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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Endogenous neurokinins facilitate synaptic transmission in guinea pig airway parasympathetic ganglia.

Neurokinin-containing nerve fibers were localized to guinea pig airway parasympathetic ganglia in control tissues but not in tissues pretreated with capsaicin. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether neurokinins, released during axonal reflexes or after antidromic afferent nerve stimulation, modulate ganglionic synaptic neurotransmission. The neurokinin type 3 (NK(3)) receptor antagonists SB-223412 and SR-142801 inhibited vagally mediated cholinergic contractions of bronchi in vitro at stimulation voltages threshold for preganglionic nerve activation but had no effect on vagally mediated contractions evoked at optimal voltage or field stimulation-induced contractions. Intracellular recordings from the ganglia neurons revealed that capsaicin-sensitive nerve stimulation potentiated subsequent preganglionic nerve-evoked fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials. This effect was mimicked by the NK(3) receptor agonist senktide analog and blocked by SB-223412. In situ, senktide analog markedly increased baseline tracheal cholinergic tone, an effect that was reversed by atropine and prevented by vagotomy or SB-223412. Comparable effects of intravenous senktide analog on pulmonary insufflation pressure were observed. These data highlight the important integrative role played by parasympathetic ganglia and indicate that activation of NK(3) receptors in airway ganglia by endogenous neurokinins facilitates synaptic neurotransmission.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Differential control over postganglionic neurons in rat cardiac ganglia by NA and DmnX neurons: anatomical evidence.

In previous single-labeling experiments, we showed that neurons in the nucleus ambiguous (NA) and the dorsal moto nucleus of the vagus (DmnX) project to intrinsic cardiac ganglia. Neurons in these two motor nuclei differ significantly in the size of their projection fields, axon caliber, and endings in cardiac ganglia. These differences in NA and DmnX axon cardiac projections raise the question as to whether they target the same, distinct, or overlapping populations of cardiac principal neurons. To address this issue, we examined vagal terminals in cardiac ganglia and trace injection sites in the brain stem using two different anterograde t ace s 1,1-dioleyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate and 4-[4-(dihexadecylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium iodide] and confocal microscopy in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We found that 1) NA and DmnX neurons innervate the same cardiac ganglia, but these axons target separate subpopulations of principal neurons and 2) axons arising from neurons in the NA and DmnX in the contralateral sides of the brain stem enter the cardiac ganglionic plexus through separate bundles and preferentially innervate principal neurons near their entry regions, providing topographic mapping of vagal motor neurons in left and right brain stem vagal nuclei. Because the NA and DmnX project to distinct populations of cardiac principal neurons, we propose that they may play different roles in controlling cardiac function.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Slow oscillatory discharge in the primate basal ganglia.

Oscillations with periods in the multisecond range have previously been recorded in basal ganglia neurons of awake paralyzed rats, and in these animals were shown to be increased by systemic dopaminergic stimulation, but not altered by depletion of the nigrostriatal dopamine supply. To determine whether oscillations with frequencies below 0.5 Hz also exist in the primate basal ganglia, the spontaneous neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and in the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus (GPe and GPi, respectively) was recorded with standard extracellular recording methods in two animals before and after treatment with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Oscillations with mean periods around 80 s were identified in 30% percent of GPe neurons, 36% of STN neurons, and 48% of GPi neurons. After recording in the normal state, the animals were rendered parkinsonian by intracarotid application of MPTP. This treatment resulted in a 30% reduction of the average discharge rate in GPe, a 47% increase of the average discharge rate in STN, and a 15% increase of the average discharge rate in GPi. However, there were no changes in the proportion of cells with slow oscillatory discharge. The oscillation frequencies were slightly increased in STN but remained unchanged in GPe and GPi. The results demonstrate that multisecond oscillations commonly occur in primate basal ganglia neurons and are unchanged by treatment with MPTP. The oscillations may have roles in fundamental functions of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical network, such as the regulation of the state of arousal.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Basal ganglia orient eyes to reward.

