffenders (n = 20) were included as a control group. Psychometric tests including the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, the Defining Issues Test, Survey of Interpersonal Values, Porteus Maze, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were administered to all inmate and control groups. Analysis showed the rapists and child molesters scored higher on moral reasoning on the Defining Issues Test; also rapists' scores were more elevated on the Psychopathic Deviate and Paranoia scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory than those of other offender and control groups. These results imply that rapists and child molesters have the ability to understand moral issues; however, given their personality orientation, they ignore these interpersonal social values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Moral judgment and drivers' behavior among Brazilian students.

It is well known that lifestyle, social deviance, and criminal background are related to involvement in road accidents. This study addressed the connection between moral judgment and driving behavior, especially deliberate violations of the traffic law. 260 university students (age 18-30 years, 41% women) completed the Sociomoral Reflection Measure and Driver Behavior Questionnaire. No significant associations were found, probably due to the small variance in Moral Judgment score in this selected sample. This study presented a Portuguese 28-item version of the Driver Behavior Questionnaire that reproduced the same four-factor structure as the British version: ordinary violations, aggressive violations, errors, and lapses.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1980

The case of William Chidley: a study in psychiatry, morality and lunacy law.

William Chidley was a unique Australian. He lectured frequently on his beliefs that the answer to society's problems was a three-fold program of correct dress, proper diet and a new method of sexual intercourse. His compulsory admissions to psychiatric hospitals were on the grounds that he was insane and a danger to public morals. The case raised basic questions in psychiatry, morality and lunacy law. These questions, which are discussed, are still of contemporary significance.

Australia↗
PubMed1986

From morality to madness: a reappraisal of the asylum movement in psychiatry 1800-1940.

This essay outlines the history of the asylum movement in psychiatry, but from a somewhat different angle than usual. It attempts to delineate the historical interactions between perceptions of morality and of madness. Changes in these interactions relate to the rise of the asylum movement, around 1800, and its demise, just after World War II. I argue that, whilst insanity was defined against the rational, secular morality of the eighteenth century, it could be separated from immorality and put aside into its asylum. Once mechanistic science and medical scientism began, during the nineteenth century, to include immorality in the systems of disease, the distinction could not hold. The asylums became flooded with the immoral, and management became custodial and nihilistic. This nexus was broken when the asylums were defined, by a few revolutionary superintendents, as instruments of social control. Nevertheless, intellectual paradigms derived from asylum psychiatry persist.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed1988

The history and present status of moral insanity.

Psychiatric taxonomies, always a little uncertain, are most confused and illogical when they endeavour to encompass the moral and legal aspects of human behaviour. The concept of moral insanity represented a step backwards when it came into being, but it has persisted for a century and a half, changing only its title. Its creation and its subsequent history exemplify some of the common errors in psychiatric theorising.

Australia↗
PubMed1990

Humor and its relationship to perceived health, life satisfaction, and morale in older adults.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between the use of humor as a coping strategy and health indicators as measured by perceived health, life satisfaction, and morale in older adults. A packet of questionnaires was administered to a nonrandom sample of 73 noninstitutionalized adults over age 55. Of the independent variables of situational humor, coping humor, residence, gender, age, living arrangements, and socioeconomic status (SES), none are significant predictors of perceived health at the .017 alpha level, whereas the variable of living arrangements is predictive of life satisfaction. Furthermore, coping humor and socioeconomic status are predictive of morale in older adults. This study adds to the knowledge of humor as a coping strategy as well as a developmental concept in older adults. Implications for nursing practice and research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Moral philosophy and nursing curricula: indoctrination of the new breed.

A sizable proportion of nursing curricula subtly indoctrinate students with a particular normative ethic. Seldom is there adequate philosophical justification for the ethic, and students are rarely invited to subject that ethic to a rigorous philosophical analysis. Nursing curricula are replete with philosophical positions treated as moral imperatives to which all, students and faculty, owe their allegiance. This unsatisfactory situation warrants urgent attention. One problem is that of failing to justify the school's moral philosophy; another is the question of philosophically indoctrinating students to adhere to an ethic that advocates the individual's freedom and responsibility, a practice inconsistent with the predominant proposition advanced by the ethic.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In search of internal morality.

Are there specific moral requirements for healthcare executives that go beyond institutional loyalties or even institutional and corporate ethics? The answer is "yes," and they're a part of healthcare's internal morality.

Ethics, Professional↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The moral case against euthanasia. Catholics must articulate persuasive arguments to counter the cultural rush toward assisted suicide.

