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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Costenbader lecture. Anatomy and surgery of the inferior oblique muscle: recent findings.

BACKGROUND: Surgery of the inferior oblique muscle (IO) has undergone significant changes in the past 160 years. Many investigators have contributed to our understanding of the action of this muscle and to the surgical options that have developed. This article reviews the history of IO surgery with particular emphasis on the anterior transposition procedure. METHODS: Anatomic and physiologic studies on the neurofibrovascular bundle of the IO are presented. RESULTS: The ligamentous structure of the neurofibrovascular bundle of the IO provides the ancillary origin for the posterior temporal fibers of the IO when its insertion is transposed anteriorly. DISCUSSION: Recent anatomic findings have helped explain the effects of the anterior transposition procedure and allow further development of our surgical armamentarium for vertical strabismus problems. Further nasal transposition of that insertion should reduce or eliminate the incidence of the antielevation syndrome. If transposed far nasally, the IO could convert to an intorter, as well as to an antielevator and tonic depressor.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Founders' Lecture. Human spermatozoa: fruits of creation, seeds of doubt.

Deoxyribonucleic acid damage in the male germline is associated with defective fertilisation, impaired embryonic development, reduced implantation, abortion and childhood disease. Oxidative stress and the retention of excess residual cytoplasm by the spermatozoa are frequently associated with the induction of such damage. The redox cycling of xenobiotics by oxido-reductases in the germline, the patient's age, the incidence of genital tract infections and Sertoli cell dysfunction are all possible contributors to DNA damage in germ cells. Collateral peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the sperm plasma membrane generally ensures that spermatozoa experiencing severe oxidative DNA damage cannot participate in the process of fertilisation. The adaptive termination of pregnancy through the selective vulnerability of genes involved in placentation may also help prevent the vertical transmission of damaged DNA. However, the ultimate safeguard against this form of damage will be to understand the biochemical basis of oxidative stress in human spermatozoa, so that the underlying causative mechanisms can be addressed in a logical manner.

Chromosome Deletion↗
PubMed2006

Meat and Livestock Association Plenary Lecture 2005. Oocyte signalling molecules and their effects on reproduction in ruminants.

Sheep (Ovis aries) are a highly diverse species, with more than 900 different breeds that vary significantly in their physiological characteristics, including ovulation rate and fecundity. From examination of inherited patterns of ovulation rate, several breeds have been identified with point mutations in two growth factor genes that are expressed in oocytes. Currently, five different point mutations have been identified in the BMP15 (GDF9b) gene and one in GDF9. Animals heterozygous for the GDF9 and/or the BMP15 mutations have higher ovulation rates than their wild-type counterparts. In contrast, those homozygous for any of the aforementioned BMP15 or GDF9 mutations are sterile owing to arrested follicular development. In bovine and ovine ovaries, GDF9 was expressed exclusively in oocytes throughout follicular growth from the primordial stage of development, whereas in sheep BMP15 was expressed exclusively in oocytes from the primary stage: no data for the ontogeny of BMP15 expression are currently available for cattle. In vitro, ovine growth differentiation factor 9 (oGDF9) has no effect on (3)H-thymidine incorporation by either bovine or ovine granulosa cells, whereas ovine bone morphogenetic protein 15 (oBMP15) has modest (1.2- to 1.6-fold; P < 0.05) stimulatory effects. Ovine GDF9 or oBMP15 alone inhibited progesterone production by bovine granulosa cells, whereas in ovine cells only oGDF9 was inhibitory. The effects of oGDF9 and oBMP15 together were often cooperative and not always the same as those observed for each factor alone. Active immunisation of ewes with BMP15 and/or GDF9 peptides affected ovarian follicular development and ovulation rate. Depending on the GDF9 and/or BMP15 vaccine formulation, ovulation rate was either increased or suppressed. A primary and single booster immunisation of ewes with a BMP15 peptide in a water-based adjuvant has led to 19-40% increases in lambs born per ewe lambing. Collectively, the evidence suggests that oocyte signalling molecules have profound effects on reproduction in mammals, including rodents, humans and ruminants. Moreover, in vivo manipulation of these oocyte signalling molecules provides new opportunities for the management of the fertility of ruminants.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Society for Reproductive Biology Founders' Lecture 2006 - life in the pouch: womb with a view.