Expectation of reward motivates our behaviors and influences our decisions. Indeed, neuronal activity in many brain areas is modulated by expected reward. However, it is still unclear where and how the reward-dependent modulation of neuronal activity occurs and how the reward-modulated signal is transformed into motor outputs. Recent studies suggest an important role of the basal ganglia. Sensorimotor/cognitive activities of neurons in the basal ganglia are strongly modulated by expected reward. Through their abundant outputs to the brain stem motor areas and the thalamocortical circuits, the basal ganglia appear capable of producing body movements based on expected reward. A good behavioral measure to test this hypothesis is saccadic eye movement because its brain stem mechanism has been extensively studied. Studies from our laboratory suggest that the basal ganglia play a key role in guiding the gaze to the location where reward is available. Neurons in the caudate nucleus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata are extremely sensitive to the positional difference in expected reward, which leads to a bias in excitability between the superior colliculi such that the saccade to the to-be-rewarded position occurs more quickly. It is suggested that the reward modulation occurs in the caudate where cortical inputs carrying spatial signals and dopaminergic inputs carrying reward-related signals are integrated. These data support a specific form of reinforcement learning theories, but also suggest further refinement of the theory.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

cAMP and cGMP contribute to sensory neuron hyperexcitability and hyperalgesia in rats with dorsal root ganglia compression.

Numerous studies have implicated the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in producing hyperexcitability of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons under conditions associated with pain. Evidence is presented for roles of both the cAMP-PKA and cGMP-protein kinase G (PKG) pathways in maintaining neuronal hyperexcitability and behavioral hyperalgesia in a neuropathic pain model: chronic compression of the DRG (CCD treatment). Lumbar DRGs were compressed by a steel rod inserted into the intervertebral foramen. Thermal hyperalgesia was revealed by shortened latencies of foot withdrawal to radiant heat. Intracellular recordings were obtained in vitro from lumbar ganglia after in vivo DRG compression. Activators of the cAMP-PKA pathway, 8-Br-cAMP and Sp-cAMPS, and of the cGMP-PKG pathway, 8-Br-cGMP and Sp-cGMPS, increased the hyperexcitability of DRG neurons already produced by CCD treatment, as shown by further decreases in action potential threshold and increased repetitive discharge during depolarization. The adenylate cyclase inhibitor, SQ22536, the PKA antagonist, Rp-cAMPS, the guanylate cyclase inhibitor, ODQ, and the PKG inhibitor, Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, reduced the hyperexcitability of CCD DRG neurons. In vivo application of PKA and PKG antagonists transiently depressed behavioral hyperalgesia induced by CCD treatment. Unexpectedly, application of these agonists and antagonists to ganglia of naïve, uninjured animals had little effect on electrophysiological properties of DRG neurons and no effect on foot withdrawal, suggesting that sensitizing actions of these pathways in the DRG are enabled by prior injury or stress. The only effect observed in uncompressed ganglia was modest depolarization of DRG neurons by PKA and PKG agonists. CCD treatment also depolarized DRG neurons, but CCD-induced depolarization was not affected by agonists or antagonists of these pathways.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1983

Generation and coordination of heartbeat timing oscillation in the medicinal leech. I. Oscillation in isolated ganglia.

1. The interactions among the four pairs of interneurons (HN(1)-HN(4)) of the heartbeat timing oscillator are confined to the third and fourth ganglia (G3 and G4). In isolation, G3 and G4 each produces a rhythm essentially the same as that shown when the two ganglia are linked together. 2. The local circuits in both ganglia have the same general form. In both the oscillation centers on a bilateral pair of HN cells that are linked by reciprocal inhibition (the HN(3) pair in G3 and the HN(4) pair in G4). In addition, there is reciprocal inhibition between an HN(3) or HN(4) cell and the intersegmental processes of the ipsilateral HN(1) and HN(2) cells. 3. These connections account for the phase relationships in an isolated G3 or G4, since cells linked by reciprocal inhibition produce bursts in alternation. 4. In isolated ganglia, reciprocal inhibition not only coordinates the activity of the HN cells but also appears to help generate their bursts. 5. Yet reciprocal inhibition alone cannot account for the activity of the network. An endogenous property of the HN(3) and HN(4) cells appears to create the instability necessary for oscillation.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Development of somatosensory responsiveness in the basal ganglia in awake cats.