Catholics who adhere to a consistent ethic of life are going to face tougher opposition as they struggle to defend society's most vulnerable members. The major ethical contention will concern the ethics of dying. Unfortunately, there have not been well-articulated moral arguments to counter society's rush toward physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. Catholics must articulate a persuasive ethical ideal for dying a truly good death. It is crucial to achieve a balance: between valuing individual autonomy and protecting the common good; between affirming the goodness of life and accepting death as a reality of the life cycle. Another challenging piece of the moral argument lies in convincing people that the means and processes used to achieve a goal are rarely neutral. Another serious problem with permitting the killing of self or others is that one cannot ever be certain of the agent's motivation. And when an individual's subjective determination of a need to choose death is given ultimate validity, there is no way to call a halt. If medical mercy killing becomes acceptable, social pressure can mount for an ill person to ask for death to relieve the family burdens. Maintaining an absolute prohibition against actively taking a human life--self or other, with or without consent, dying or not--is necessary to protect human communal bonds.

Catholicism↗
PubMed1985

Catholic hospitals: survival without moral compromise.

The three overriding challenges facing Catholic hospitals today are the decline in vocations, commercialization through competition, and the moral pluralism of participatory democracy. These problems lead to a single practical question: How can Catholic health care institutions preserve their integrity while surviving in today's fiscal and moral climate? Cooperation throughout the entire Catholic health care ministry is essential. Either the whole Catholic community will cooperate and make sacrifices to confront the eroding forces in a specifically Christian way, or the authenticity of the Church's healing ministry will gradually be compromised into extinction. As a unified entity, the Catholic community could more than adequately address the challenges facing it. The obstacles to a cooperative effort of this magnitude are obvious--community and professional pride, regional rivalries, differences of mission among sponsoring religious institutes, and natural resistance to central planning and organization. Today's exigencies are created less by a scarcity of resources than by a disinclination to share them. The problems are more complicated than they were 40 years ago, but the Catholic community also has more resources than then--more people, more money, more organizational and informational skills. We can do more with far less sacrifice than ever before in history. And to do so would offer the world a highly convincing evangelical message.

Catholicism↗
PubMed1999

[The scope of moral responsibility due to therapeutic actions].

Besides utilitarianism, there are different ways to understand Medicine and its role. The opinion of the author is that the pursuit of mankind welfare is not the role of physicians and that their responsibility is not referred to the world. On the contrary, their bumble mission is to cure or mitigate pain through therapeutic actions. Any other way of proceeding means that the medical action is becoming orchestrated, destroying the fundamental value of patient physician relationship. This article intends to demonstrate the insufficiency of the Aristotelian idea of technique applied to medicine and that, on the other hand, the modern ideal of a principle free science does not account for the complexity of medical practice, mainly in the field of Psychiatry. Finally the author wonders if the moral convictions of physicians may play a role in the treatment of specific diseases caused by morally inadequate behaviors.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed2001

Moral commitment and the effects of social influences on violent delinquency.

The present article investigates the issue of whether and how moral commitment regarding violence conditions the relationship between a set of social environmental variables and violent delinquency. Three mutually exclusive hypotheses were evaluated using data from the National Youth Survey. The first, emanating from a purely environmental perspective, holds that moral commitment to non-violence does not condition the relationships of social variables to violent delinquency. The second hypothesis predicts that social factors have their greatest effect on violent behavior among those most strongly opposed to violence. The third hypothesis anticipates that social variables have their greatest impact on violent delinquency among those with violent attitudes. The results yielded strong support for the third hypothesis. Theoretical implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Animals, science, and ethics -- Section I. Ethical theory and the moral status of animals.

Section I discusses the moral status of animals as conceived from several theoretical and ethical perspectives. Though any one perspective might not be finally adequate, the juxtaposition of several ethical positions widens and deepens our understanding of the moral status of animals and of the responsibilities this complex status engenders.

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed2000

Moral responsibility and respect for autonomy: meeting the communitarian challenge.

The principle of respect for autonomy has come under increasing attack both within health care ethics, specifically, and as part of the more general communitarian challenge to predominantly liberal values. This paper will demonstrate the importance of respect for autonomy for the social practice of assigning moral responsibility and for the development of moral responsibility as a virtue. Guided by this virtue, the responsible exercise of autonomy may provide a much-needed connection between the individual and the community.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1975

Intentionality, degree of damage, and moral judgments.

153 first graders were given Piagetian moral judgment problems with a new simplified methodology as well as the usual story-pair paradigm. The new methodology involved making quantitative judgments about single stories and examined the influence of level of intentionality and degree of damage upon absolute punishment ratings. Contrary to results obtained with a story-pair methodology, it was found that with single stories even 6-year-old children responded to the level of intention in the stories as well as the quantity and quality of damage involved. This suggested that Piaget's methodology may be forcing children to employ a simplifying strategy while under other conditions they are able to perform the mental operations necessary to make complex moral judgments.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Moral norms and hermeneutics in clinical bioethics.

Clinical bioethics applies moral norms to clinical situations, but this kind of application is not of an impersonal, deductive kind. In the stories of illness the suffering voices of the patients have to be heard and interpreted, to discover the real meaning of their resort to medicine. In a hermeneutical perspective, moral norms have a symbolic nature, because they command a good personal attitude toward the other persons and they prohibit an hostile intention of exploitation, domination, abuse.

Bioethics↗