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PubMed2005

Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus genotypes recovered from cases of bovine, ovine, and caprine mastitis.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen in domestic ruminants. The main objective of this study was to determine the similarity of epidemiologically unrelated S. aureus isolates from bovine, ovine, and caprine mastitis. By pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, 160 different pulsotypes (PTs) were identified among 905 isolates recovered from 588 herds in 12 counties in Norway. Based on estimates of similarity, using an 80% cluster cutoff, the isolates were assigned to 47 clusters. One cluster included 62% of all the isolates and more than 45% of the isolates from each host species. Twenty-three PTs included isolates from more than one host species; these 23 PTs represented 72% of all the isolates. The six most prevalent PTs included isolates from all host species and contained 45% of the bovine isolates, 54% of the ovine isolates, and 37% of the caprine isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 373 of the isolates revealed resistance to penicillin in 2.9% and to streptomycin in 2.4%; only 1.9% were resistant to 1 of the other 11 antimicrobials tested. The results of this study suggest that a small number of closely related genotypes are responsible for a great proportion of S. aureus mastitis cases in cows, ewes, and goats in Norway and that these genotypes exhibit little or no host preference among these species. Selection due to antimicrobial resistance appears not to have contributed to the predominance of these genotypes.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Bacterial adherence in mastitis caused by Escherichia coli.

The possible role of bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of experimental mastitis in the mouse was examined with four strains of Escherichia coli. Two of these strains had a known adhesion antigen (K88) and two did not. The K88 antigen did not play a significant role in the virulence or infectivity of E. coli either in the murine or bovine mammary gland. Two E. coli strains, W1 (K88+) and J2 (K88-) were virulent in the mouse but did not adhere to epithelial cells. Both these strains produced clinical mastitis in the cow. A third strain, D282 (K88-), produced mild disease in the mouse but was avirulent in the cow. The fourth strain, 233/ID (K88+), was avirulent in both the mouse and the cow. Strains D282 and 233/1D were killed rapidly by bovine serum whilst J2 and W1 were more resistant. All strains were more sensitive than the control resistant strain E. coli P4, which is known to be highly virulent for the lactating udder.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Technical note: Improved method for rapid DNA extraction of mastitis pathogens directly from milk.

Efficient control against bovine mastitis requires sensitive, rapid, and specific tests to detect and identify the main bacteria that cause heavy losses to the dairy industry. Molecular detection of pathogenic microorganisms is based on DNA amplification of the target pathogen. Therefore, efficient extraction of DNA from pathogenic bacteria is a major step. In this study, we aimed to develop a specific, sensitive, and rapid method to extract DNA directly from the main gram-positive bacteria known to cause bovine mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis) found in milk samples. The DNA extraction method is based on the lysing and nuclease-inactivating properties of the chaotropic agent, guanidinium thiocyanate, together with the nucleic acid-binding properties of the silica particles. An efficient protocol consisting of 6 basic steps (3 of which were done twice) was developed and applied directly to milk samples. Absence of PCR inhibitors and DNA quality were evaluated by PCR amplification of the species-specific DNA sequences of the target bacteria. The level of sensitivity achieved in our experiments is applicable to milk sample analysis without sample enrichment.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Mastitis caused by hemolytic Escherichia coli in the ferret.

Hemolytic Escherichia coli was isolated from the mammary glands of 8 ferrets with gangrenous mastitis. Clinical signs included firm swelling of one or more mammary glands and discoloration of the overlying skin. Peracute disease and acute septicemia were observed, and in some cases the animals rapidly became moribund. Antibiotic therapy alone did not alter the course of the disease. Wide surgical resection of the involved glands in combination with systemic antibiotic therapy (ampicillin 10 mg/kg, BID, and gentamicin 5 mg/kg, SID) was the most successful treatment. Histopathologic changes included extensive edema, hemorrhage, and necrosis, with a mixed leukocytic infiltrate and large numbers of bacteria. The agent of this disease was isolated from rectal swab specimens from clinically normal ferrets as well as ferrets that had mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Granulomatous mastitis secondary to histoplasmosis: report of a case diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