Single-unit activity was recorded from the caudate nucleus (CD), globus pallidus, and entopeduncular nucleus (GP-ENTO) in awake, partially restrained kittens. The purpose of this experiment was to assess the ability of developing basal ganglia structures to process natural facial somatosensory information and compare this function to that observed in the adult. Somatosensory responsiveness in the CD and GP-ENTO developed slowly during the first three postnatal months. Somatosensory responsiveness had three major developmental trends in these nuclei: 1) The proportion of neurons responding to facial sensory stimulation increased with age; 2) proportionally, the area of face encompassing a receptive field of a neuron was smaller in adults than in young kittens; 3) qualitatively, adultlike responses to sensory stimulation did not appear until approximately three months of age. Units responsive to facial somatosensory stimulation in kittens under three months of age were very limited in the types of information they received. No specific stimuli parameters were encoded by these neurons. At approximately three months of age, units began to respond to varied stimuli (i.e., indentation of the skin as well as to brushing stimuli) and began to encode specific stimulus parameters such as direction of movement and relative location on the face. Kitten units responsive to skin indentation showed no evidence of encoding stimulus magnitude information. This was also true for the majority of adult basal ganglia neurons tested. The present findings suggest that the functions of the basal ganglia may be altered significantly during development. With increasing age, the basal ganglia may change from primarily a relay area for relatively nonspecific sensory information to an active processor of complex afferent information.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The pathway for the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia.

Intracellular and sucrose gap recording techniques were used to examine synaptically evoked potentials and the response of neurons in bullfrog paravertebral sympathetic ganglia to muscarinic agonists. These neurons were defined as either B or C cells on the basis of the conduction velocity of antidromically evoked action potentials. Following stimulation of preganglionic C-fibers in the rostral portion of the VIIIth spinal nerve, a fast nicotinic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and a slow atropine-sensitive inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) could be recorded intracellularly in C cells of the IXth and Xth paravertebral ganglia treated with 70 microM d-tubocurarine chloride (dTC). Under these conditions, local iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) could produce a slow hyperpolarization of C cell membrane potential. ACh hyperpolarizations or slow IPSPs were not detected in ganglionic B cells. Stimulation of the preganglionic B-fibers in the sympathetic chain produced a fast nicotinic EPSP and a slow muscarinic EPSP in ganglionic B cells. A small population of C cells also received cholinergic B-fiber innervation from the sympathetic chain and exhibited a slow IPSP upon tetanic stimulation of this pathway. When curarized ganglia were examined by means of sucrose gap recording, superfusion of the muscarinic agonist, methacholine (MCh), produced an initial hyperpolarization (MChH) followed by a depolarization (MChD). Both responses were blocked by atropine and therefore presumably reflect the activation of muscarinic receptors involved in the generation of the slow IPSP and the slow EPSP, respectively. Although synaptic transmission was blocked by Ringer solution containing 4 mM Co2+, neither this solution nor 10 microM tetrodotoxin reduced the amplitude of the MChH. The MChH was slightly reduced by Ringer solution containing 0.1 mM Ca2+, however, the response could be restored by the addition of 6 mM Mg2+. These results indicate that the MChH in curarized bullfrog sympathetic ganglia results from a direct muscarinic action on ganglionic cells. This suggests that the slow IPSP is mediated by ACh released from cholinergic preganglionic fibers that make synaptic contact with ganglionic C cells.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1999

Origin of renewed spinal ganglia during tail regeneration in urodeles.

The source of the cells which form the spinal ganglia within the regenerating urodele tail is not yet indisputably known. Classical and modern experimental approaches trace the spinal cord as the most probable source. The aim of the present study was to further investigate this item by conventional histology, counting of mitotic figures, and estimating the labeling index. The main results can be summarized as follows: (a) The regenerated part of the tail contained only two bilaterally asymmetrical pairs of ganglia, with respect to the rostrocaudal (anterior-posterior) axis. (b) The anterior ganglia were slightly differentiated and appropriately localized; therefore, analysis was performed mainly in the posterior, still developing ganglia. (c) An anatomical continuation between the ventrolateral side of the regenerated spinal cord and the laterally forming spinal ganglion was noticed. There was some indication that many cells migrated out from the spinal cord towards the spinal ganglion, through the ventral root. (d) The mitotic and the labeling index along the regenerated spinal cord exhibited individual peaks near the level of each developing ganglion. The last two observations corroborate and reinforce the prevailing view that the progenitors of the spinal ganglion cells which are formed in the regenerating tail are of spinal cord origin.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Somites, spinal Ganglia, and centra. Enumeration and interrelationships in staged human embryos, and implications for neural tube defects.

