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PubMed2005

Cognitive performance and communications in a network-centric battle laboratory.

Many of the technological advances in the information sciences that make the network-centric battlefield possible will also foster methodologies that enable the study of the warfighter in this environment. Specifically, the tactical events and computer networks in a battle laboratory can be designed with capabilities to facilitate capture and analysis of embedded operational performance metrics. This paper refers to the Air Maneuver Battle Laboratory environment, its command and control components, its synthetic battle environment, and its basic communications structure as an example. This paper also introduces two papers. In the first paper, O'Donnell, Moise, and Schmidt describe their generalized methodology to evaluate personnel during performance of operational tasks. They discuss a cognitive taxonomy, test generator, and synthetic cognitive and motor tests with applicability to military or civilian tasks. Personnel are evaluated with these synthetic tests for those very cognitive skills and capabilities most required to successfully perform the actual operational task of interest. Perhaps the illustrative and innovative measurement methodologies described will encourage others to consider how new approaches can be used to leverage the study of cognitive performance of the future warfighter in a network-centric environment. The second paper by Whitmore discusses how communications and embedded operational performance metrics may be acquired in teams. Whitmore highlights some critical aspects leading to the successful measurement of team performance in realistic console operations; discusses the idea of process and outcome measures; presents two types of team data collection systems; and provides an example of team performance assessment.

Cognition↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hypothermic blood substitution enables resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock and 2 hours of cardiac arrest.

Uncontrollable hemorrhage accounts for a large proportion of total mortality in both civilian (31%) and military (47%) trauma victims. Hypothermia is a relatively safe method that could provide total body protection during hypovolemic shock and facilitate surgical intervention as a potentially life-saving procedure. This study tested the hypothesis that profound hypothermia and complete blood replacement in an established canine model, would facilitate resuscitative therapy from exsanguinating hypovolemic shock. Adult dogs were prepared for extracorporeal bypass using closed-chest peripheral cannulation under general anesthesia. Controlled hypotensive, hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial blood pressure < 50 mmHg) was induced for 30 min at normal temperature followed by temporary resuscitation using crystalloid infusion for approximately 10 min. Using our established procedure, the dogs were then cooled externally to 27 degrees C before initiating blood substitution with Hypothermosol (Cryomedical Sciences, Inc. Rockville, MD) via the extracorporeal pump. The heart was arrested during further cooling to below 10 degrees C and Hypothermosol was recirculated for 2 hr, with (3 dogs) or without (5 dogs) 1 hr of circulatory arrest. During rewarming the animals were autotransfused, weaned from the pump, and allowed to recover. All dogs (n = 8) survived, all but one with complete neurologic recovery: blood chemistry samples examined immediately after the procedure showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in only a few parameters, including creatine kinase (CK-BB and CK-MB), compared with the previous group of control dogs. The consistent survival of dogs showing apparently normal neurologic, physiologic, and biochemical recovery supports the concept that profound hypothermia using a protective hypothermic blood substitute could provide time for therapeutic resuscitation of currently intractable trauma cases.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

History of Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense: course of events and nutrition methodology in typical surveys.

It was my good fortune to help brief many of the survey teams on dietary methods and to serve on 2 survey teams. Dr. Arnold E. Schaefer, executive director of the International Committee on Nutrition for National Defense (ICNND), dictated his reflections, which I edited, for the symposium, "Reflections of Dr. Arnold E. Schaefer." The course of events in a typical ICNND nutrition survey were described. This included the following: 1) protocol, 2) organization of survey team, appropriate for the country, 3) briefing of team members, 4) provision of needed equipment and supplies, and 5) planning the survey with the host country. The advance mission visit usually included Dr. Frank Berry, assistant secretary of Defense for Health and the ICNND executive director, who briefed local government officials about the survey. The supply and the equipment needs included clinical and laboratory equipment, reference books and supplies needed for routine physical examinations, dietary studies, and laboratory determinations. Host countries provided 1) personnel to serve on survey teams, 2) logistical support, and 3) unbiased random population samples for clinical and dietary studies. The methods of measuring dietary intake used are described in the manual. Measuring the nutrient intake of military personnel is usually much less difficult than of civilians. The food preparation and consumption (recipe) and food composite analysis methods were most commonly used. The diet questionnaire used for civilians, recorded amounts of specific foods consumed the previous day (24-h recall). During the Ecuador survey, Combs and Wolfe obtained similar results with the recipe, the food composite, and the 24-h recall methods in the same 28 families.

