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PubMed1993

Differences in values and goals of occupational therapy students.

This study compared professional values and goals of three levels of occupational therapy students: (a) seniors in baccalaureate programs (n = 337), (b) students in professional master's programs (n = 95), and (c) students in postprofessional master's programs (n = 62). Demographic characteristics including gender, age, and college background were also examined. Significant differences were identified between the baccalaureate group and the postprofessional master's group for three professional goals: (a) making a theoretical contribution to the profession, (b) performing research in the profession, and (c) educating occupational therapy students. Significant differences were also noted for four professional values. Intellectual stimulation was more often chosen by postprofessional master's students; exciting life and comfortable life were more often chosen by baccalaureate students, and helpfulness was more often chosen by the baccalaureate and postprofessional master's students. It was concluded that determining the professional values and goals of occupational therapy students may generate implications for career counseling, recruitment, increased work force, decreased attrition, and future curriculum planning.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1995

Involvement of adult rehabilitation patients in setting occupational therapy goals.

OBJECTIVE: This preliminary study was designed to determine whether occupational therapists involve patients and their families in a goal-setting process and, if so, to identify the methods used. METHOD: Thirty registered occupational therapists practicing in adult physical rehabilitation settings were audiotaped during an initial evaluation. Researchers reviewed corresponding documentation and interviewed each subject. Twenty-three patient and family involvement criteria were generated from standards developed by accreditation commissions and health care professions. RESULTS: Data revealed that although subjects did involve patients and families in a goal-setting process, a number of criteria were not attempted, thus much potential for involvement was unrealized. Subjects with scores above and below one standard deviation from the mean were identified to determine which patient participation criteria had the highest discrepancies. Discrepancies included (a) verbal preparation of the patient and family for initial and ongoing treatment, purposes and procedures of evaluation and treatment, and potential outcomes of treatment, (b) attempts to elicit the patient's concerns, and (c) collaboration with the patient to establish treatment goals. CONCLUSION: Factors that might have influenced subjects' use of a patient participation approach included the application of a specific theory or technique, time constraints, patient's age, and assumptions about the patient's cognitive status.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Effective pastoral care budgeting reflects department's goals.

Like all department heads, the pastoral care director must develop a budget, negotiate its approval, and keep expenditures within it. Knowing that planning and control are the budget's functions, the director can follow simple steps in preparing a thorough budget. After establishing goals according to quantitative and qualitative resources needed, the director relates these to the services produced. The services budget forms the foundation of the dollar budget. After establishing goals according to quantitative and qualitative resources needed, the director relates these to the services produced. The services budget forms the foundation of the dollar budget. Resources and services are then broken down into the paper major and minor accounts. Estimating numbers of full- and part-time personnel needed is the major task, along with determining costs of nonsalary items such as supplies. The director then presents the budget to management, showing the relationship of goals to dollars and avoiding "highballing" and "lowballing" strategies that undermine personal integrity. With good accounting and control reports the director can use the approved budget to keep the pastoral care department within bounds in providing services.

Accounting↗
PubMed1984

A personalized approach to goal planning and evaluation in clinical settings.

This article demonstrates a goal planning and evaluation method that focuses upon a client's behaviours or problem areas regardless of diagnosis or setting. Goal Attainment Scaling is described in terms of its procedures, scoring, advantages, precautions, and overall contribution to therapeutic recreation. Additionally, a case study is presented to demonstrate implementation of Goal Attainment Scaling.

Goals↗
PubMed1999

Objectives, goals, and outcomes: what's the difference?

Goals are individualized and specific. Outcome criteria are expected end results based on standards of practice for a specific home care problem (i.e., disease process, etc.). Goals take into account all the factors of the individual, including the outcome criteria, whereas outcome criteria take into account only clinician knowledge of aggregate clinical information. It remains difficult to establish clearly the difference between behavioral objectives, goals, and outcomes in general. A great deal depends on the context in which the terms are used. For example, is the setting educational, patient centered, or program centered? To become clear on the terms in your agency, their definition and meaning should be written in the appropriate manuals and agency policies. They should be used consistently in all your discussions, forms, and processes. As with many other areas of healthcare, there often are no concrete "black and white" definitions, but rather, interlocking shades of gray.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of health needs and personal health goals of Army Reserve Military and civilian employees.

Army active and reserve component personnel must be ready for rapid mobilization as world conflicts increase in number and intensity. Department of Defense civilian employees also need to be available to work long hours to maintain troop support. Healthy lifestyles are key to the physical and mental readiness demanded by this kind of work. The purpose of this descriptive study was to assess health and readiness by examining the health needs, identified through health risk appraisals, and personal health goals of military personnel and civilians (N = 90) employed at a large Army Reserve command headquarters located in the southern part of the country. Prominent health needs included reducing the number of saturated fats found in the diets of military personnel and increasing the frequency of exercise for civilian employees. Weight loss constituted the primary personal health goal for 53% of all employees. Initial health promotion activities should incorporate assessment information into the design of command-sponsored programs. Focusing on health needs as well as personal health goals may enhance the early success of such programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Goal-setting as compensation for fear-of-success.

