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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Experimental American leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease in the Brazilian squirrel monkey: effect of dual infection on antibodies to parasite antigens.

Adult, laboratory-bred squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were infected with either Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis or L. b. panamensis and, 42 weeks later, they were challenge-infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Another group of monkeys was infected with T. cruzi and challenged with L. b. braziliensis after 42 weeks. Immunoblotting was used to examine parasite antigens bound by antibodies in plasma obtained from the monkeys during the course of primary and challenge infections. During primary infections Leishmania-infected monkeys produced antibodies which bound to a number of Leishmania antigens, most notably a Leishmania antigen of 72 kDa, which were not recognized by antibodies produced by the monkeys given a primary infection of T. cruzi. These Leishmania-induced antibodies were no longer detectable 42 weeks after primary infections. However, when the Leishmania-infected monkeys were challenged with T. cruzi they once again produced antibodies capable of binding numerous Leishmania antigens, including the antigen of 72 kDa, which had not been recognized by antibodies produced by the monkeys with primary T. cruzi infections. A similar phenomenon was observed in T. cruzi-infected animals following Leishmania challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A serial section study of visually normal posterior pelvic peritoneum from baboons (Papio cynocephalus, Papio anubis) with and without spontaneous minimal endometriosis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if microscopic endometriosis exists in visually normal pelvic peritoneum from baboons with and without endometriosis. DESIGN: Observational histologic study at Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS: Seventeen baboons including 13 adult females (5 with histologically proven endometriosis, 8 with a normal pelvis) and 4 juveniles (1 female and 3 males). INTERVENTIONS: Diagnostic laparoscopy with identification of visually normal pelvic peritoneum before euthanasia, followed by laparotomy with excision of a large area (at least 4 x 6 cm or 24 cm2 per animal, 408 cm2 surface in all baboons) of this visually normal-appearing peritoneum. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Presence of microscopic endometriosis (endometrial glands and stroma) in serial sections of visually normal pelvic peritoneum. RESULTS: Two adjacent glandular structures compatible with endometriosis were found in normal peritoneum obtained during menses from one female baboon without macroscopic disease. Microscopic endometriosis was not detected in the other female primates with or without macroscopic disease or in male animals. CONCLUSION: Microscopic endometriosis was found in only 1 of 14 female baboons (prevalence 7%; 95% confidence interval 0% to 33%) with visually normal pelvic peritoneum. These findings suggest that, with the paucity of human data available, more studies are needed before concluding that massive microscopic disease exists in visually normal-appearing peritoneum of women.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The sensitivity of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques to the human hepatitis A virus].

Hepatitis A infection characterized by virus excretion in feces, synthesis of specific IgM antibody, increased activity of alanine aminotransferase in the blood serum, and a complex of morphological lesions in the liver typical of acute hepatitis was reproduced in M. fascicularis (M. f.) and Macaca rhesus (M. r.) using 2 strains of hepatitis A virus (HAV) isolated from human patients. The incubation period varying from 9 to 23 (mean 16) days in M. f. and from 12 to 35 (mean 18) days in M. r. in primary infection shortened to 1-12 (mean 10) and 3-6 (mean 5) days in the process of virus passage from monkey to monkey. The disease was observed to run both manifest forms (except jaundice) typical of human HA and an inapparent form in which the level of enzymes remained within normal limits but HAV could be detected in feces, anti-HAV-IgM in the blood serum, and morphologically acute hepatitis in the liver. Immune electron microscopy of both the initial material and in monkey feces at the levels of all three passages revealed complexes consisting of spherical viral particles 27-29 nm in size coated with antibodies. The immune complexes formed upon addition to the fecal extracts under study of IgG isolated both from human convalescent sera and from sera of experimentally infected monkeys collected in the acute stage of the illness.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed2005

Morphological impairments in retinal neurons of the scotopic visual pathway in a monkey model of Parkinson's disease.

Physiological abnormalities resulting from death of dopaminergic neurons of the central nervous system in Parkinson's disease also extend to the retina, resulting in impaired visual functions. In both parkinsonian patients and animal models, low levels of dopamine and loss of dopaminergic cells in the retina have been reported. However, the morphology and connectivity of their postsynaptic neurons, the amacrine cells, have not been analyzed. Here we report, with macaques chronically treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) as a model of Parkinson's disease, that morphological impairments in dopaminergic retinal neurons and their plexus in the inner retina are accompanied by an immunoreactivity decrease in gamma-aminobutyric acidergic and glycinergic amacrine cells. Especially deteriorated were AII amacrine cells, the main neuronal subtype postsynaptic to dopaminergic cells, which exhibited a marked loss of lobular appendages and dendritic processes. Concomitantly, electrical synapses among AII cells, as well as chemical synapses between these and rod bipolar cells, were highly deteriorated in parkinsonian monkeys. These results highlight that the scotopic visual pathway is severely impaired in the parkinsonian condition and provide a morphological basis for a number of abnormalities found in electrophysiological and psychophysical trials in Parkinson's disease patients and animal models.