Health Education↗
PubMed2003

The relevance of melatonin to sports medicine and science.

The pineal hormone, melatonin, has widespread effects on the body. The aim of this review is to consider the specific interactions between melatonin and human physiological functions associated with sport and exercise medicine. Separate researchers have reported that melatonin concentrations increase, decrease and remain unaffected by bouts of exercise. Such conflicting findings may be explained by inter-study differences in lighting conditions and the time of day the study participants have exercised. Age and fitness status have also been identified as intervening factors in exercise-mediated changes in melatonin concentration. The administration of exogenous melatonin leads to hypnotic and hypothermic responses in humans, which can be linked to immediate reductions in short-term mental and physical performance. Depending on the dose of melatonin, these effects may still be apparent 3-5 hours after administration for some types of cognitive performance, but effects on physical performance seem more short-lived. The hypothesis that the hypothermic effects of melatonin lead to improved endurance performance in hot environments is not supported by evidence from studies involving military recruits who exercised at relatively low intensities. Nevertheless, no research group has examined such a hypothesis with athletes as study participants and with the associated more intense levels of exercise. The fact that melatonin has also been found to preserve muscle and liver glycogen in exercised rats adds weight to the notion that melatonin might affect endurance exercise in humans. Melatonin has been successfully used to alleviate jet lag symptoms of travellers and there is also a smaller amount of evidence that the hormone helps shiftworkers adjust to nocturnal regimens. Nevertheless, the symptoms of jet lag and shiftwork problems have primarily included sleep characteristics rather than performance variables. The few studies that have involved athletes and performance-related symptoms have produced equivocal results. Melatonin has also been found to be useful for treating some sleeping disorders, but interactions between sleep, melatonin and exercise have not been studied extensively with trained study participants. It is unknown whether melatonin plays a role in some exercise training-related problems such as amenorrhoea and over-training syndrome.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Women's rights in Pakistan: a forensic perspective.

Pakistan is a large and an important West Asian country which came into being in the name of Islam and therefore Islamic tenets remain the core of its constitution. The laws of the state have to conform to Islamic law so that they can have a positive impact on the society. Unfortunately, in Pakistan today not all men enjoy the rights and facilities to which they are entitled and women are doubly disadvantaged by poverty and gender. With their own political agendas, various governments have promulgated laws which affect the society in various ways. The laws which directly influence women's rights merit mention, as women comprise more than 50% of the population of Pakistan and are still kept on the sidelines by the male dominant society. The Muslim Family Law Ordinance, 1961, and the Hudood Ordinance, 1979 were both promulgated by military dictators with different visions. The former codified the rights of women bestowed by Islamic law; the latter repealed laws for sexual offences according to the injunctions of Islam and had a negative impact. Both laws need the assistance of forensic medicine as age estimation and medical examinations are necessary if they are to be followed in the right perspective. However, a legal need for an examination by an expert in forensic medicine is sadly lacking in both laws. This has happened due to lack of training of forensic physicians and therefore a lack of research in important areas of forensic medicine in the country. This paper examines these laws and the interaction they have with forensic medicine and proposes that the laws need revision in accordance with modern science, incorporating forensic sciences as well as the injunctions of Islam.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Have PhD, will travel.

This autobiography contains some of the clinical and research highlights of my career in the context of my personal odyssey and my appreciation of science as a potential check on political and economic forces in psychology. Typically, my research arose from clinical problems encountered at work and from my disinclination to rely on methods that lacked prior demonstrated validity for the type of problem and client in question. Otherwise, I feared my recommendations were no better than those based on common prejudices and biases, which I encountered throughout my work life as a dark-skinned, outspoken, non-Christian from the Bronx.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Small-volume fluid resuscitation for the far-forward combat environment: current concepts.