Serial sections of 99 human embryos from Carnegie stages 8-23 were investigated and 38 graphic reconstructions were evaluated. At stage 9 somite 1 is of appreciable size and is separated from the otic disc, as also in the next several stages by rhombomeres and pharyngeal arches 3 and 4, thereby differing from the chick. At stage 10 somite 1 begins to differentiate into sclerotome and dermatomyotome. At stage 11 spinal neural crest begins to develop. At stage 12 parts of somites 1-4 are being transformed into the hypoglossal cell cord. It is stressed that the numbers of somites present at stages 9-12 are part of the definition of those stages. At stage 13 dense and loose zones begin to be detectable rostrally in the sclerotomes and also, although out of phase, in the perinotochord. Spinal ganglia begin to develop in phase with the somites. At stages 14-16 the maximum number of somites observed was 38-39 rather than 42-44, as usually given. Moreover, they did not extend to the tapered end of the trunk, which is not a (vertebrated) 'tail'. At stages 17-23 the maximum number of centra was 38-39, including coccygeal vertebrae 4-5. Although most of the somites appear during primary development, all of the spinal ganglia develop during secondary development (stages 13-18). The number of ganglia was at a maximum of 35 at stage 18, but was reduced to 32 already by stage 23. Important points confirmed in this study are that the number of occipital somites in the human is four, and that the level of final closure of the caudal neuropore is future somite 31, which represents approximately future sacral vertebra 2. The interpretation of relevant neural tube defects is discussed in the light of the findings. The ascensus of the conus medullaris during the fetal period is well established, but a concomitant ascent of the situs neuroporicus is proposed here, and has implications for defects that involve tethering of the spinal cord. The main results are integrated in comprehensive graphic representations of the levels and the interrelationships of (a) somites and centra, and (b) somites, neural crest, and spinal ganglia. These may aid in the elucidation of some frequently occurring anomalous conditions.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗
PubMed2005

Cellular localization of AMPA type glutamate receptor subunits in the basal ganglia of pigeons (Columba livia).

Corticostriatal and thalamostriatal projections utilize glutamate as a neurotransmitter in mammals and birds. The influence on striatum is mediated, in part, by ionotropic AMPA-type glutamate receptors, which are heteromers composed of GluR1-4 subunits. Although the cellular localization of AMPA-type subunits has been well characterized in mammalian basal ganglia, their localization in avian basal ganglia has not. We thus carried out light microscopic single- and double-label and electron microscopic single-label immunohistochemical studies of GluR1-4 distribution and cellular localization in pigeon basal ganglia. Single-label studies showed that the striatal neuropil is rich in GluR1, GluR2, and GluR2/3 immunolabeling, suggesting the localization of GluR1, GluR2 and/or GluR3 to the dendrites and spines of striatal projection neurons. Double-label studies and perikaryal size distribution determined from single-label material indicated that about 25% of enkephalinergic and 25% of substance P-containing striatal projection neuron perikarya contained GluR1, whereas GluR2 was present in about 75% of enkephalinergic neurons and all substance-P -containing neurons. The perikaryal size distribution for GluR2 compared to GluR2/3 suggested that enkephalinergic neurons might more commonly contain GluR3 than do substance P neurons. Parvalbuminergic and calretininergic striatal interneurons were rich in GluR1 and GluR4, a few cholinergic striatal interneurons possessed GluR2, but somatostatinergic striatal interneurons were devoid of all subunits. The projection neurons of globus pallidus all possessed GluR1, GluR2, GluR2/3 and GluR4 immunolabeling. Ultrastructural analysis of striatum revealed that GluR1 was preferentially localized to dendritic spines, whereas GluR2/3 was found in spines, dendrites, and perikarya. GluR2/3-rich spines were generally larger than GluR1 spines and more frequently possessed perforated post-synaptic densities. These results show that the diverse basal ganglia neuron types each display different combinations of AMPA subunit localization that shape their responses to excitatory input. For striatal projection neurons and parvalbuminergic interneurons, the combinations resemble those for the corresponding cell types in mammals, and thus their AMPA responses to glutamate are likely to be similar.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed1980

Influence of cardiac extracts on cultured ciliary ganglia.