A case of unilateral histoplasmal "granulomatous" mastitis diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is presented. The clinical presentation and mammographic findings were strongly suspicious for carcinoma. FNAB cytology showed a picture of necrotizing granuloma secondary to histoplasmosis. The lesion was treated with surgical excision and appropriate antifungal therapy. The differential diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Strain differentiation of isolates of streptococci from bovine mastitis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was examined as a tool to differentiate strains of streptococci isolated from clinical and sub-clinical cases of bovine mastitis. Analysis of SmaI chromosomal digests of Streptococcus agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae and S. uberis isolates revealed intraherd and interherd strain relationships within each species. Comparison of S. agalactiae isolates from the same herd revealed little variability in their SmaI restriction patterns indicating a single strain originating from a common source of infection. However, comparison of S. agalactiae isolates between herds showed that each herd was infected with a distinct strain. The restriction profiles from S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae and S. uberis were more diverse and often multiple strains of both species were present within an individual herd, with some herds containing more than one representative of a particular strain. Interestingly, it was only observed with S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae that some strains were present in more than one herd. PFGE was found to be a useful and reproducible method for the discrimination of different strains of the three most important species of streptococci responsible for bovine mastitis and to offer a means to identify environmental sources of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Binding of bovine fibronectin to mastitis-causing Streptococcus agalactiae induces adherence to solid substrate but not phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear cells.

Streptococcus agalactiae is frequently associated with mastitis in cattle, and fibronectin is a host protein which interferes with infection, particularly at mucosal sites. The binding of bovine fibronectin to S. agalactiae was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Binding was time-dependent and dose-dependent. Most of the strains tested showed low ELISA activity, but some strains (six out of 17) had much higher activity. The highest-binding strains of S. agalactiae were able to adhere to bovine fibronectin-coated polystyrene. Adherence was inhibited by arginine or gelatin, but was slightly favored by soluble fibronectin. Fibronectin did not contribute to the opsonization (deposition of complement C3) and phagocytosis of the strain which bound the highest amount of fibronectin, even when polymorphonuclear cells were activated with serum-derived chemotaxin (C5a). These data suggest that fibronectin might promote tissue adherence but not phagocytosis of S. agalactiae in the mastitis process.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Hemagglutination by Staphylococcus aureus strains responsible for human bacteremia or bovine mastitis.

Although hemagglutination by Staphylococcus aureus has been associated with the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis, this trait has not been characterized with regard to human disease. In this study, the prevalence of hemagglutination in 100 strains of S. aureus responsible for bovine mastitis or human bacteremia, was characterized. Under optimum conditions hemagglutination was noted in 23% of the bovine strains, but only 13% of human strains, leading us to conclude that this trait is not a significant virulence determinant in human systemic infection. Additional studies indicate the hemagglutinin of S. aureus strains responsible for human bacteremia is proteinaceous in character.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Granulomatous mastitis diagnosed and followed up by fine-needle aspiration cytology, and successfully treated by corticosteroid therapy: report of a case.

A 36-year-old woman presented to our hospital with a rapidly growing lump in her left breast. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of the mass revealed many epithelioid cells admixed with multinucleated Langhans-type giant cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and stromal cells, leading to a diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis. This report describes the clinical course of this patient in whom granulomatous mastitis was successfully treated with corticosteroid therapy. Special reference is made to the usefulness of FNA cytology in the diagnosis and follow-up of this disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The kinetics of inflammation and phagocytosis during bovine mastitis induced by Streptococcus agalactiae bearing the protein X.

The protein X of Streptococcus agalactiae is a surface antigen borne by a high proportion of strains isolated from bovine mastitis. We have tested the capacity of two strains of X-bearing Streptococcus agalactiae to induce mastitis in dairy cows. The reference X-strain (411.07) produced an intramammary infection with local clinical signs in the three inoculated quarters. Another X-bearing strain (443.31) of bovine origin produced infection in all 11 quarters inoculated with only 25 or 85 colony-forming units. In naive cows, strain 433.31 induced less exudation of plasma into the milk, shedding of bacteria, macroscopic alteration, and a lower somatic cell count (SCC) than did the reference strain. Only one quarter spontaneously eliminated the infection before antibiotic treatment 9 days after inoculation. The serum of all the cows contained naturally acquired or induced antibodies to the challenge strain (443.31) and possessed opsonic activity. Before inflammation occurred, the milk was almost devoid of antibody or opsonic activities. The early phase of infection was characterized by rapid multiplication of streptococci in the milk, followed by a sharp drop in bacterial counts concomitant with the onset of inflammation. Three cows immunized with protein X displayed higher SCC and bactericidal activity in milk from the inoculated quarter at the onset of inflammation than non-immunized cows. Two of the three immunized cows underwent an early and transient febrile episode and eliminated the infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Milk prostaglandins and electrical conductivity in bovine mastitis.