Hemorrhage remains the primary cause of death on the battlefield in conventional warfare. With modern combat operations leading to the likelihood of significant time delays in air evacuation of casualties and long transport times, the immediate goals of the Army's Science and Technology Objectives in Resuscitation are to develop limited- or small-volume fluid resuscitation strategies, including permissive hypotension, for the treatment of severe hemorrhage to improve battlefield survival and prevent early and late deleterious sequelae. As an example, the U.S. Army has invested much effort in the evaluation of hypertonic saline dextran (HSD) as a plasma volume expander, at one tenth to one twelfth the volume of conventional crystalloids, in numerous animal models of hemorrhage. These studies have identified HSD as a potentially useful field resuscitation fluid. In addition, preliminary studies have used HSD under hypotensive resuscitation conditions, and it has been administered through intraosseous infusion devices for vascular access. This research suggests that many of the difficulties and concerns associated with fluid resuscitation for treating significant hemorrhage in the field can be overcome. For the military, such observations have important implications toward the development of optimal fluid resuscitation strategies under austere battlefield conditions for stabilization of the combat casualty.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1998

The Army psychological autopsy: then and now.

The conduct and reporting of an Army psychological autopsy is a complex and relatively infrequent event. The details of these reports may not be completely clear to the behavioral sciences personnel tasked with collecting the data. This paper reviews the current status of the Army psychological autopsy and contrasts it with the development of civilian psychological autopsies. The current thinking of the Department of Defense Health Affairs working group on psychological autopsies is presented. The epidemiological content of the Army psychological autopsy as a scientific resource is presented in the form of an analysis of the psychological autopsies for the 1995 Army suicide data. Suggestions for updating this unique command tool are included.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Environmental testing of a blood gas/pH and electrolyte analyzer for field hospital use.

In 1983 the U.S. Army Academy of Health Sciences developed a Letter Requirement for a Blood Gas/pH Analyzer for use in Echelon 3 and 4 facilities. Field trials of several nondevelopment items and a subsequent market survey did not produce a suitable instrument. Recently, a relatively small, lightweight, and simple device became commercially available, and was tested for field applicability in accordance with MIL-STD-810D. Results indicated that with minor modifications, the instrument would be sufficiently rugged to withstand the severe storage temperature extremes and transit shock and vibration conditions associated with deployment of field medical materiel.

Blood Gas Analysis↗
PubMed1985

Data analysis reveals significant microwave-induced eye damage in humans.

Appleton and McCrossan undertook a study for the U.S. Army at Ft. Monmouth to determine if microwave exposure would cause cataracts. They concluded: "The comparison showed the groups (microwave exposed vs. not exposed ) to be essentially the same and did not support the hypothesis that human cataracts are being caused by chronic exposure to microwaves in the military environment in this country." There are three major flaws in Appleton and McCrossan's work. First, the exposed group likely included people with little or no exposure. This would tend to minimize the possibility of finding microwave effects. Secondly, their control group consisted of people working with equipment known to cause eye damage. This also would tend to minimize the possibility of finding microwave effects. Thirdly, and most important, they did not do a statistical analysis on their data. When the writer did one, it was found that Appleton and McCrossan have a statistically significant difference between groups, with the microwave exposed showing more lens opacities than would be expected by chance. Thus, their conclusion should have been the opposite of what they stated. It is the uncritical acceptance of negative biological studies of non-ionizing radiation, such as this, that has contributed to the distortion of science in this area of research and has stimulated public opposition to the installation of such energy sources.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Government science in postwar America: Henry A. Wallace, Edward U. Condon, and the transformation of the National Bureau of Standards, 1945-1951.

In the fall of 1945, Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace handpicked Edward Condon, a respected theoretical physicist, to become director of the National Bureau of Standards. Already regarded by many academic and industrial scientists as a second-rate research institution, the Bureau had deteriorated further during the Great Depression. An ardent New Dealer who favored government action to prevent anticompetitive behavior in the marketplace, Wallace claimed that giant corporations leveraged their extensive patent holdings and research capabilities to manipulate markets and restrict competition at the expense of smaller firms without similar resources. Through a revitalized Bureau of Standards, Wallace intended to mitigate monopolistic behavior among large companies by transforming the Department of Commerce into an effective clearinghouse for scientific research that would stimulate technological innovation in small businesses. The Bureau's postwar expansion, however, foundered on congressional efforts to dismantle the legacies of the New Deal, Condon's lack of commitment to the technical requirements of the small business community, and the intense competition for resources within an institutionally pluralist federal research establishment dominated by the exigencies of the Cold War. Without sufficient financial support from congressional appropriations committees, Condon turned to the military to fund new research programs at the Bureau of Standards. These programs, however, owed their institutional growth to the demands of the national security state, not to the fading influence of Henry Wallace's New Deal liberalism.

