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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Genotype X environment interaction in Hereford cattle: IV. Postweaning traits of bulls.

Genotype X environment interactions for postweaning performance traits of bulls produced by different lines of Hereford cattle were investigated in the contrasting environments of Miles City, Montana and Brooksville, Florida. During Phase 1 of the study (1966 to 1973), the performance of bull progeny from two unrelated lines (M1 and F6 previously developed in Montana and Florida, respectively) was compared at each of the two experimental sites. During Phase 2 (1967 to 1974), performance of bulls from two related lines (M1 of Montana origin and F4 derived from an M1 foundation through selection in Florida) was compared at each of the two locations. The line X location interaction effect in Phase 1 was highly significant for weaning weights and average daily gain during the postweaning test, and for end-of-test weight, conformation score, condition score and forecannon circumference. The interaction effect in Phase 2 was highly significant for 205-d and end-of-test weights and significant for all other traits except end-of-test conformation score. These results, consistent with results for traits covered in other papers of the same series (reproductive traits, birth-to-weaning traits of bull and heifer calves combined, and postweaning traits of heifers), indicated the existence of economically important genotype X environment interactions in beef cattle. Results from the series of papers indicated that adaptation to local environment should receive consideration in planning breeding programs, performance tests and interregional transfers of beef cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Rehabilitation of chronic schizophrenics in a developing country.

Mental health services in Pakistan, as in most developing countries, have not advanced beyond elementary level. Considering the population size, there are few beds in psychiatric wards or hospitals for those in need, and little, if any, opportunity for mentally ill individuals to receive aid and assistance in the community. One model which provides a comprehensive array of services for chronic mental patients in the community is known as the 'Clubhouse'. Since 1971, Fountain House has provided social, vocational, and residential services to chronic schizophrenics in Lahore, based on the concept of mental patients as members of a club receiving self-help through mutual cooperation. Equally basic to the model is the concept of family structure. Based on 14 years of experience, it has been found that the Clubhouse model can be initiated, grow, and thrive in a developing country. Essential to this process has been full involvement of the community. The model can be fully incorporated with adaptations reflecting local conditions and circumstances in other developing countries.

Community Mental Health Centers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Terminology support for development of sharable knowledge modules.

Lack of an agreed infrastructure for terminology is identified as one of the major barriers to interchange of knowledge modules and integration of knowledge bases with other clinical information systems. The goal of the GALEN project is to bridge this gap between different terminology systems through the construction of a terminology server, which is based on a rich conceptual model with mapping facilities to natural language expressions and coding schemas. The long term goal is to support communication between medical information systems. Arden Syntax is a standard format for the creation of knowledge modules, with sharability as one of the main objectives. Since Arden Syntax is based on a data-driven approach, the data items used need to be adapted to locally available terminology. The GALEN approach appears to be complementary to Arden Syntax and to the development of sharable knowledge modules. The major theme of this paper is utilization of the GALEN terminology server for knowledge module authoring. Two systems are presented, a knowledge base manager and a client to the terminology server, allowing the user to navigate in the semantic network and to import concept definitions and terms into the knowledge modules. The benefit of the terminology server, allowing the user to navigate in the semantic network and to import concept definitions and terms into the knowledge modules. The benefit of the terminology services is discussed.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1998

Bonamia-like parasite found in the Suminoe oyster Crassostrea rivularis reared in France.

Considering the economic importance of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas to the French shellfish industry, the appearance of major diseases in this species could cause dramatic decreases in production. Suminoe oysters, of the non-indigenous species Crassostrea rivularis (Gould), were introduced into France to test their ability to adapt to local conditions. These oysters were imported after careful examination, and were maintained in laboratory quarantine. Some mortalities occurred 7 mo after importation. Histological and electron microscope examinations of 9 dead specimens revealed a parasite presumed to be a Bonamia-like protozoan. This is the first report concerning a parasite of the genus Bonamia in a species belonging to the genus Crassostrea. Thus, C. rivularis is not considered to be a suitable substitute for C. gigas in France.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Culture and serologic survey for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection among southeastern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