Marsupials give birth to an undeveloped altricial young after a relatively short gestation period, but have a long and sophisticated lactation with the young usually developing in a pouch. Their viviparous mode of reproduction trades placentation for lactation, exchanging the umbilical cord for the teat. The special adaptations that marsupials have developed provide us with unique insights into the evolution of all mammalian reproduction. Marsupials hold many mammalian reproductive 'records', for example they have the shortest known gestation but the longest embryonic diapause, the smallest neonate but the longest sperm. They have contributed to our knowledge of many mammalian reproductive events including embryonic diapause and development, birth behaviour, sex determination, sexual differentiation, lactation and seasonal breeding. Because marsupials have been genetically isolated from eutherian mammals for over 125 million years, sequencing of the genome of two marsupial species has made comparative genomic biology an exciting and important new area of investigation. This review will show how the study of marsupials has widened our understanding of mammalian reproduction and development, highlighting some mechanisms that are so fundamental that they are shared by all today's marsupial and eutherian mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Infantile and childhood retinal blindness: a molecular perspective (The Franceschetti Lecture).

Much progress has been made in the past five years in the understanding of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and allied early-onset retinal dystrophies, various forms of stationary sensory retinal blindness, and genes that are involved in the development of the retina. Uncomplicated Leber congenital amaurosis has been associated with mutations of six genes: GUCY2D (encoding RetGC-1) at 17p13.1, RPE65 at 1q31, CRX at 19q13.3, AIPLI at 17p13.1, CRB1 at 1q31-3, and RPGRIP at 14q11. A similar early-onset severe retinal degeneration phenotype has been associated with mutation of TULP1 at 6p21.3. Leber appreciated that the condition he described merged with the phenotypes of early childhood-onset severe retinal degenerations. This insight has been confirmed at the molecular level for mutations of GUCY2D, RPE65, CRX, AIPL1, and CRB1, which cause not only LCA, but also early-childhood and even adult-onset retinal degenerations. This paper reviews the new finding of LCA from mutations of CRB1 and discusses the molecular basis of X-linked blue monochromacy, autosomal recessive congenital achromatopsia from mutations of the genes for ACHM2 (CNGA3) and ACHM3 (CNGB3), X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) from mutations of CACNA1F (incomplete CSNB) and NYX (complete CSNB), and the enhanced S-cone syndrome from mutation of the developmental gene, NR2E3 at 15q23, which appears to regulate the development of M- and L-cones from S-cones. These discoveries have opened new areas of cellular and developmental biology for future research into the causes of retinal blindness.

Blindness↗
PubMed2002

The Boyd Orr lecture. Nutrition interventions in aging and age-associated disease.

Aging is a complex biological process, which usually is accompanied by changes in socio-economic status, which may have a great impact on the physical and nutritional status of the elderly. Decreased food intake and a sedentary lifestyle in the growing numbers of the elderly increase their risk for malnutrition, decline of bodily functions and developing chronic diseases. Oxidative stress is believed to be an important factor in aging and many age-associated degenerative diseases. Modulation of oxidative stress by energy restriction in animals has been shown to be one of the mechanisms for retarding the aging process. Dietary antioxidants are regarded as being important in modulating oxidative stress of aging and age-associated diseases. Supplementation of the elderly with vitamin E has been shown to enhance immune response, delay onset of Alzheimer's disease, and increase resistance to oxidative injury associated with exercise. Vitamin E, in comparison with other antioxidants, is also effective in reducing viral titres, but not the longevity of middle-aged mice. Our studies have indicated that polyphenols or vitamin E may assist in preventing cardiovascular disease, in part by decreasing expression by endothelial cells of proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and monocyte adhesion. Most recently, we have found that some of these antioxidants may prevent tumour growth by inhibiting angiogenesis via suppression of interleukin 8 and modulation of the cell junction molecule, VE-cadherin. These findings provide further support for the consumption of fruit and vegetables, which contain several forms of phytochemicals with antioxidant activity, in order to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among the elderly.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Nutrition Society Medal lecture. The role of the skeleton in acid-base homeostasis.