Government Agencies↗
PubMed1994

Harvey Cushing, Gordon Holmes, and the neurological lessons of World War I.

As the gunshots that fatally wounded Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Countess Sophie of Austria resounded from Sarajevo across Europe to become the deafening roar of artillery on the Western Front in August 1914, Harvey Williams Cushing was the world's preeminent neurosurgeon and Gordon Morgan Holmes was arguably the foremost neurologist in the world. The 45-year-old Cushing, and Holmes just 38 years old, would strive to respond to the neurological challenges of World War I. They distinguished themselves amidst the redoubtable efforts of workers such as Walter Cannon, George Riddoch, Charles Sherrington, Henry Head, Victor Horsley, Walther Poppelreuter, and Robert Barany. Even the intense martial spirit of the time would be held in abeyance by the contributions of such men of science, as when the intercession of Prince Carl of Sweden secured the release of Barany from a Russian prisoner-of-war camp and allowed him to accept the 1916 Nobel Prize for his exposition of vestibular physiology. Such respite from the brutality of war was all too brief, and if we are to grasp the significance of the different approaches of Holmes and Cushing to the terrible problems of World War I, we must examine some of the harsh medical realities that they confronted in the "war to end all wars."

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1985

Self-control of psychophysiologic response to motion stress: using biofeedback to treat airsickness.

Investigators of the Neuropsychiatry Branch, Clinical Sciences Division, U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM), provided biofeedback-moderated behavioral treatment to 53 fliers grounded for chronic, severe motion sickness, and followed each flier for 2 years after treatment completion. Success was defined as returning to and maintaining satisfactory operational flying status. Of these, 42 fliers (79%) met this criterion; 3 (6%) were partially successful, and 8 (15%) were subsequently grounded for recurrent airsickness. Follow-on studies will investigate psychophysiological mechanisms through which this method of treatment works.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2004

Clinical forensic medicine and its main fields of activity from the foundation of the German Society of Legal Medicine until today.

The fields mainly covered by clinical forensic medicine are subject to time-related changes which are described on the basis of the German literature of the 20th century. Some fields of forensic sexual medicine (diagnosis of virginity, proof of criminal abortion, potentia coeundi, potentia generandi, potentia concipiendi) have become less important in the daily work of medicolegal institutes, whereas victims of rape and sexual abuse continue to form a major part of the forensic examination material in the German-speaking countries. The evaluation of suspected physical child abuse has grown in importance since the 60s, and it is essentially the merit of Elisabeth Trube-Becker that this problem is now dealt with also in scientific medicine. More recently, medicolegal experts are increasingly confronted with further groups of persons: victims of domestic violence, abused/neglected seniors, refugees from countries where torture is used. A new special field, which established itself only in the 90s, is the estimation of age with regard to the criminal responsibility of suspects who have no identity papers or pretend to have none. A phenomenon frequently observed in the last two decades is the non-accidental self-infliction of injuries. Whereas in the first half of the 20th century the motive for self-mutilation was typically to evade military service, this category of injury was later mainly seen in the context of insurance fraud; more recently most forensically relevant self-inflicted injuries refer to simulated offenses (fictitious sexual offenses and robbery, attacks allegedly having a political background). One of the traditional fields of clinical forensic medicine continues to be the evaluation of victims and suspects following bodily harm and attempted homicides. In the field of civil law medicolegal experts are particularly often concerned with controversial consequences of traffic accidents (e.g. alleged whiplash injuries after rear-end collisions at low velocities).

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1999

[One hundred years' history of public health activities in Korea].

In a dictionary of epidemiology, recently edited by John Last, public health was defined as one of the efforts organized by society to protest, promote, and restore the peoples' health. It is the combination of sciences, skills, and beliefs that is directed to the maintenance and improvement of the health of all the people through collective or social action. In most countries, the efforts to protect, promote, and restore the peoples' health are mostly organized by the government, and therefore, the history of public health in the respective countries is closely related to the state of government and its administrative structures. In this article, the history of public health activities in Korea during the last 100 years has been reviewed in four consecutive time periods from the end of Li Dynasty till now. The public health during the first some 50 years from 1897 when the Dae Han Empire began to 1945 when the Japanese colonial period ended can be characterized by enforcement of personal and environmental hygiene by the police. In those days, communicable disease control was the main purpose of such public health measures. Second phase of Korean public health from 1945 to the time of military coup in 1961 is characterized by enactment of various public health laws and the related public health practices. Major health related laws are communicable disease control law, environmental hygiene act, industrial safety and health law, and so on. Important public health practice in this time period was family planning. Third phase of public health history from 1962 to 1992 can be recorded as the time when the actual public health practices were fully developed. Because of well established health center activities throughout the country, basic public health services were provided together with primary medical care services to the people in rural areas. Since 1993, two civilian governments have been trying to change the concept of their health administration from providing public health services to improve welfare of the whole population. Emphasis was put on health promotion, and for this, the government enacted a health promotion law. Based on this law, even special funds for various health promotion activities are now available by taxing on tobacco sales.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1996

