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PubMed2005

[Phosphorus characteristics in leachate from soils irrigated with livestock wastewater].

Phosphorus fractions could enter water body from surface runoff and leachate due to excessive irrigation of centralized farm wastewater. Organic P is more mobile than inorganic P in the soil profile and represents a significant proportion of P present in leachate from irrigated farm soils. A set of parallel experiments were conducted to compare the characteristics of organic phosphorus in leachate. The experiment was established in a complete randomized block design with nine replicates. The plots received different combinations of P fertilizer and different rates of pig slurry, i. e. 100, 200,300, 400 t x (hm2 x a)(-1), accordingly, the phosphorus was added to the plots was 6.2, 12.4, 19.2, 24.8 kg x (hm2 x a)(-1), respectively. Leachate was collected over a year period and analyzed for different P fractions. Physico-chemical fractionation of P in leachate indicated that the majority of the P loss from the irrigated soil occurred in unreactive particulate (77% - 90%) P forms. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of eight leachate samples indicated that unreactive P was mainly comprised of monoester and diester forms of organic P. The presence of phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activity in leachate resulted in hydrolysis of 9% - 29% of total unreactive P (TUP), indicating that some of the monoesters and diesters can be eventually hydrolyzed into inorganic P forms during P transport. To the treatment P45 + F200, enzyme hydrolysis showed that 33% of the TUP was present as labile monoester P (LMP), followed by 17% as inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) and 9% as diesters (phospholipids and nucleic acids). The results suggest that LMP, IHP and diesters are an important component of organic P leaching from the irrigated soil. The identification of these organic P forms will improve our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for their release from soils, so that specific mitigation strategies can be implemented at the P source.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[A clinical observation on the effect of irrigating solution of Shuang Huang Lian on ESS for chronic sinusitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of irrigating solution of Shuang Huang Lian on ESS for chronic sinusitis. METHOD: In 201 cases with chronic sinusitis (type II) treated by ESS From August 2001 to August 2004, the Shuang Huang Lian Liquid and 0.9% N.S. were respectively used in 101 cases and 100 cases to irrigate the operated sinus cavity, then a comparison was made between the two groups about the irrigating solution with above six months followed up. RESULT: The total effective ratio in group Shuang Huang Lian was significantly higher than that in group of 0.9% N.S. (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Irrigating solution of Shuang Huang Lian used after operation can improve the therapeutic effect of ESS for chronic sinusitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The safety of thiamethoxam to pollinating bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.) when applied to tomato plants through drip irrigation.

Thiamethoxam, mainly sold under the trademark of Actara, is a neonicotinoid widely used in covered vegetables for the control of aphids and whiteflies. In these crops, and particularly in covered tomatoes, bumble-bees are used for cross-pollination as an alternative to labour intensive manual techniques. In this study, made on tomatoes grown in separated greenhouse plots in Murcia, Southern Spain, thiamethoxam was applied through drip irrigation at a rate of 200 g ai/ha, and as a split application of the same rate, to evaluate the effects on pollinating bumble bees compared to a foliar application of a toxic standard. The results showed that the toxic foliar standard had a clear effect on the pollination of tomato flowers, declining to zero pollination two weeks after application, whereas both the single and split drip irrigation applications of Actara had no effect on pollination when compared to the control plots. The count of dead adults and larvae did not show any differences between the treatments, whereas the measurement of sugar water consumption was shown to correlate well with pollination. The consumption of sugar water declined in the toxic standard plots by 69% with respect to the control, whilst the decline in lower dose drip irrigation application was only 3%. In regard to hive weight, and number of adults and brood after destructive sampling; there were no statistical differences between the treatments but a negative effect of the foliar treatment was observed. Based on these results we can conclude that a split application of Actara applied in drip irrigation to the soil/substrate has no effect on the bumble-bees used in tomatoes for pollination.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Effect of Cr in irrigation water on germination and growth of French beans (Dolichos lablab L.).