From July 1998 through October 2002, radiometric culture (ileocecal lymph node, mesenteric lymph node, and feces) and serologic testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to survey white-tailed deer (Odocoilens virgianus) from the soutlheastern United States for infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mptb), the causative agent of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was isolated from the ileocecal lymph node of one of 313 deer (0.3%) originating from 63 populations in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia (USA). Six deer (2%), all from different populations, had ELISA results above a 0.25 sample-to-positive cutoff value, but none of the ELISA reactors originated from the population from which the single Mptb isolation was made. These six deer were seronegative when tested by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID). Collectively, these data indicate that white-tailed deer currently do not constitute a broad regional reservoir for Mptb; however, further study is warranted to clarify the significance, if any, of infected deer to the epizootiology of paratuberculosis on a local scale. Adaptation and validation of an ELISA or another serologic assay for use with deer and other wildlife would markedly enhance Mptb surveillanece among wild populations and would be a powerful tool for gaining information on the role of wild species in epidemiology of paratuberculosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Making sense of clinical guidelines.

In a companion article to their paper on clinical effectiveness (McClarey and Duff 1997), the authors discuss the issues surrounding clinical guidelines. How they are developed and how they can be adapted to local practice are described to allow practitioners to base their practice on the most up-to-date research evidence.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed1990

Education for primary nursing.

It is argued in this paper that since practice is context bound, there can be no 'blueprint' offered through a formal educational programme for primary nursing. It is suggested that what may be needed is support on a much broader basis to help nurses to move from the relative safety of traditional approaches to work to the much riskier independent professional model of practice implicit in primary nursing. Three key areas have been identified which could be incorporated within an educational programme, namely development of self as an independent practitioner with the requisite skills of self-directed learning, the ability to accept responsibility discriminatingly and to account for practice through a well-established knowledge base; development of interpersonal skills required for the close personal nurse/client relationships required of primary nurses alongside appropriate support mechanisms; an understanding of the context in which practice occurs in order that the broad principles of primary nursing can be adapted to local needs. In this way, people may be helped to move from a dependency on central control and decision-making to become independent creative practitioners who are able to develop a local organisational model which suits their personal situation.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving care for patients with sexually transmitted infections in South Africa.

AIM: To assess the quality of integrated sexually transmitted infection (STI) services in primary health care. METHOD: A two-page questionnaire, in collaboration with district health service supervisors, was developed to assess the quality of care and health services for STIs in individual clinics. RESULTS: The data suggest that the quality-assessment instrument used has the potential to promote the improvement of STI care delivery at district and clinic levels. CONCLUSION: The quality-assessment instrument proved easy to use, can be adapted to local requirements and is appropriate for use in developing countries. The authors maintain that using this instrument in various district clinics could help supervisors identify the main impediments to the delivery of high quality services, and give them a platform from which to set priorities in training, infrastructure, equipment and supplies.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1998

[Definition and evaluation of therapeutic food for severely malnourished children in situations of humanitarian emergencies].

Nowadays, median case fatality rate of severely malnourished children treated in hospitals is 23.5%, a rate which has not changed for the last 50 years. This is probably related to the use of inappropriate or even unsafe treatment protocols. This work aimed at reducing case fatality rates of severe malnutrition by developing a treatment protocol and assessing its effectiveness during humanitarian crises. A therapeutic food was designed from pathophysiologic studies and its use adapted to therapeutic feeding centres. This food (F100) contains 100 Kcal/100 ml, with 10% of its energy derived from proteins; it has a low sodium and iron content but is fortified with vitamins and minerals. It can be prepared either at the treatment centre or at an industrial level. Industrial production, which started in 1993 reached 1,500 MT in 1997. In refugee camps, F100 was used according to a strict protocol adapted to local conditions. Intakes started at 100 Kcal/kg/day and reached 200 kcal/kg/day once appetite was restored. A model to assess the risk of death according to weight, height and oedema was developed. First results show that mortality was often below 5%. Hence, it is possible to standardise and evaluate a nutritional treatment in such unfavourable conditions as a refugee camp. Standardised use of F100 can markedly reduce mortality of severely malnourished children.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A study on suicide in Asturias: increase of the frequency in the last two decades].