Amacrine Cells↗
PubMed2006

Parenteral transmission during excision and treatment of tuberculosis and trypanosomiasis may be responsible for the HIV-2 epidemic in Guinea-Bissau.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The factors that led to the simultaneous emergence, decades ago, of HIV-1 in central Africa and HIV-2 in West Africa remain unclear. The low HIV-2-associated mortality enables epidemiological assessment of risk factors potentially relevant in the early stages of the epidemic. In Guinea-Bissau, its epicentre, HIV-2 became highly prevalent (approximately 15%) in cohorts of individuals born before 1962, but is now disappearing whereas HIV-1 prevalence is increasing. We sought to verify the hypothesis that parenteral transmission was the key factor in the building-up of the HIV-2 epidemic. DESIGN: Cross-sectional community survey of 1608 individuals aged > or = 50 years in Bissau. METHODS: Capillary blood was obtained for HIV serology. Associations between HIV-2 (alone or in dual HIV-1/HIV-2 infections) and exposures were measured with crude and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Prevalence of HIV-2 was higher in women (160/1063; 15.1%) than men (45/545; 8.3%, P < 0.001). Among women, excision (AOR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.08-2.18) was independently associated with HIV-2, as were age and being widowed (AOR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.29-2.74). Among men, HIV-2 was not associated with sexually transmitted infections or transactional sex. In an analysis comprising men and women that was adjusted for age, sex, ethnic group and marital status, HIV-2 was associated with having received injections for the treatment of tuberculosis (AOR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.11-4.05) or trypanosomiasis (AOR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.03-2.97). CONCLUSIONS: Parenteral transmission through ritual excision and multiple injections during treatment of tuberculosis and trypanosomiasis contributed to the emergence of HIV-2 in Guinea-Bissau.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Arthritis of the spondyloarthropathy variety in Callithrix jacchus.

Sixty skeletons of Callithrix jacchus were examined to identify spondyloarthropathy. Erosive disease in Callithrix was confirmed as spondyloarthropathy on the basis of diagnostic sacroiliac erosions, syndesmophyte formation, and the nature and distribution of the peripheral joint erosions.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Spontaneous rat bite fever in non-human primates: a review of two cases.

Rat bite fever is a worldwide zoonotic, non-reportable disease. This entity encompasses similar, yet distinct, disease syndromes caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis or Spirillum minus. Naturally occurring rat bite fever has not been previously described in non-human primates. This report describes two cases of non-human primate rat bite fever caused by S. moniliformis; a rhesus macaque (Macaca mullata) with valvular endocarditis, and a titi monkey (Callicebus sp.) with septic arthritis. Potential sources of infection included direct contact, and ingestion of surface water or feed contaminated with rodent feces.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Early control of highly pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus chimeric virus infections in rhesus monkeys usually results in long-lasting asymptomatic clinical outcomes.

In contrast to simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), which induce immunodeficiency over a 1- to 2-year period, highly pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) cause an irreversible and systemic depletion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes in macaque monkeys within weeks of inoculation. Nonetheless, the seemingly more aggressive SHIVs have proven to be easier to control by the same vaccine regimens which fail to contain SIV. Because early events during in vivo infections may determine both the pathogenic consequences of the challenge virus and its sensitivity to interventions that prevent disease, we have evaluated the effects of inoculum size and a potent antiretroviral drug on the development of disease in monkeys infected with SHIV(DH12R). The results obtained show that in a majority of inoculated animals, suppression of SHIV replication during the first 2 weeks of infection, which prevents complete loss of CD4(+) T cells, leads to very low to undetectable postpeak viremia and an asymptomatic clinical course for periods up to 4 years.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Simian adenoviral pneumonia.