The waters containing chromium (Cr) mainly from industries enter into the sewers, municipal treatment plant, streams and lakes that are used for irrigation purposes. The effect of Cr in irrigation water on seed germination and growth of French bean (Dolichos lablab L.) was investigated. Germination studies were conducted in the lab and field conditions. Seeds were treated with different concentrations (0 to 25 mg/1) of Cr in irrigation water. The percentage germination of seeds and plant growth showed a gradual decrease with increase in Cr concentration. Stimulatory effect in growth of plant was observed at lower concentration (1 to 2 mg/l). Accumulation of Cr was in the order of Root > Leaf > Stem > Pod. There was an increase in the total concentration of Cr content of soil with increase in Cr concentration in irrigation water.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1990

[Regional irrigation of the pericardium in children].

PURPOSE: To investigate the irrigation of both fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of serosal pericardium in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The cadavers of 10 children of both sexes, under the age of one. In this study we adopted the regional divisions described by DI Dio, which considers a plane between the two phrenic nerves that divides the areas of pericardium into ventral and dorsal regions. We also refer to these regions as antephrenic and retrophrenic respectively. In addition, we consider the inferior pericardium to be that portion of pericardial sac related to the diaphragm. RESULTS: The pericardium ventralis was more frequently irrigated by branches of the following arteries: thoracicae internae dextra and sinistra, pericardiacophrenica dextra in 9 cases; pericardiacophrenica sinistra in 8 cases; and less frequently, by branches of the arteriae phrenicae inferiores dextra and sinistra, epigastrica superior sinistra, thimica, rami thimici of the a. thoracica interna dextra, and rami thimicus and esophagealis of the a. subclavia dextra. The pericardium dorsalis was more frequently supplied b the following arterial branches: bronchiales in 9 cases; esophagealis of the aorta in 8 cases; and in a frequency inferior than 4 cases, we observed the following arteries: thyroidea inferior sinistra, intercostalis suprema, pericardiacophrenicae dextra and sinistra, subclavia sinistra, coronariae dextra and sinistra, phrenicae superior and inferior sinistra, thoracica interna dextra, intercostales posteriores primae dextra and sinistra, truncus costocervalis and rami esophageales of the a. gastrica sinistra. The pericardium inferior was irrigated by branches of the arteriae phrenicae inferiores dextra in 10 cases and sinistra in 9 cases. CONCLUSION: Analysis of the results demonstrated that similar behavior in the pericardium regional irrigation offers a standard for intervention in the pericardium.

Coronary Circulation↗
PubMed1985

Habitat selection strategies of mosquitoes inhabiting citrus irrigation furrows.

The mosquitoes Aedes vexans, Psorophora columbiae and Psorophora howardii have recently extended their habitat distribution into citrus irrigation furrows in coastal southeastern Florida. Oviposition site selection was examined by correlating species abundances with water depths due to rainfall or flood irrigation. Psorophora columbiae and Ps. howardii oviposited low in furrows, shared similar distributional relationships to water depths and were hatched by rainfall or irrigation. Aedes vexans oviposted higher in the citrus furrow, showed a different relationship to water depth and were hatched only by flood irrigation.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Farm workers electrocuted when irrigation pipes contact powerlines.

For accidental electrocutions in Washington State from 1950 to 1979, the standardized proportionate mortality ratio for farmers compared with the general population was found to be 226 in a recent report. This excess mortality rate in Washington State was investigated by the authors, who reviewed death certificates and associated local newspaper reports of all farmers killed by electrocution during 1950-79 and of all persons killed by electrocution during 1970-79. Selected employers, next of kin, and public utility personnel were also interviewed. In Washington State 42 farmers were electrocuted during the years 1950-79; 23 of them were killed while working near irrigation pipes that came into contact with overhead electrical lines. During 1970-79 there were 15 irrigation pipe-associated (IPA) electrocutions among farmers and 15 among farm workers. The average age of farmers who suffered IPA electrocutions, 33.2 years, was less than the average age of farmers whose electrocutions were not associated with irrigation pipes, 48.9 years. Among persons less than 20 years old, IPA electrocutions were more common than any other type of electrocutions. During the months of April through September, 93 percent of the IPA electrocutions occurred as compared with only 61 percent of other types of electrocution. Among measures for the prevention of these electrocutions are education of the population at risk and changes in methods of irrigation.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1985

The Blue Nile Health Project: a comprehensive approach to the prevention and control of water-associated diseases in irrigated schemes of the Sudan.

