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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Risk factors for breast cancer in black women.

Risk factors for breast cancer were examined in black women in a hospital-based case-control study of 529 black women with breast cancer and 589 controls. Late age at menarche was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Women having 5 or more children had a reduced risk relative to that of women with fewer or no children. Late age at first birth was associated with an elevated risk of breast cancer. Among postmenopausal black women, obesity [as measured by body mass index (BMI)] was associated with an increased risk; among premenopausal women, there was no association of breast cancer with BMI. Women whose menopause occurred at or after age 50 were at increased risk relative to those whose menopause occurred earlier. There was no association between number of years of education and breast cancer in black women. History of benign breast disease and history of breast cancer in mother or sisters both were risk factors. The risk factor profile for breast cancer in black women was similar to that observed in whites.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[High-risk group--breast cancer].

Amongst the various elements regarded as risk factors of breast cancer, such as family history of breast cancer, past history of mammary diseases, unmarried status, sterility and first birth at a late age, the most critical is weight and height increase due to a high fat/high protein diet. Only twenty years ago, Japan was one of the countries with the lowest mortality rate due to breast cancer, and the rapid rise seen since then is presumably because of the westernization of food. Our present investigation has proved that breast cancer patients are larger in weight and height in comparison with normal women. The second cause of this increase in breast cancer patients in Japan is the longer period for which women menstruate, due to early menarche and late menopause. This tendency has lately become conspicuous and is considered to have a strong influence on the increase of breast cancer. It has also been noted that the age of occurrence of breast cancer in Japan is gradually advancing, so that the range is shifting from middle-aged patients to those in old age, as in Western countries.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Risk factors for breast cancer in Tianjin, People's Republic of China.

Four hundred fifteen patients with breast cancer who were between 25 and 59 years old were interviewed. They were identified through a breast cancer screening program conducted by the Tianjin Cancer Institute during 1977-80. Controls were women who participated in the screening program but were free of breast cancer. The study confirmed early menarche, late age at first birth, and late menopause as major risk factors for breast cancer. Total duration of lactation was significantly associated with a reduction in its risk among parous women, but this was explained by higher parity among controls. No significant differences were observed between patients and controls in the amount of exposure to chest radiographs or use of hormones.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Protein-energy malnutrition in an urban African milieu (Togo). Etiologic factors in kwashiorkor and marasmus-kwashiorkor].

The etiologic factors of protein-energy malnutrition (P.E.M.) have been studied in 59 children with kwashiorkor (KWK) or marasmus-kwashiorkor (MKWK) and living in an african urban area. The decline of breast feeding leads to an earlier P.E.M., mainly MKWK. This decline is linked to urbanization, mother's activities, dislocation of traditional structures and use of artificial formulas. Essentially based on cereals, the diet is responsible of the post-weaning P.E.M. Poverty, ignorance and food taboos are related to a lack in weaning food varieties. A small number of infants with KWK had a rich protein diet putting back the cause of an hypoproteic diet on the KWK onset. Infections play a determinant role in the onset of KWK and of some MKWK, after 2 years of age. Diarrhoea, measles, bronchopulmonary and parasitic diseases are the most prevalent infections. Among socio-cultural factors, conjugal disorders are predominating with child-mother break-up and father's bonding failure. At the opposite of rural areas, the family size is reduced. The three first birth ranges are specially concerned with young inexperienced mothers.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1986

Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. A prospective cohort study.

In 1976, information on oral contraceptive (OC) use as well as numerous risk factors for breast cancer was provided by 121,964 married female registered nurses aged 30 to 55 years. Ninety-two percent of women in the cohort completed follow-up questionnaires, and vital records were systematically searched to ascertain deaths among nonrespondents. After four years of follow-up, 592 incident cases of breast cancer were identified. Compared with never users, the age-adjusted relative risk (RR) of breast cancer, regardless of menopausal status, among all women who had ever used OCs was 1.0. Among premenopausal women compared with those who had never used OCs, the RR of breast cancer was 1.5 for current use of OCs in 1976 and 1.0 for past use. Among postmenopausal women, the RR for past use of OCs was 1.0. These estimates were essentially unaltered after controlling for other known risk factors for breast cancer in multiple logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, there was no modification of these effects by family history of breast cancer, age at first use, timing of the first birth, or other breast cancer risk factors. Data on past use of OCs provide substantial reassuring evidence that there is no large excess risk of breast cancer within a few years of cessation of pill use. The observed moderate elevation of breast cancer risk with current use was of borderline statistical significance. However, the observation was based on 29 cases and may reflect the effect of sampling variability, as most other studies have not observed a relationship between current use of OCs and breast cancer in women of this age.