In the past 6 years we have encountered 26 cases of fatal adenoviral pneumonia in six species of simian primates. O these, 22 animals were between 11 and 38 days old at the time of death, and pneumonia was the primary clinical disease. The spectrum of clinical disease varied from peracute fatal disease to inapparent disease with seroconversion. In one outbreak involving 4 infants housed together in an isolation unit, simian virus 11 was isolated from 3 of the infants and seroconversion occurred in all 4. At necropsy the lungs were voluminous, with firm gray areas of consolidation. On histopathologic examination, severe patchy necrotizing alveolitis and bronchiolitis were present. Variable edema and hyaline membrane formation, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, and secondary bacterial pneumonia were also seen. Large basophilic intranuclear inclusions were present in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells in all 26 cases. In 4 of 8 cases examined ultrastructurally typical intranuclear paracrystalline arrays of adenoviral virions were demonstrated. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were also observed occasionally in bile duct and pancreatic duct epithelium. Simian adenoviral pneumonia can be a spontaneous disease problem in laboratory-reared primates and offers excellent potential as an animal model of human adenoviral pneumonia.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1988

[Structure of the mucous membrane of the distal part of the large intestine in the monkey].

By means of histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical and morphometrical methods, according to 24 objective morphological parameters, bioptates of endoscopically unchanged mucosal membrane of the large intestine, obtained from 22 clinically healthy macaque rhesus males, have been studied. The data on vital structure and cellular interconnections in the mucous membrane of the distal part of the large intestine have been received. The data can be used for estimating certain pathological processes, when modelling the large intestine diseases in monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Respiratory disease associated with parainfluenza Type I (Sendai) virus in a colony of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

An outbreak of acute respiratory disease was observed in a colony of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Parainfluenza Type I (Sendai) virus was isolated from the lungs and from throat swabs of 2 animals which showed clinical signs of disease. A rising titre of serum neutralizing antibody to the virus isolated was detected in several affected animals. Approximately 50% of the colony showed clinical signs of disease, and 3 animals died. The duration of illness ranged from 3 to 16 days.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Malignant lymphoma in a colony of Macaca arctoides.

Malignant lymphoma occurred in six Macaca arctoides from a colony of 83 animals during a 30-month period. The cells of two neoplasms had T cell markers. Concurrent disease processes included atypical mycobacterial disease in four macaques and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in one.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Fatal human herpesvirus type 1 infection in a white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar).

This report documents a case of spontaneous, fatal, and likely recrudescent human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1) infection in a captive white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An approximately 44-year-old, captive, female, white-handed gibbon with a history of recurrent conjunctivitis and occasional seizures became acutely weak, disoriented, and ataxic. A postictal state was suspected by caretakers and veterinary staff, and euthanasia was ultimately elected because of lack of clinical improvement with supportive care. No significant abnormalities were detected at necropsy. Histologically, sections of cerebrum and midbrain contained minimal to mild, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis with numerous intranuclear viral inclusions within astrocytes and some neurons. The presumptive diagnosis of HHV-1-induced encephalitis was strengthened by nested PCR amplification of a segment of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene. Sequences from this region have been found to be unique to each herpesvirus species, thus identifying HHV-1 as the likely etiologic agent in this case. Positive HHV-1 serology from several years before the terminal episode suggested that the disease was most likely due to recrudescence of latent HHV-1 infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Pachyonychia congenita-like disorder in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus).

A spontaneous genodermatosis in 13 cotton-top tamarins is described as a retrospective study. The disease appeared as alopecia, pigmentary disturbances, and claw dystrophy similar but not identical to human Pachyonychia congenita. The disease in the tamarins seems to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, becoming clinically apparent around adolescence. In certain families the neonatal mortality rate was also above average, reaching 100%.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1978

Transfer factor and its protective effect against herpesvirus infections of marmosets.

Using skin test response and lymphocyte blastogenesis as indicators of cell-mediated immunity, we have been able to demonstrate in vivo transfer of cell-mediated immunity to marmosets both with dialyzable transfer factor (TFd) prepared from a human donor and transfer factor (TF) from baboon whole cell lysates. We were able to protect marmosets with TFd from fatal Herpesvirus hominis type 1 (HVH-1) disease. When TFd was administered prior to challenge with HVH-1, 50% of the marmosets survived. Of the untreated control animals and those first treated on day 0 or postinfection, 100% succumbed to disseminated HVH-1 disease. In addition, when TF prepared from TFd-treated marmosets which had survived HVH-1 disease, was given to other marmosets, it conferred protection from subsequent HVH-1 challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Eosinophilic fasciitis in a rhesus macaque.

Eosinophilic fasciitis (EF) is an inflammatory disorder in the category of scleroderma-like connective tissue diseases. There are no animal models for spontaneously occurring EF. We present the case of a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) with clinical, laboratory, and histologic features of EF.

Animals↗