This is a general report on the Blue Nile Health Project in the Sudan. The project was initiated in 1979 to develop better strategies for controlling the major water-associated diseases in tropical irrigation schemes. The 10-year programme will cost about $154 million (1978 prices). The Gezira, Managil and Rahad irrigation systems, all irrigated from the Blue Nile River, were selected for the project area as typical of irrigation systems throughout Africa and the Middle East where malaria, diarrhoeal diseases and schistosomiasis are endemic, and as the areas most urgently in need of disease control in the Sudan. The methods used for control of the water-associated diseases emphasize permanent improvements in water supply and sanitation, in environmental and agricultural practices, in health education, community participation and primary health services, and a reduction in dependence on pesticides and drugs.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1983

Mosquito production and species succession from an area of irrigated rice fields in The Gambia, West Africa.

The succession of mosquito species and their abundance was observed through one cycle of dry-season irrigated rice cultivation near Bansang in The Gambia. The study covered a 21-week period, February-June 1975. Mosquitoes were sampled using a single suction trap located in a dry field beside the rice fields. Few mosquitoes were present before irrigation began. Anopheles gambiae s.1., A. rufipes and Culex neavei reached peak numbers 4 weeks after full-scale irrigation began and then declined in abundance. These three species were amongst the four (with Culex poicilipes) most abundant mosquitoes taken by the suction trap, comprising 85.4% of the total captures. Anopheles pharoensis, Culex ethiopicus and C. poicilipes were most common around the middle of the rice-growing cycle 6-13 weeks after the start of full irrigation and showed more extended peaks of abundance. Anopheles ziemanni alone reached maximum numbers as the rice crop neared maturity. C. antennatus, Mansonia africana and M. uniformis were present throughout the period of observations, but their numbers showed little relation with the cycle of the rice growth.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1981

[Human and animal leptospirosis in irrigated lands].

To study the influence of amelioration on the spread of leptospirosis, the survey of humans, agricultural animals and rodent was made on the territory where the irrigation system was under construction and during 2 years after the beginning of irrigation. This survey failed to establish the occurrence of significant changes in the number of rodents and their species composition, as well as in the number of agricultural animals showing the positive reaction to leptospirosis. No cases of leptospirosis were registered, and during the first years after the beginning of irrigation antibodies in low titers were detected only in 4 out of 536 subjects. The results obtained in this survey suggest that during the first years of artificial irrigation the conditions for a wider spread of leptospirosis do not appear, but the final solution of this problem can be made on the basis of observations lasting for many years.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1981

The role of field irrigation canals in the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan.

This study was carried out to determine the importance of small field irrigation canals (abu eshreens)-of which there are over 22 000 in the Gezira Scheme- in the transmission of schistosomiasis. The observations were made during a 12-month period, November 1976-November 1977. The results indicated that during the 4-year crop rotation the abu eshreens supported snail populations in only two seasons, when they were irrigating crops of either, cotton or groundnuts. Thus, when agricultural labourers built temporary dwellings on the abu eshreen banks during these periods, the probability of finding infected snails was high. The maximum risk periods occurred during vegetable harvesting (including groundnuts) (October-December) and in the cotton picking season (January-April). Certain special situations lead to some abu eshreens playing an even greater and more predictable role in transmission. These occur when abu eshreens: (a) irrigate eucalyptus or fruit trees; (b) irrigate a block inspector's garden; or (c) are situated very close to permanent villages. Possible control measures to reduce the transmission potential of abu eshreens are discussed. These include improved maintenance and the use of either focally sprayed or slow-release molluscicides.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1993

Local hyperthermia and nasal irrigation for perennial allergic rhinitis: effect on symptoms and nasal airflow.

