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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Geographic distribution of physicians in Brazil: an analysis based on a locational choice model].

The primary aim of this study was to analyze the geographic distribution of physicians among the Regions and States of Brazil using a locational choice model. Our individual data analysis showed a positive relationship between the number of physicians per 1,000 inhabitants in a State and the number of places in residency programs. Thus, the concentration of residency programs in some States has contributed to the unequal distribution of physicians in Brazil. There are also significant differences in physicians' income between Regions.

Brazil↗
PubMed1985

Development, dependence, and gender inequality in the Third World.

While there has been much recent empirical investigation of the relationship between economic development, dependence, and income inequality, the issue of gender inequality has received less systematic attention. This exploratory study is a cross-sectional investigation of the effects of industrialization and investment, debt, and export dependency on levels of female education, and on rates of female economic participation, both absolutely and relative to male rates in 60 less developed countries. Although some of the macroeconomic indicators emerge as significant predictors of gender inequality in several of the regression equations, the most important explanatory variable is cultural region. These findings fail to lend strong empirical support to either the modernization or the dependency/world system theoretical perspective. The concluding discussion speculates on the interpretation of the research findings, offers some observations on the conceptual distinctions between class and gender stratification, and suggestions some directions for future research.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Rethinking the question of the favelas].

"This article intends to analyze some aspects of the evolution of Rio de Janeiro [Brazil]'s squatter settlements over the last decades with emphasis on: the improvement of its residential conditions, the growing diversification of its socio-economic activities and the consequent valorization of its space." (summary in ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed2005

Women and work: a ten year retrospective.

A look back, after a decade, at the issues surrounding women and work. Work options, childcare and family concerns, the glass ceiling, sexual harassment, women entrepreneurs, race and poverty, unpaid work, and women with disabilities are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The usage of dietary supplements among the elderly individuals in Taiwan.

This study describes dietary supplement consumption practices among the Taiwanese population over the age of 65. Data for the analyses were derived from the Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1999-2000) which was carried out from 1999-2000. Data from a total of 1937 participants (970 men and 967 women) were collected in the study to delineate patterns of supplement usage. The results indicated that the percentage of women taking supplements was 34.9%, which was higher than 30.1% for men. About 50% of male and female supplement takers took only one type of supplement. The numbers of people taking supplements decreased as the total number of supplement types chosen increased. The top five types of supplements consumed from highest to lowest were: multivitamins and minerals, calcium, vitamin E, vitamin C and fish oil. The elderly residing in the first stratum in the northern areas of Taiwan had the highest rate of taking supplements compared to other locations. In contrast, the elderly residing in mountain areas, eastern areas, and the third stratum in the central areas of Taiwan had a significantly lower rate of supplement ingestion. In addition, elderly people with the following characteristics had a significantly higher rate of taking supplements: higher education, higher monthly income, sufficient disposable income, higher scores in nutrition knowledge, daily ingestion of vitamin or mineral supplements, awareness of nutritional knowledge, regular ingestion of health-enhancing medicines, a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet, good understanding of their own health status, and frequent exercisers.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Willingness to pay and time trade-off: useful utility indicators for the assessment of quality of life and patient satisfaction in patients with port wine stains.