INTRODUCTION: The suicide is actually a significant public health issue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present work studies the mortality rates by suicide registered in Asturias between the years 1975 and 1994, being based on the data published by National Statistics Institute. RESULTS: The average annual suicide rate of the period was of 10.75 per 100,000 inhabitants, with a proportion man/woman of 2.3/1. The suicide rate increases with the age, so that the suicides of people older than 70 years meant 27% of the total of suicides in man and 36% of the total in women. A gradual increase of the phenomenon was evidenced in the temporary analysis, the standardized average annual rate went from 7.51 in 1974 to 12.91 in 1994. The annual rates increased in all the groups of age, but especially in young men and women in the decade of 40. The most used method of suicide was hanging, followed by throwing and immersion. It was evidenced a temporary trend to the increase of suicides by poisoning, shot by gun and throwing from a high place. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The raise of suicide rates could be influenced by sociological factors, desinstitutionalization in mental health and accessibility to suicide methods. It is important to design prevention programs adapted to local characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Compensatory antioxidant activity in blood of women whose pregnancy is complicated by cigarette smoking].

In pregnancy complicated by the cigarette smoking the risk of oxidative damage depends not only on the amount of physiologically enhanced free oxygen species but may be affected by intoxication with tobacco smoke radicals. In the presented studies oxidative damage was estimated through measurement of lipid peroxidation, level of total antioxidant activity and selected antioxidants in plasma and erythrocytes of non-smoking and smoking pregnant women. No differences were found between those two groups in the level of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity. Plasma concentration of vitamin A was lower by 15% in smoking than in non-smoking women but vitamin E level did not change. In erythrocytes of the smoking group, concentration of reduced glutathione was 35% higher than in the non-smoking group but activity of glutathione peroxidase and concentration of vitamin E were the same. The observed changes indicate that protection of erythrocytes against free radicals may be sufficient to prevent lipid peroxidation and may manifest local and adaptive response of metabolism for tobacco smoking by pregnant women.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Replicating effective programs: HIV/AIDS prevention technology transfer.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) works to prevent HIV infection in collaboration with community and state partners. CDC is identifying effective interventions from the research literature and disseminating these interventions to its prevention partners. This article presents the methods used by CDC scientists and original intervention researchers in CDC's Replicating Effective Programs (REP) project to (a) translate some HIV prevention behavioral intervention research into materials with enough detail and clarity that state and community partners can select and implement effective interventions and (b) transfer and support these technologies so that they can be implemented successfully. The experience of the REP project indicates that technology transfer is complex. Interventions need to be adapted to local circumstances. Prevention partners need written materials, training, and technical assistance. Researchers need to collaborate with prevention program providers to develop interventions that are feasible for prevention partners to conduct.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed2000

[Obesity: epidemiology and public health].

Obesity is currently the most frequent nutritional disease in the world. In France, the prevalence of obesity is 8 to 10% of the adult population. This prevalence is increasing among children and adolescents. The World Health Organization considers that the current epidemic justifies prevention and management strategies adapted to local situations. "Recommendations for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of obesity" have been developed in France.

Body Composition↗
PubMed2000

Design, implementation and evaluation of a clinical decision support system to prevent adverse drug events.

Adverse drug events are known to be a major health problem worldwide. It is estimated that the annual costs related to these events in the United States are greater than the total costs with cardiovascular disease care. Decision support systems that assist drug ordering have demonstrated to be a powerful tool to prevent prescription errors and adverse drug events. On the other hand, some issues related to the development, implementation, configuration, and evaluation of these decision support systems still need further research. This paper presents the development and evaluation of a decision support system prototype that helps with the prevention of adverse drug events by detecting drug-drug interactions in drug orders. The structure of the system tries to solve some of the problems described by the literature, such as integration with hospital information systems, adaptability to local needs, and knowledge base maintenance. The proposed model has shown to be an effective method for representing drug-drug interactions. The prototype was evaluated by a retrospective study using a dataset with 37.237 prescriptions. The system was able to detect 10.044 (27.0%) orders containing one or more drug-drug interactions. Among these interactions, 6.4% had high severity. In a future study, it is intended to apply the developed system in a real-time on-line environment, evaluating the benefits achieved in terms of improvement in medical practice and patient outcomes.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed2000

[Tumorigenesis after intra-portal pancreatic islet transplantation in diabetic rats].