Stories written in response to an academic achievement cue by junior high girls were scored for imagery that reflected fear of success. Fifty-four percent contained fear-of success themes, less than previously reported for college girls. The subjects subsequently worked in a group setting as they identified mistakes in a set of pictures. Each subject kept tally of her own progress as she proceeded with the task. Fifty-eight subjects were encouraged to set goals as they worked through the pictures and found significantly more mistakes from first picture to last than the 37 subjects who received control instructions. Task response was compared to interpretation of the story cue. The subjects who wrote positive stories and received control instructions for the picture mistake task found significantly more mistakes as they progressed through the task than the subjects who wrote fear-of-success stories. No significant difference in mistake indentification was found when goal-setting instructions were given between those who had written positive stories and those who had written fear-of-success stories. Goal-setting instructions appeared to compensate for the effects of fear-of-success that many girls exhibited.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Goal setting & Network 9/10 efforts to improve care.

TRN, through its Medical Review Board, has developed, endorsed, and articulated goals for two aspects of dialysis treatment. These goals promote the use of continuous quality improvement by encouraging dialysis programs to perform internal examinations of their own data in the context of regional and national data. TRN believes that this combination of data feedback, CQI, and goal setting will impact positively on patient outcomes for all dialysis patients within The Renal Network.

Goals↗
PubMed2002

Information model and terminology model issues related to goals.

Goal statements are a significant component of structures that support the process of health care delivery such as practice guidelines, standards of care, critical pathways, disease management plans, patient education plans, and nursing care plans. Although these structures are increasingly computer-based, there has been little attention to the formal representation of goal statements. This is a necessary prerequisite for enabling semantic interoperability. Existing and evolving information model and terminology model standards offer some approaches that may be applicable to goal statements, however, a number of issues require resolution

Goals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personalizing professional goals.

Goal setting is an essential step toward personal and professional freedom. If we are interested in bringing our lives into balance so that our professional goals and personal goals are integrated, we must be willing to do the necessary work of self-discovery.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2003

Toward a hierarchical goal theory model of school motivation.

Instead of concentrating on mastery and performance goal orientations, recent research on school motivation has suggested a multidimensional structure of achievement goal orientations. Students in Australian high schools (N =774) responded to 35 survey items on 10 goal orientation constructs (effort, task, sense of purpose, praise, competition, power, token, social concern, social dependence, and affiliation) and 14 items on general mastery, general performance, general social, and global motivation constructs. Confirmatory factor analysis results supported a hierarchical, multidimensional school motivation construct. The hierarchical, multidimensional model has provided a strong theoretical structure for further school motivation research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Reference terminology for therapeutic goals: a new approach.

Participants at the Nursing Terminology Summit Conference 2002 developed proposed terminology models and information models for findings, goals, and outcomes and described the relationships among these concepts. At Vanderbilt University the author has dissected items in a controlled vocabulary of goals in accordance with the terminology model for findings. The concept-based dissections are linked to pre-coordinated phrases in a relational database, providing unambiguous definitions of clinical expressions and enabling concept-oriented searching of the terms database and of the goal achievement database.

Databases as Topic↗
PubMed1978

Use of the Goal Attainment Scale in the treatment and ongoing evaluation of neurologically handicapped children.

Six children with multiple handicaps were treated as a pilot group by a physical therapist, occupational therapist, and a speech/language pathologist. Baseline evaluations were obtained through a compilation of traditional developmental tests. A Goal Attainment Scale technique was introduced to facilitate reevaluation of the children. The advantages of the scale were to facilitate ongoing feedback for both the professionals and the parents as well as to update specific, individualized goals in each therapeutic area. This information was also helpful to third-party payers of service. Results showed that, after an initial period of familiarization, therapists became more accurate in their expectations of progress in treatment. Therapy time spent with each child was also increased without increasing costs or preparation time for each therapist. Specifically, re-evaluation scores obtained on the Goal Attainment Scales approached a normal, expected distribution of values. The potential value of extending the system to more objectively, efficiently, and concisely display treatment results is discussed.