BACKGROUND: For cost utility analyses in health economic research it is necessary to assess quality of life for content validation. Previously, both quality of life questionnaires and utility indicators such as willingness to pay and time trade-off have been used successfully in patients with chronic skin diseases, such as psoriasis vulgaris or atopic eczema. OBJECTIVE: For the first time to assess willingness to pay and time trade-off in patients with port wine stains, and to study possible correlations between these indicators, patient income, quality of life questionnaires and subjective or objective outcome measures. METHODS: The results of a survey on 36 patients with facial lesions who had completed laser treatment were used for assessments. The 'Chronic Skin Disease Questionnaire' (CSDQ) and the 'Short Form-36 Health Survey' (SF-36) were used as quality of life questionnaires. Special questions were used as a basis for calculating the utility indicators, willingness to pay and time trade-off. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were sent back by 25 patients (69%). Willingness to pay and time trade-off were used as instruments for the assessment of quality of life [questions answered by 23 (92% of respondents)]; patients were willing to pay 11.8% of their monthly income and would offer a mean value of 1.2 h per day for an imaginary therapy leading to complete cure of the skin problem. Statistical correlation analyses were not performed because this pilot study included only a small number of patients. Frequency distributions show no apparent correlation between willingness to pay and patients' profession (used as a surrogate for income). Possible correlations were seen between willingness to pay, time trade-off, the scales 'anxiety/avoidance' and 'helplessness' of the CSDQ as well as 'social function' of SF-36 and subjective or objective efficacy. Twenty-nine patients (80%) were willing to pay for the treatment, a surrogate measure for patients' satisfaction with treatment modality. Overall, patients would pay an average of 16.0 euros per single treatment and 192.0 euros for the whole course of treatments. In contrast with patients who evaluated treatment modality as excellent or very good (willingness to pay for single treatment, euro 22.0; for whole treatment, 270.0 euros), patients who judged treatment good (8.0 euros, 145.0 euros), moderate or bad (12.0 euros, 146 .0 euros) were willing to pay markedly less. CONCLUSIONS: (i) The questions for willingness to pay and time trade-off were understood by most patients and produced meaningful answers. (ii) There were apparent correlations between the utility indicators, subjective or objective outcome and the scales of the quality of life questionnaires. (iii) The results show that these indicators have a high potential for use in this dermatological condition, especially as a basis for health economic evaluations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Equity dimensions of road traffic injuries in low- and middle-income countries.

Globally, poorer population groups bear a disproportionate burden of avoidable morbidity and mortality from road traffic injuries. The distribution of road traffic injuries is generally influenced by socioeconomic factors. Poor countries bear a disproportionate burden of injuries and fatalities, and within countries, poor people account for a disproportionate portion of the ill health due to road traffic injuries. The main source of data for this paper was the road traffic injury database of the WHO World Health Report for 1999 supplemented by the WHO Global Burden of Disease Study 2000 report, and published and unpublished works. Fatality rates for 0-4 and 5-14 year olds in low- and middle-income regions, measured as deaths per 100,000 population, were six times the rates for high-income regions, while within low- and middle-income regions the rates varied widely. Within poor countries, poor people--represented by pedestrians, passengers in buses and trucks, and cyclists--suffer a higher burden of morbidity and mortality from traffic injuries. In rich countries, children from poor socioeconomic classes suffer more injuries and deaths from road crashes than their counterparts from high-income groups. The disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries, and among low socioeconomic groups in those countries, illustrates problems of global inequities in health. The problems can be addressed through policies that focus on the road safety of vulnerable groups.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2001

Degree distributions of growing networks.

The in-degree and out-degree distributions of a growing network model are determined. The in-degree is the number of incoming links to a given node (and vice versa for out-degree). The network is built by (i) creation of new nodes which each immediately attach to a preexisting node, and (ii) creation of new links between preexisting nodes. This process naturally generates correlated in-degree and out-degree distributions. When the node and link creation rates are linear functions of node degree, these distributions exhibit distinct power-law forms. By tuning the parameters in these rates to reasonable values, exponents which agree with those of the web graph are obtained.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Nutrition assessment in children with sickle cell disease.

Children with sickle cell disease have decreased height and weight when compared with their peers. Although exact reasons for poor growth have not been established, increased calorie and protein needs and deficiencies in zinc, folic acid, and vitamins A, C, and E may be factors. To determine whether inadequate nutrient intake contributes to this poor growth, we conducted a survey of the nutrition knowledge and practices of families affected by sickle cell disease. Sixty-one patients with a median age of 8 years (range, 13 months to 17 years) participated in the study. Patients with homozygous S hemoglobin (sickle cell) disease (Hb SS, n = 34) and sickle beta zero thalassemia (Hb S beta zero-thalassemia, n = 2) were combined; 19% were below the fifth percentile for height. The other patients, with sickle hemoglobin C disease (Hb SC, n = 21) and sickle beta plus thalassemia (Hb beta(+)-thalassemia, n = 4), were grouped, and 4% were below the fifth percentile for height (P = .043). Ninety percent of the study patients or their parents were familiar with the food groups indicated on the US Department of Agriculture's Food Guide Pyramid, but most patients failed to consume appropriate amounts from those groups. Although two thirds of the patients ate the recommended number of servings daily from the meat group, only 20% to 31% of the recommended servings from each of the other food groups was consumed. This was possibly related to low socioeconomic status. The patients in the Hb SS group ate significantly less from the bread (P < .037) and milk (P < .022) categories than the patients in the Hb SC group. Fifty-nine percent of families had incomes below the poverty level, and 79% participated in a food assistance program. We conclude that the nutrient intake of patients with sickle cell disease is often inadequate. Education for patients with sickle cell disease should focus on (1) specific nutrient needs, with proper distribution of dietary intake among the food groups, (2) ways to provide nutritious meals on a limited income, and (3) methods for increasing calorie and protein intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Equipment malfunctions and attribution of causality.