Inclusion of extracts of rat hearts in culture medium resulted in both a fibre outgrowth and maintenance of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in explained chicken embryo ciliary ganglia. CAT activity was maintained in ganglia from 7- to 19-day-old embryos whereas fibre outgrowth was maximal in ganglia from 8- to 11-day-old embryos and as the embryo matured ganglia became less responsive, showing virtually no fibre response by 16 days. The fibre outgrowth response had an absolute dependence on serum in the medium and a pH optimum of 7.1--7.3. Maintenance of CAT was stimulated by, but not absolutely dependent on, the presence of serum in the medium and was insensitive to changes in the pH of the culture medium between 7.2 and 8.0 but was sensitive to decreases in pH below 7.2. Horse and fetal calf serum were equally effective in stimulating the cardiac extract medium-induced maintenance of CAT activity and induction of fibre outgrowth.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

An ultrastructural study of the cardia ganglia in the bulbar plexus of the developing chick heart.

The development of the chick bulbar cardiac ganglia has been studied ultrastructurally from the 3rd day of incubation to hatching. For descriptive purposes, their development has been divided into three phases. The first phase includes migration and aggregation of undifferentiated neuroblasts, stages 21-26 (day 3.5-5). Cardiac branches of the vagus first grow toward the heart at 3.5 days of incubation. The nerves are accompanied by migrating neural crest neuroblasts. The neuroblasts begin to aggregate at 4.5 days around the aortic arch arteries and truncus arteriosus. Some of these cells sprout axonal processes by day 5. A sparse population of developing supporting cells can be found near some neuroblasts and nerves. During the second phase of development, stages 27-36 (days 5-10), the neuroblasts assume a globular shape and have eccentric, indented nuclei. Supporting cells become more numerous as this phase of development progresses. Axodendritic synapses appear first at stage 34 in the ganglia. The neurons and supporting cells in the ganglia undergo maturation during the final phase from stage 37 to hatching (11-21 days). The immature/mature ganglion cells are large ovoid to pyriform neurons which become rounder as the cytoplasm accumulates. Axosomatic synapses are seen first at stage 38. Small supporting cells become more numerous. Clusters of catecholamine-containing cells near the cardiac ganglia are present during the final phase of development.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Mucopolysaccharides in the dog spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. A histochemical study.

A histochemical study of mucopolysaccharides in the dog spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia is reported in this paper. The histochemical techniques used were the following: PAS, colloidal iron, toluidine blue (pH 5.4 and 3.5), thionine (pH 5.4 and 3.5) and alcian blue 8GX (pH 1 and 2.5). Some histological stains were used also. Two types of neurons could be observed in spinal cord sections stained with colloidal iron techniques. In some neuron a border line of mucosubstances could be seen. In the dorsal root ganglia, different patterns of Nissl bodies distribution in neurons were described. This different distribution of Nissl bodies is associated with different metachromatic colorations of neurons. By using the colloidal iron method, two types of neurons were also revealed in the dorsal root ganglia: some neurons are of a yellow, small-sized and star-shaped type and others are of a light green, larger and round-shaped type. Mucosubstances in the endoneurium and perineurium of nerve fibers, in the Ranvier nodules and in the Schmidt-Lantermann incisures were observed. The possibility that the functional rhythm in some cases might be responsible for the difference in coloration between the dorsal root ganglia neurons is suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Quantitative study and architecture of nerves and ganglia of the rat heart.