Cerebellar Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Improving nurse-physician communication and satisfaction in the intensive care unit with a daily goals worksheet.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a standardized worksheet on physicians' and nurses' perceptions of their understanding of goals of care and on patients' length of stay in an intensive care unit. METHODS: A worksheet was completed daily during multidisciplinary rounds and was posted at each bedside in the medical intensive care unit at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York. Information recorded included tests or procedures, medications, sedation, analgesia, catheters, consultations, nutrition, mobilization, family discussions, consents, and disposition. Attending physicians, residents, and nurses completed a questionnaire before implementation of the worksheet and 3 times afterwards. Responses were scored on a 5-point scale (1 = understand nothing, 5 = completely understand). Continuous variables were analyzed by using a t test; categorical variables, by using a chi(2) test. RESULTS: Before the worksheet was implemented, scores for understanding goals were 3.9 for nurses and 4.6 for physicians. Scores increased to 4.8 for nurses (P = .001) and 4.9 for physicians (P = .03) 6 weeks later, an improvement that remained at 9 months. Both groups showed significant improvement in communication scores that lasted for 9 months. Most responders wanted to continue using the worksheet. During the study, the mean stay in the unit was 4.3 days, down from 6.4 days for the analogous 9-month period in the preceding year (P= .02). CONCLUSION: Nurses' and physicians' perceptions of their understanding of the goals of care and of communication between them were improved and stays in the unit were shortened when the worksheet was used.

Communication↗
PubMed2006

[Using King's Goal Attainment Theory to facilitate drug compliance in a psychiatric patient].

This paper describes a schizophrenic patient who failed to comply with his drug regimen and was repeatedly admitted to hospital. Using King's Goal Attainment Theory as guidance, it was found that the patient's main problem was medication noncompliance. We developed an individual nursing care plan that met the patient's needs, including helping him to understand the importance of medication compliance, the relationship between disease and medication-control, and the symptoms of disease recurrence. The result showed that King's Goal Attainment Theory benefited both patients and families when it was applied to drug therapy and medication compliance. From this experience, we are able to demonstrate that using King's Goal Attainment Theory to design nursing care plans and interventions for schizophrenic patients who are repeatedly admitted to hospital because of medication noncompliance is very effective. In addition, it can also assist patients to control their conditions, decrease frequency of the disease recurrence and hospital readmission, and maintain their socialized functions.

Goals↗
PubMed2006

The impact of meaning in life and life goals on adherence to a tuberculosis medication regimen in South Africa.

SETTING: Out-patient tuberculosis (TB) clinics in Durban, South Africa. OBJECTIVE: Health care provider concerns about persons with active TB defaulting on medications led to a study of adherence among persons receiving anti-tuberculosis therapy and, specifically, the relationships between meaning in life, life goals, sense of coherence, social support, symptom presence and intensity, and adherence in individuals diagnosed with TB. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, descriptive design was used to gather self-reported data from TB-infected individuals who were enrolled in out-patient clinics. Data were collected from 159 Zulu and/or English-speaking persons who agreed to participate in the study. RESULTS: A significant relationship was found between higher life goals and adherence to TB treatment (P = 0.027). Analysis of variance revealed that higher meaning in life ratings were significantly associated with older age (P = 0.007). Having children and children living in the same household were significantly associated with low meaning in life ratings (P = 0.006 and P < or = 0.001, respectively), indicating that these individuals were more concerned about basic matters of home and sustenance. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that meaning in life and life goals may be useful for identifying individuals who will require additional support in adhering to anti-tuberculosis treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Goal-directed behavior in children with spina bifida.

A group of school-age children with spina bifida (n = 15) between the ages of 6 and 12 years were compared with an age- and IQ-matched control group of normal children (n = 15). Goal-directed behavior in these two groups was measured by videotaped observational measures of the number of different task-oriented play activities the children performed and the amount of time they spent in independent task-oriented activities. Measures of time spent off-task and in simple manipulation of the play materials were taken, as well as the number of social initiations the child directed to the examiner. The children with spina bifida spent less time in task-oriented activities than the control group, even though there were no group differences in the number of activities performed. The differences could not be explained by cognitive impairments or socioeconomic factors. These results suggest that children with spina bifida may have specific problems with sustaining goal-directed behavior, and need assistance in formulating and implementing a sequence of actions in order to achieve concrete short-term goals.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of emotions on the choice of goals and actions].

The present paper concerns the influence negative emotions exert on motivational processes, i.e., on the selection of goals and corresponding actions. It is assumed that, in a negative emotional state, the goal to overcome this negative mood state takes precedence over the goal to succeed in a nonemotional task. Correspondingly, emotion-related activities should be preferred to task-related ones. In order to test this assumption, subjects in a negative and a neutral emotional state were given a series of activities, some suited for coping, some suited for task fulfilment. They were instructed to name (Experiment I) or to carry out (Experiment II) those activities they preferred at the very moment and to give a short reason for each choice. Results showed that subjects in a negative mood compared to those of the neutral control group were less occupied with the nonemotional task, but instead more frequently chose emotion-related activities with the explicit reason that these activities served to overcome their negative emotions.

Adult↗