Nutritional strategies for optimising bone health throughout the life cycle are extremely important, since a dietary approach is more popular amongst osteoporosis sufferers than drug intervention, and long-term drug treatment compliance is relatively poor. As an exogenous factor, nutrition is amenable to change and has relevant public health implications. With the growing increase in life expectancy, hip fractures are predicted to rise dramatically in the next decade, and hence there is an urgent need for the implementation of public health strategies to target prevention of poor skeletal health on a population-wide basis. The role that the skeleton plays in acid-base homeostasis has been gaining increasing prominence in the literature; with theoretical considerations of the role alkaline bone mineral may play in the defence against acidosis dating as far back as the late 19th century. Natural, pathological and experimental states of acid loading and/or acidosis have been associated with hypercalciuria and negative Ca balance and, more recently, the detrimental effects of 'acid' from the diet on bone mineral have been demonstrated. At the cellular level, a reduction in extracellular pH has been shown to have a direct enhancement on osteoclastic activity, with the result of increased resorption pit formation in bone. A number of observational, experimental, clinical and intervention studies over the last decade have suggested a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and the skeleton. Further research is required, particularly with regard to the influence of dietary manipulation using alkali-forming foods on fracture prevention. Should the findings prove conclusive, a 'fruit and vegetable' approach to bone health maintenance may provide a very sensible (and natural) alternative therapy for osteoporosis treatment, which is likely to have numerous additional health-related benefits.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2002

Gordon memorial lecture. Poultry welfare: science or subjectivity?

1. Most people in the developed world agree on what 'animal welfare' is, although it is impossible to give it a precise scientific definition. 2. The argument is made that animal welfare is all to do with the feelings of animals and not the primary needs that these feeling have evolved to protect. 3. Acceptance of subjective feelings as a legitimate subject for scientific investigation has a long and well-established history in science. This acceptance was interrupted by the rise of Behaviorism in the 20th century, but now seems to be re-established. 4. Subjective feelings cannot be studied directly. However, in the animal welfare debate, indirect evidence on feelings is extremely useful, and methods for obtaining this indirect evidence are described. 5. The poultry species are capable of feeling several states of suffering including fear, frustration and pain. A start has been made to elucidate these states and the conditions that cause them, but much remains to be done. Recent evidence suggests that the poultry species may also be capable of experiencing pleasure. 6. It is concluded that, although poultry welfare is all to do with the subjective feelings of the birds, it is possible to be objective and scientific about these feelings. Investigation into poultry welfare, therefore, really is science rather than subjectivity.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

Gordon Memorial Lecture. Chicken anaemia virus--a glimpse of the future?

This paper uses background information about chicken anaemia virus as a guide to how the study and control of virus diseases of poultry may develop in the future. It is predicted that "new' viruses will be discovered in poultry, many of which will be difficult to grow in vitro and whose pathogenicity may appear uncertain. When new diseases/syndromes arise in the future, it should be a priority activity to define their pathology. The limitations of currently available virus diagnostic methods are highlighted. The possibility of vaccinating against economically important subclinical disease is discussed, as is the use of recently developed technologies in differentiating virus strains and in developing new vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Gordon Memorial Lecture. A holistic view of poultry science from a reductionist perspective.

1. The success of the poultry industry has been dependent upon development of a precise understanding of poultry biology. 2. The advent of tools and probes that reveal the molecular and cellular organisation of complex physiological systems should be embraced by the poultry industry to gain insights into recurring problems such as egg shell quality and ascites. 3. The ability to modify the genome of chickens provides an opportunity to breed chickens with unprecedented precision. 4. The judicious use of time and resources will require a working knowledge of molecular and cellular biology and the poultry industry. There is an urgent need for educational facilities that provide both perspectives.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Gordon Memorial Lecture. An egg ist ein ei, es un huevo, est un oeuf.

1. Many of the mechanical tests devised to measure shell quality are inadequate because they fail to recognise the complex interaction between the organic and inorganic aspects of the eggshell. 2. Twelve structural modifications have been observed at the level of the mammillary layer and their presence correlated with a variety of environmental stress events. Occurring as they do in the basal layers of the shell, these morphological variants influence its mechanical properties. 3. The organic matrix proteins which complex with the calcium carbonate derive from a variety of sites within the oviduct and vary in their location within the fully formed shell. In vitro mineralisation reveals the significance of these proteins in the crystal growth mechanism. 4. The isolation and identification of the protein moiety in well-structured eggshells is an essential prerequisite to understanding the abnormalities in crystal growth observed in the shells of older birds challenged by disease and other undesirable 'on farm' events. 5. The eggshell is the daily indicator of the bird's harmony with its environment and as such provides a readily accessible and non invasive measure of welfare. The integration of these data with those derived from behavioural and biochemical testing should provide industry with a reliable numerical welfare index.

Animal Feed↗