Prostaglandin (PG) levels in milk samples from healthy and mastitic cows were determined by radioimmunoassay. In composite milk the PG levels were rather high both in healthy and mastitic samples, and the only significant difference was in thromboxane B2 (TXB). In quarter milk samples classified according to the degree of mastitis by use of somatic cell counts, PGE2 was 40, PGF2 alpha 15, and TXB2 44 per cent higher respectively in affected samples. PG levels were in good correlation with somatic cell counts (r = 0.63-0.68, p less than 0.01) and electrical conductivity (r = 0.36-0.52, p less than 0.01), two established criteria for diagnosis of mastitis. PGE2 also correlated with protein, TXB2 with fat content. PGF 2 alpha was in a negative correlation with milk yield. The good correlation of PGs with somatic cell counts and electrical conductivity suggests that PGs might be used as markers of mastitic inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Survey of bovine mycotic mastitis in dairy herds in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

The purpose of this study was to isolate fungi from the quarter milk of cow udders from several dairy herds and to identify the different genera and species involved in mastitis. A total of 2078 milk samples from normal, clinical and subclinical mastitis quarters from 22 dairy herds of 16 districts in the State of São Paulo, Brazil was utilized in this survey. Two hundred and fifty one (12.07%) fungi were isolated from the samples. Two hundred and eight of these (82.86%) were yeasts and 30 (11.95%) were moulds. The fungi were isolated in pure culture (24.77%) or in cultures mixed with bacteria (72.22%). The yeasts isolated were: Cryptococcus spp. (71 strains), Rhodotorula spp. (40), Candida spp. (68), Trichosporon cutaneum (21), Aureobasidium pullulans (7), and Pichia ohmeri (1). Moulds classified in following genera were also isolated: Aspergillus (3), Penicillium (3), Alternaria (3), Phoma (3), Epicoccum (2), and Geotrichum (16).

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocyte function in clinical bovine patients and in cows with or without Staphylococcus aureus mastitis.

A fluorochrome microassay was used to investigate peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function in cattle. Glass-adherent PMNL were reacted with Staphylococcus aureus preincubated in 20% bovine serum for 30, 60 and 90 min. Coverslips were stained with acridine orange (AO) followed by crystal violet to quench extracellular bacterial fluorescence. PMNL function was evaluated by counting the number of dead (stained red with AO) and live (stained green with AO) S. aureus contained within 100 PMNL. A phagocytic index was calculated as the average number of bacteria contained within PMNL. The percentage killing of S. aureus was calculated from the average proportion of S. aureus within PMNL that were dead. Six clinically normal Holstein calves, 3-4 months of age, were sampled on 6 consecutive days. PMNL phagocytosis and killing did not vary significantly (p greater than 0.05) among repeated samplings per calf. PMNL function increased with increasing time of incubation of PMNL with S. aureus. Means (+/- SD) for percentage killing were 46.7 +/- 13.1, 57.4 +/- 11.6, and 62.1 +/- 9.8% for 30, 60 and 90 min of reaction, respectively. Means (+/- SD) for the phagocytic index were 2.9 +/- 0.8, 3.6 +/- 1.0, and 4.2 +/- 1.1 bacteria/PMNL for 30, 60 and 90 min of reaction, respectively. PMNL function was determined in 30 normal cattle of various breeds, age and sex, and these values were pooled to provide normal values for PMNL function. When values for bovine clinical patients (n = 25) with various diagnoses were compared with normal values (defined by the mean +/- 2SD for the 30 normal cattle) for PMNL function, only one patient was observed to exhibit PMNL hypofunction. A cow with disseminated intravascular coagulation in association with peracute coliform mastitis exhibited decreased PMNL killing capacity. Abnormal PMNL function was uncommon in the hospital population studied. Peripheral blood PMNL function was evaluated in lactating Holstein cows with (n = 15) or without (n = 15) chronic subclinical S. aureus mastitis. There was no significant (p greater than 0.05) difference in PMNL function among these cows.