Adult↗
PubMed1968

[Therapeutic pedagogic requirements of the encephalopathic child].

The clinical picture of a child extremely retarded and excessively irritable is shown. Between the age of 3 and 6 we worked with the little child, who has been a premature birth, first on individual basis, later on in group. The child learned good habits and will be able to go to special-school. This case shows that the education of the retarded child of preschool age is very important. It is a great fault if we neglect these children. The mentally handicapped child can develop harmoniously provided the structure of his own personality and his individuality are respected.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1983

Female employment and reproductive behavior in Taiwan, 1980.

The impact of female employment on fertility preferences and behavior is examined with data from a 1980 national sample of Taiwanese women. The guiding hypothesis is that the greater the involvement of women in the impersonal market sector, the lower the fertility preferences, the longer the first birth interval, and the lower the actual fertility. Findings reveal that female employment in Taiwan is only weakly related to reproductive behavior. Even with increased participation of women in the modern market sector, female employment apparently has little impact on fertility preferences or behavior. Implications are drawn for policies aimed at lowering fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Family status of patients with paranoid schizophrenia with different degrees of progression].

The marital status of patients with continuously progressive paranoid schizophrenia in favourable and unfavourable variants of its course was studied. Both the presence of a psychic disease and the nature of its course were shown to have a significant impact on the marital status of patients and the stability of their marriages. The proportion of infertile women with both variants of the disease course was found to be considerably higher than in the general population. Furthermore, both groups under study exhibited a shift of the age at the first birth toward a younger age as well as a significant decrease in the number of repeated births as compared to the population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of the mechanisms of refractivity of the pituitary-adrenal system in rat ontogeny].

In the course of postnatal ontogeny of rats, the synthesis and secretion of corticosterone after birth first decline, then increase by the 3d week of development, reaching by puberty the level seen in adult animals. During stressor stimulation with "neurogenic" stimuli (sound, swinging), the response on the part of the pituitary-adrenal system (PAS) is detectable only at the age of 3 weeks, whereas during immobilization of the animals with paw stretching and fixation it is detectable since the first day of life. The chemical stimulants of the adrenal cortex (ACTH), of the pituitary (vasopressin) and of the hypothalamus (insulin) activate the peripheral and central components of the PAS at varying age periods and to varying degree. This indicates that during early postnatal ontogenesis, the character of a stressor stimulus and line of its effect on different components of the system play the key roles.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1980

Two-stage model for carcinogenesis: Epidemiology of breast cancer in females.

A biologically based two-stage model for carcinogenesis is presented that relates events occurring at the cellular level to epidemiologic features of breast cancer in females. This model, which accommodates the physiologic responses of breast tissue to menarche, menopause, and pregnancy, predicts age-specific incidence curves that are in close quantitative agreement with those observed in six test populations: Connecticut, Denmark, Finland, Slovenia, Iceland, and Osaka, Japan. According to the model, hormones influence the epidemiology of breast cancer in females by their action on the kinetics of growth of nonneoplastic breast tissue. As a consequence, it is argued that hormones are likely to be unimportant in determining overall risk in populations. The protective effect of an early first birth predicted by the model is in good quantitative agreement with data from a multinational study. Other epidemiologic features of breast cancer are logically explained within the framework of the model. No feature of the epidemiology of breast cancer requires that premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer be considered distinct entities from the point of view of pathogenesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Interaction of familial and hormonal risk factors for breast cancer.