Local hyperthermia or inhalation of heated water vapor is often recommended as a home remedy for various nasal disorders such as the common cold and allergic rhinitis. With technical advances in vapor generation, water can be heated to a range of 41 degrees C to 43 degrees C with variation in particle size. The effect of inhaled heated vapor treatments was studied in patients with perennial rhinitis for changes in nasal airflow and patient perception of symptoms. Thirty symptomatic patients underwent three treatments at weekly intervals: (1) a large particle heated water vapor at 43 degrees C for 20 minutes with a particle size of 4 to 8 microns, (2) a molecular water vapor at 41 degrees C for 20 minutes which is a vapor phase, and (3) nasal irrigation. Nasal airflow increased after both vapor treatments at four and six hours (P < .05) whereas airflow decreased after simple nasal irrigation treatment. Rhinitis symptoms improved after vapor treatments but not with nasal irrigation. Patients preferred the molecular water vapor treatment over the large particle vapor treatment and nasal irrigation by 2:1 margin. This study demonstrated the usefulness of heated vapor treatments in improving rhinitis symptoms and nasal airflow.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Chemomechanical reduction of the bacterial population in the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite.

Given the importance of bacteria in the development of periradicular lesions, the eradication of the root canal infection is paramount in endodontic treatment. This study evaluated the in vitro intracanal bacterial reduction produced by instrumentation and irrigation with 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or saline solution. Root canals inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis were instrumented and irrigated with the solutions tested. Canals were sampled before and after preparation. After serial dilution, samples were plated onto Mitis salivarius agar, and the colony-forming units grown were counted. Inhibitory effects of the three NaOCl solutions on E. faecalis were also evaluated by means of the agar diffusion test. All test solutions significantly reduced the number of bacterial cells in the root canal (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the three NaOCl solutions tested (p > 0.05). Nonetheless, all NaOCl solutions were significantly more effective than saline solution in reducing the number of bacterial cells within the root canal (p < 0.05). The three NaOCl concentrations showed large zones of inhibition against E. faecalis. The results of this study suggest that regular exchange and the use of large amounts of irrigant should maintain the antibacterial effectiveness of the NaOCl solution, compensating for the effects of concentration.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endodontic irrigation.

This review of current research and literature investigates trends in endodontic irrigation, focusing on the goals of irrigation and the ability of different irrigants to meet these goals.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2004

Root canal irrigation--a historical perspective.

The concept of the germ theory of disease combined with the development of dentistry during the latter half of the 19th century had a direct effect on the practice of endodontics. The significance of root canal irrigation to endodontics strengthened in the period between 1859 when Taft recommended frequent syringing of the root canal to remove "irritants" until the mid-1940s when endodontics became a special field within dentistry and the American Endodontic Society was established. This paper reviews the role of irrigants and irrigation in root canal treatment during this period. A variety of recommendations on the use of solutions to clean root canals appeared in the dental literature, often innovative and at times entrepreneurial, but invariably empirically based. While it was widely assumed that by wiping the root canal with disinfectants sterilization would be achieved, many of the principles associated with cleaning the root canal published during this period, in particular by Willoughby Dayton Miller in the 1890s and Louis Grossman in the 1940s, remain equally relevant in the 21st century.

Endodontics↗
PubMed2005

Selective death of lens epithelial cells using demineralized water and Triton X-100 with PerfectCapsule sealed capsule irrigation: a histological study in rabbit eyes.

BACKGROUND: Sealed irrigation of the capsular bag after removal of the cataractous lens isolates the interior of the capsular bag from the anterior segment, permitting isolated targeting of lens epithelial cells (LECs) in vivo using pharmacologic agents while minimizing the risk of damage to other intraocular structures. OBJECTIVES: To assess the ability to deliver a nonspecific, extremely toxic agent (Triton X-100) directly to the LECs after crystalline lens removal, and to assess the eyes histologically for evidence of collateral damage. METHODS: Twelve eyes from 6 New Zealand White rabbits were divided into 3 groups of 4 eyes that underwent phacoaspiration of the crystalline lens. Group 1 was a control. In group 2, the anterior segment was irrigated with Triton X-100 and demineralized water for injection for 5 minutes. In group 3, the lens capsule was isolated from the anterior segment using sealed capsule irrigation (SCI) with PerfectCapsule (Milvella Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia). After surgery, the rabbits were humanely euthanized. The enucleated eyes were immediately fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, histological analysis was performed to assess the corneal endothelium, iris, and retina, and the capsular bag and residual equatorial LECs were assessed. RESULTS: The capsular bag was sealed and inflated under SCI in all treated eyes in group 3. Histological evaluation revealed no evidence of collateral damage in group 1 and group 3. Significant histological damage to the cornea, iris, and peripheral retina was noted in group 2. Histological evaluation of each capsular bag suggests presence of LECs in group 1 and group 2. In the presence of SCI, Triton X-100 caused almost complete destruction of LECs in the capsular bag. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that SCI allows selective delivery of toxic agents directly into the capsular bag, preventing collateral damage to surrounding intraocular structures. The PerfectCapsule device kept the capsular bag well inflated intraoperatively, which may allow the isolated, safe delivery of pharmacologic agents into the capsular bag during cataract surgery. Clinical Relevance Postoperative proliferation of LECs in the capsular bag remains the most frequent complication of cataract surgery. Unprotected intraocular infusion of cytotoxic drugs, antimetabolites, or hypo-osmotic agents during cataract surgery has the potential risk of causing toxic effects in corneal endothelium and adjacent intraocular tissues. Selective delivery of pharmacologic/hypo-osmotic agents into the capsular bag requires positive pressure inflation of the bag and is now possible using an SCI device. This device allows the surgeon to reseal the capsular bag intraoperatively, achieve positive pressure inflation of the capsular bag, and direct selective targeting of LECs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Randomized clinical trial of docusate, triethanolamine polypeptide, and irrigation in cerumen removal in children.