In a novel model of hepatocarcinogenesis, a low number of isologous pancreatic islets were transplanted via the portal veins into the livers of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The number of islets is chosen so low, that the diabetic state is only ameliorated by the islet transplantation. The permanent high blood glucose stimulates the beta-cells of the islet transplants to permanent maximal synthesis and secretion of insulin which causes hyper-insulinemia in the liver acini downstream of the transplants. The hepatocytes of these acini show alterations which are typical for insulin effects but also for glycogen storing foci of altered hepatocytes induced by different protocols of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in different species, and which are also found in human preneoplastic liver foci. Indeed, the altered hepatocytes after low-number islet transplantation proceeded in long-term experiments to hepatocellular adenomas and hepatocellular carcinomas. Hyperplasia of islet cells developed in the transplanted islets, as a consequence of hyperglycemia which for the beta cells is not only a secretory, but also a proliferative stimulus. Six out of 33 animals between the 18th and the 24th month after islet transplantation changed from hyperglycemia to severe hypoglycemia, due to insulinomas which had developed in the liver from the transplanted islets. Development of hepatocellular tumors as well as insulinomas start in this model with alterations, which have been shown to be of preneoplastic nature. They can be understood as local pathological adaptative phenomena without the postulate of a primary genetic damage.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Guidelines for treatment of neonatal jaundice. Is there a place for evidence-based medicine?

UNLABELLED: Treatment of neonatal jaundice continues to be a controversial issue. Arguments that traditional practice results in over-treatment have led to the adoption of more liberal guidelines in some countries. The importation of liberal guidelines from one country to the next, however, is fraught with danger, because differences in epidemiology, sociology and healthcare delivery systems between countries may not be adequately reflected. The unreflected extension of liberalization to non-target groups of patients can expose the latter to significant risk. It is not clear that the evidence on which guidelines for treatment of neonatal jaundice are based satisfy the requirements for evidence-based medicine. Evidence of adequate quality may be hard to obtain. CONCLUSIONS: Introduction of more liberal guidelines for the treatment of neonatal jaundice, if at all contemplated, must be adapted to local circumstances, and any available evidence pertaining to local epidemiology, sociology and healthcare organization has to be carefully weighed and incorporated. The time is ripe for a joint international effort to secure adequate funding for basic and applied research within the mechanisms of bilirubin encephalopathy in the newborn.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed2003

A flowchart for managing sexually transmitted infections among Nigerian adolescent females.

OBJECTIVE: To devise a flowchart suitable for assessing risk of trichomoniasis, chlamydia and gonorrhoea in an adolescent population, not all of whom will be sexually experienced or currently in a relationship. METHODS: The data used to derive the flowchart were generated from cross-sectional microbiological surveys of girls aged 14-19 years in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The flowchart screened on the basis of: (i) sexual experience; (ii) recent sexual activity; (iii) a positive urine leukocyte esterase (LE) test; and (iv) among LE negatives, a history of malodorous/pruritic discharge. FINDINGS: Using this flowchart, we found that 26.2% of all adolescents screened would receive treatment for cervicitis and vaginitis. Chlamydial, gonococcal, and trichomonal infections were correctly diagnosed in 37.5%, 66.7%, and 50% of the cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although the flowchart is more suitable for an adolescent population than the vaginal discharge algorithm used in syndromic management protocols, it still lacks precision and needs adapting to local settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Ultrastructural changes of arterial wall from different body parts of rats during simulated weightlessness].

OBJECTIVE: To test the nature of remodeling of arteries in different body parts in adapting to local hemodynamic changes induced by tail-suspension. METHOD: Ultrastructural changes of hindlimb and cerebral arteries from 4-wk tail-suspended (SUS-4), 1-wk recovered (REC-1), and control (CON) rats were studied by transmission electron microscopy. RESULT: For the hindquarter arteries, like the femoral artery and anterior tibial artery, there were fewer smooth muscle layers, less myofilaments in the smooth muscle cell (SMC), and more intercellular substance in SUS-4 group than in CON group. After 1-wk recovery, the internal elastic lamina of the arteries thickened, the amount of myofilaments in SMC increased, the content of intercellular substance restored, and neoformative SMCs emerged under the endothelium. With respect to arteries in the neck region and the brain, like the common carotid artery and basilar artery, SMCs of contractile phenotype were converted to that of synthetic phenotype, and migration and hyperplasia of SMCs also happened. After 1-wk recovery all these alterations were somewhat restored. CONCLUSION: It provided further evidence that peripheral effector mechanism might play an important role in the genesis of postflight orthostatic intolerance.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