[Not Available].

In studying the genesis of 'Generalplan Ost' one can elucidate the alliance of academic research and military expansion in Nazi Germany in a unique way. By 'Generalplan Ost' we understand the total German planning effort in transforming the territories of Poland, the Baltic republics and Soviet Union, which were occupied since the beginning of World War II. In this scientists were not only provided with ample opportunities for research by the National Socialist government, but the Nazi policy of occupation created the preconditions necessary for putting theoretical models into practice. this was done in complete disregard of pre-existing structures in population, settlement, society, economy, and patterns of traffic. The principal aim consisted in the total transformation of the envisaged Eastern European sphere and the implantation of a new National Socialist social order style in Eastern Europe. Scientific planning not only implied a declaration of war against the very people living in the geographic sphere covered by the plan, but presupposed the existence of war in order to put the plan into practice. In a rare mixture of social science, geography and biology, instruments of science made possible and provoked the social selection and deportation of human beings as well as attempts at 'Germanization' and 'Umvolkung'. It is a well known fact, that deportation and extermination became a brutal reality as an intrinsic ingredient of these planning efforts.

Europe↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pierre-François Nicolas (1743-1816), apothecary, physician, chemistry teacher on the eve of the French Revolution].

Pierre-François Nicolas, was born in Saint-Mihiel in 1743, studied in this town and in St-Nicolas-de-Port near Nancy. At first he has been a military apothecary during the "Guerre de Sept-Ans". Then he studied pharmacy in Nancy and was received in 1768 at the "Maîtrise de pharmacie". With the physician Henri Michel du Tennatar, he created a teaching of chemistry for medicine students and became the professor of chemistry of the Faculty of Medicine in 1781. During these years, he published some research results about hydrology, distillery, biochemistry (phosphorus in bone), toxicology, dyeing... At the end of 1783, he succeeded in the realization of a balloon and he played an important part in Nancy during the French Revolution. Professor at the "Ecole de médecine" in Strasbourg for some weeks, then in Nancy at the "Ecole centrale" and at the "Société de santé", he left Nancy towards the mid-1798. Staying in Paris for two or three years he probably worked with Fourcroy and perhaps Chaptal and Berthollet. In the early years of the nineteenth century he was appointed professor in the "Ecole centrale" du Calvados" and some years after at the "Faculté des sciences" in Caen. His latest significant work with Gueudeville was devoted to the detection of sugar in the urine of diabetic patients. Retired in 1811 Pierre-François Nicolas died in Caen in 1816.

Chemistry↗
PubMed2000

Structural and behavioural changes in the short term preventive check in the northwest Balkans in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Fertility responded negatively to grain insufficiency (proxied by grain price increases), and mortality responded positively in Croatia-Slavonia-Srem in the 18th and 19th centuries, as in most of Europe. Shifts in the intensity and timing of these responses occurred over time as social and economic structures changed. Shifts in the elasticity of fertility with respect to grain supply inversely mimic and lag changes in the elasticity of mortality. Both appear to be induced by increasing land shortage, the collapse of feudalism, and differences in the patterns of adjustment to post-feudal conditions among former civil and military serfs. Generally, responses are stronger for civil and former civil serfs, who may have been in less favorable economic circumstances than the military. Fertility responses in the year of a price shock come to dominate those in the year following, suggesting a shift from contraception to abortion as economic and social conditions apparently worsened and strategies of control intensified. Analysis of monthly responses supports the conjecture based on the annual responses. The shift to the preventive check and strength of the preventive check in the same year as the price shock is unusual in Europe and beyond. Analysis is based on 25 parishes and employs lagged annual and monthly time series analysis with corrections for autocorrelation, in combination with ethnographic and historical data.

Demography↗