Acridine Orange↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of milk antitrypsin, albumin, n-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, somatic cells and bacteriological analysis as indicators of bovine subclinical mastitis.

Thirty-two quarters, five of which harbored subclinical mastitis, were examined daily for one month. The usefulness of milk antitrypsin, BSA (bovine serum albumin), NAGase, somatic cells and bacteriological analysis in differentiating the inflamed quarters from the healthy control quarters was analysed. Inter-quarter evaluation clearly improved each indirect mastitis parameter; NAGase and antitrypsin were better indicators of differences between infected and non-infected quarters than BSA or the somatic cell count.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1985

Mastitis in Camelus dromedarius in Saudi Arabia.

The correlation between camels' milk samples collected from abnormal inflamed udders and samples positive in the California Mastitis Test (CMT) was +0.803 (P less than 0.01). The bacterial count ranges of milk samples differed significantly (P less than 0.05) for those with a negative CMT and those with a positive CMT. Infection with many but not all bacterial species was associated with positive CMT results. The highest percentage of camel milk samples was included in the bacterial count range of 3.0 x 10(2) to 3.0 x 10(3) cfu/ml rather than in the greater than 3.0 x 10(3) cfu/ml range for most of the bacterial species. The most predominant bacterial isolates were Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. followed by eight other flora. Chloramphenicol was the most effective antimicrobial agent of six tested against 118 bacterial isolates. Preliminary observations are made on chemotherapy of mastitis cases in camels.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

National survey of clinical and subclinical mastitis in Jamaican dairy herds, 1985-1986.

Between April 1985 and August 1986, 89 Jamaican dairy herds with 10 or more cows were visited, 1,645 lactating cows were examined using the CMT test and 254 composite milk samples collected for bacteriological examination. Widespread management faults were noted, especially of milking machine usage and maintenance and the abuse of antibiotics. Fifty-six per cent of all quarters were found to have CMT scores of one or higher, 0.8% showed clinical mastitis and 3.2% were blind. The most common bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, was recovered from 31% of sampled cows. The resultant milk loss from clinical and subclinical mastitis was estimated to be 20% of the potential national production.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Granulomatous mastitis diagnosed by core-needle biopsy and successfully treated with corticosteroid therapy: a case report.

A 46-year-old woman presented to our hospital with a rapidly growing lump in her right breast. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and core needle biopsy of the mass revealed many epithelioid cells admixed with multinucleated Langhans-type giant cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and stromal cells, leading to a diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis. Mammography and ultrasonography provided little information for differentiating between granulomatous mastitis and carcinoma. This patient was successfully treated with low dose and short period of corticosteroid therapy.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed2003

Chronic granulomatous mastitis: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.

To review the clinical presentation, histopathological features, and optimal treatment of chronic granulomatous mastitis, the authors conducted a retrospective study of 25 women admitted to a teaching hospital in Malaysia between January 1998 and December 2000 who met the required histologic criteria. The primary outcome measures were morbidity and recurrence of the disease. Thirteen patients presented with a breast mass clinically mimicking breast cancer, and 12 patients had breast induration and abscess formation. In addition, 8 of these patients had recurrent breast disease. Clinical and imaging diagnosis has often been difficult and inconclusive, so histopathology remains the optimal diagnostic tool. Of interest, 50% of patients experience recurrences, and long-term follow-up is therefore necessary. The authors concluded that, because chronic granulomatous mastitis is a rare benign breast condition that may be misdiagnosed as breast carcinoma, complete resection should be accomplished whenever possible. Steroid therapy may be an adjuvant for optimal treatment. Awareness among surgeons and pathologists should also be emphasized to avoid unnecessary misdiagnosis and treatment.

Adult↗