The cardiac plexus of the Wistar rat was investigated in whole-mount preparations of the atria by NADH-diaphorase staining and by the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical technique. The plexus lies over the muscular layer of the atria, dorsal to the muscle itself, in the connective tissue of the subepicardium. The plexus contains on average 975 +/- 150 neurons, occurring singly or gathered in packed ganglia. The ganglia are found regularly in certain situations, namely, cranially to the pulmonary veins (44% of total); cranially and to the left of superior vena cava (10%); in the interatrial groove (21%); to the left of the left pulmonary vein (11%); caudally to the pulmonary veins (12%) and in the wall of the coronary sinus (1%). Ganglia are never found on the auricular appendages. For the histochemical demonstration of AChE, the 'direct coloring' copper ferrocyanide method was used. Extrinsic nerves enter the atria along the superior vena cava, along the pulmonary veins and along the coronary sinus, forming ganglion-containing plexuses. From specific sites of these plexuses, nerves proceed to the ganglia located to the left of the superior vena cava, to the ventral and dorsal ventricular wall and to the wall of the right atrium, where they form a delicate plexus accompanying the muscle fibers. Most of the neurons of the plexuses displayed AChE activity in the cytoplasm though they presented different reaction intensities. The distribution of cardiac nerves from groups of neurons located at discrete sites may indicate that postganglionic nerves selectively project to and thus control specific cardiac regions and/or functions.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cerebrovascular projections from the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia to the middle cerebral artery of the cat.

The location of the postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies projecting to cerebral arteries is unknown. Using axonal tracing techniques, we examined whether the sphenopalatine ganglia (associated with the seventh cranial nerve) and otic ganglia (associated with ninth cranial nerve) contain perikarya which send axons to the feline middle cerebral artery (MCA). The tracers horseradish peroxidase (HRP: 3 cats) or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA: 6 cats) were applied to the MCA in a slow release polymeric system. Three days later the SPG, otic ganglia, and rete mirabile were harvested bilaterally and processed for tracer by the TMB method (HRP) or immunohistochemistry (WGA). In a given animal, approximately equal numbers of cells containing axonal tracer were found in both SPG. Labeled fibers occasionally could be seen extending into the vidian nerve. Positive cells were also found in the otic ganglia and in the walls of the internal rete mirabile. These results provide the first identification of parasympathetic cell bodies projecting to cerebral blood vessels.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in shifting attention.

The basal ganglia and cerebellum have traditionally been associated with motor performance. Recently, there has been considerable interest regarding the contributions of these subcortical structures to aspects of cognition. In particular, both the basal ganglia and cerebellum have been hypothesized to be involved in the control of attentional set. To date, no neuropsychological studies have directly compared the effects of basal ganglia and cerebellar dysfunction on the same attention shifting tasks. To this end, we employed an alternating attention task that has been used to demonstrate putative attentional control deficits in children with cerebellar pathology, either related to autism or neurological insult. When adult patients with either Parkinson's disease or cerebellar lesions were tested on this task, a similar pattern of deficits was observed for both groups. However, when the motor demands were reduced, cerebellar patients showed a significant improvement on the alternating attention task, whereas the Parkinson patients continued to exhibit an impairment. This dissociation suggests that attentional deficits reported previously as being due to cerebellar dysfunction may be, at least in part, secondary to problems related to coordinating successive responses. In contrast, attention-shifting deficits associated with basal ganglia impairment cannot be explained by recourse to the motor demands of the task.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1992

Immunohistochemical study of intralaryngeal ganglia in the cat.

To study the mechanism of autonomic regulation in the larynx, intralaryngeal local ganglia of the cat were investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. Small intralaryngeal ganglia were found in the peripheral portions of internal branches of the superior laryngeal nerve. Ninety-one percent of the ganglionic neurons were immunoreactive (IR) to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and 10% of the VIP-IR cells were also immunoreactive to enkephalin (ENK) and/or substance P (SP). The immunoreactivity of neuronal cell bodies remained unchanged even after denervation of the bilateral superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. A dense distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR nerve fibers was found around almost all neuronal cells in the intralaryngeal ganglia. A few VIP-IR, ENK-IR, and SP-IR nerve fibers were also observed. Only the CGRP-IR fibers disappeared after the denervation experiments. In the laryngeal glands and mucosal arterioles, VIP-IR nerve terminals were found that were also immunoreactive to ENK and/or SP. However, these immunoreactive nerve endings in the glands and arterioles remained after the denervation experiments. The results of our study indicate that laryngeal exocrine secretion and blood flow are regulated by postganglionic autonomic parasympathetic fibers from intralaryngeal ganglia that contain VIP alone or VIP with ENK and/or SP, and that these ganglionic neurons may be innervated by CGRP-IR extrinsic nerve fibers.

Animals↗