The purpose of this study was to test whether individuals would be more likely to attribute the cause for the malfunction of a new piece of equipment as a manufacturing problem in the equipment or as an inability on their part to properly work with the equipment. The subjects were 600 residents of Florida, selected by a stratified random sample and interviewed in a statewide telephone survey. Subjects were more likely to attribute the cause to themselves rather than the machine. Overall, 71% attributed the cause to themselves, while only 24% said the machine was at fault. There was also an interaction effect in terms of income, with middle-income users more likely to blame the machine and upper-income users more likely to blame themselves. Further, there was also a significant relationship between attribution of cause and age, with older respondents being more likely to attribute cause to themselves. These results imply that attribution may differ when the potential object of attribution is a machine rather than another person.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

GIS modeling of air toxics releases from TRI-reporting and non-TRI-reporting facilities: impacts for environmental justice.

The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) requires facilities with 10 or more full-time employees that process > 25,000 pounds in aggregate or use > 10,000 pounds of any one TRI chemical to report releases annually. However, little is known about releases from non-TRI-reporting facilities, nor has attention been given to the very localized equity impacts associated with air toxics releases. Using geographic information systems and industrial source complex dispersion modeling, we developed methods for characterizing air releases from TRI-reporting as well as non-TRI-reporting facilities at four levels of geographic resolution. We characterized the spatial distribution and concentration of air releases from one representative industry in Durham County, North Carolina (USA). Inclusive modeling of all facilities rather than modeling of TRI sites alone significantly alters the magnitude and spatial distribution of modeled air concentrations. Modeling exposure receptors at more refined levels of geographic resolution reveals localized, neighborhood-level exposure hot spots that are not apparent at coarser geographic scales. Multivariate analysis indicates that inclusive facility modeling at fine levels of geographic resolution reveals exposure disparities by income and race. These new methods significantly enhance the ability to model air toxics, perform equity analysis, and clarify conflicts in the literature regarding environmental justice findings. This work has substantial implications for how to structure TRI reporting requirements, as well as methods and types of analysis that will successfully elucidate the spatial distribution of exposure potentials across geographic, income, and racial lines.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

Changing health inequalities in east and west Germany since unification.

The unification of Germany in 1990 brought about substantial social and economic changes in its eastern part, with new uncertainties and, despite increasing overall income, rising inequality. This paper explores the potential impact on health of these changes during the 1990s, looking specifically at income-related health inequalities in east and west Germany and its modulation by psychosocial factors. We used data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) for the years 1992 and 1997, including individuals aged 25+. We investigated changes in self-perceived health in the two parts of Germany and its socio-economic and psychosocial determinants. Analyses estimated odds ratios of less than good health using logistic regression. In 1992, 47% of east Germans rated their health worse than good compared with 54% in the west. By 1997, the east-west gap in self-rated health had disappeared, with the prevalence of poor health increasing to 56% in both parts. Income and education were important determinants of health in east and west, with, in the age-sex-adjusted model, those having available less than 60% of median equivalent income being at increased risk of poor health in 1992 (OR(east) 2.39, 1.45-3.94; OR(west) 2.04, 1.65-2.52). Addition of education reduced the strength of this relationship only slightly. In the west, income-related health inequalities widened between 1992 and 1997 yet the initially stronger gradient declined in the east, despite an overall increase in income inequality (OR(east) 1.63, 1.04-2.56; OR(west) 2.65, 2.19-3.21). The impact of education remained stable. Psychosocial variables were important determinants, mediating the effects of income, with leisure-cultural social involvement exerting the strongest effect in both east and west.The results show that, unlike in the west, the overall increase in income inequality in east Germany between 1992 and 1997 was not accompanied by a simultaneous increase in income-related health inequalities. This suggests that mechanisms involved in the association of socio-economic factors and health possibly behave differently in east and west.

Adult↗