BACKGROUND: Cerumen obstructing visualization of the tympanic membrane in children is a common and frustrating problem. Docusate sodium, triethanolamine polypeptide, and saline were compared to determine their effectiveness in relieving cerumen obstruction in children. METHODS: A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial was performed on pediatric patients aged 6 months through 5 years with cerumen obstruction. The enrolling physician determined whether the cerumen completely or partially obstructed visualization of the tympanic membrane. One milliliter of docusate sodium, triethanolamine polypeptide, or normal saline as control was placed into the patient's ear canal. If the tympanic membrane was not completely visualized after 15 minutes, the ear was irrigated with 50 mL of tepid water. Irrigation was repeated a second time if needed. The main outcome was the proportion of tympanic membranes that were completely visualized after cerumeno-eblytic agents or control saline, alone or with irrigation if needed. RESULTS: Of 92 patients enrolled, 34 received docusate sodium; 30, triethanolamine polypeptide; and 28, saline. Mean +/- SD patient age was 34.7 +/- 18.1 months, and 50 (54%) of the patients were girls. Groups were similar in age, race, sex, ear enrolled, wax consistency, and degree of obstruction. There was no significant difference in the proportion of tympanic membranes completely visualized after treatment with docusate (18/34; 53%), triethanolamine polypeptide (13/30; 43%), or saline (19/28; 68%) (P =.17). CONCLUSION: Application of docusate sodium or triethanolamine polypeptide did not significantly improve the proportion of tympanic membranes that were completely visualized vs application of the saline control.

Cerumen↗
PubMed1996

Local irrigation with tissue factor pathway inhibitor inhibits intimal hyperplasia induced by arterial interventions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the capacity of local irrigation with tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) to inhibit vessels from neointimal lesion formation following intimectomy or balloon angioplasty. DESIGN: The common carotid arteries in New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to either intimectomy or balloon angioplasty. INTERVENTION: Before restoring blood flow, the lumina of the vessels were irrigated with 1 mL of Dulbecco phosphate-buffered saline either with TFPI (100 micrograms/mL [TFPI group, n = 10]) or without TFPI (control group, n = 10). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The area of neointimal formation and the ratio of the intimal to medial areas (I/M) were determined from elastin-stained sections. RESULTS: The area of neointima and the I/M ratio were not significantly different at 2 weeks postoperatively. However, at 4 weeks, TFPI-treated vessels demonstrated a significant reduction in the neointimal lesion and the I/M ratio compared with those of controls, following both angioplasty and intimectomy. Transmission electron microscopy showed a lack of platelet aggregation and thrombus formation at the intimal surface in the TFPI-treated vessels. CONCLUSIONS: Local irrigation with TFPI at the time of arterial interventional therapy inhibits intimal hyperplasia following either balloon angioplasty or intimectomy. We hypothesize that TFPI binds to the injured vessel surface and inhibits the cascade of thrombotic events that promote intimal hyperplasia.

Angioplasty, Balloon↗