A case-control study, conducted among participants in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project, obtained detailed information on family history of breast cancer and other risk factors from 1,362 breast cancer patients and 1,250 control subjects. An affected first-degree relative was reported by 22.4% of the patients and 12.2% of the control subjects. This finding was associated with a twofold increased risk of breast cancer, although greater elevations in risk were seen in younger study subjects and in those reporting both an affected mother and a sister. Analysis of other risk factors showed that, compared to women without a family history of breast cancer, control subjects with a family history of breast cancer tended to have early or late menarche, were older at first childbirth, and were younger at oophorectomy. In addition, the effect of family history on breast cancer risk was modified by age at menarche, but not by age at first birth or type of menopause. These findings suggest that familial susceptibility to breast cancer may be mediated through hormonal factors that operate early in a woman's life. A synergistic relationship was also observed between family history of breast cancer and the occurrence of multiple biopsies for benign breast disease, although the mechanisms for this relationship remain to be elucidated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of breast cancer. Preventive aspects.

Descriptive data demonstrate a marked variation in the incidence of breast cancer in distinct populations, which is closely linked to socioeconomic status and correlated with a differential age-specific incidence pattern and time trends. These suggest a westernization effect, and the possible existence of two distinct disease entities--pre- and postmenopausal. Known risk factors may be defined in a number of ways. From a preventive standpoint, a practical classification is suggested whereby risk factors are grouped as preventable, modifiable, unapproachable or spurious. The only risk factors which seem definite at present are estrogen exposure, family history and radiation, with the possible contribution of benign breast disease, replacement hormones, and diet. The only preventable factors are radiation and possibly long-term hormonal replacement, but their contribution to the disease indicence in the population is minimal. Two theoretically modifiable factors are diet and age at first birth, but the latter cannot be easily influenced, and the effect of dietary modification is still unsubstantiated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Progesterone and estrogen receptors and mammary neoplasia in the Iowa Women's Health Study: how many kinds of breast cancer are there?

Characterization of breast tumors on both estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status suggests distinct biological and clinical profiles. We hypothesized that these tumor subtypes might also show specific differences in their relations with epidemiologic risk factors. Risk factors were assessed via a questionnaire mailed in January 1986 to 37,105 cancer-free women, ages 55-69 years: the Iowa Women's Health Study. To the end of 1992 (241,627 person-years of follow-up), 939 incident breast cancers were ascertained by the Iowa population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Cancer Registry. Joint ER and PR status was determined on a total of 610 (65%) tumors. Three patterns of association were seen in relation to epidemiologic risk factors. Endogenous hormone exposure variables--parity, age at first birth, age at menarche, body mass index, and body fat distribution as defined by waist-to-hip ratio--showed their expected pattern of associations only with PR+ breast cancers. In age- adjusted and polychotomous logistic regression analyses, both ER-PR- and ER+PR- breast cancers showed evidence of an inverted pattern of associations with several risk factors compared with that seen for ER+PR+ cancers [including parity (ER-PR-), waist-to-hip ratio (ER-PR-), body mass index (both), body mass index at age 18 years (ER-PR-), history of bilateral oophorectomy (ER+PR-), and oral contraceptive use (ER+PR-)]. Family history was not associated with ER+PR- cancers; only 8 (8%) of 99 patients with this subtype had a family history of breast cancer compared with 16% of all other types combined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Relation of body fat distribution to reproductive factors in pre- and postmenopausal women.

The cross-sectional relations of several reproductive characteristics with self-reported waist-to-hip circumference ratio were evaluated in 44,487 pre- and postmenopausal women 40 to 65 years of age who were free of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. All results were adjusted for age, body mass index, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and alcohol intake. Current use of postmenopausal hormones was associated with a significantly lower waist-to-hip ratio than either past or never use independent of type of menopause (0.778 versus 0.784, p = 0.0001 and 0.787, p = 0.0001, respectively), although associations with type (unopposed estrogens versus combined estrogen and progesterone) and duration of hormone therapy were not noted. Waist-to-hip ratio did not differ between pre- and postmenopausal women, but demonstrated weak positive associations with age at menarche, parity, and age at first birth, and a weak inverse association with past duration of breast-feeding. These data confirm relations of several reproductive factors and use of hormone replacement therapy with body fat distribution. Epidemiologic studies relating body fat distribution to disease outcomes in women should consider these factors as potential confounders.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

A multistate model of fecundability and sterility.

This paper develops a multistate hazards model for estimating fecundability and sterility from data on waiting times to conception. Important features of the model include separate sterile and nonsterile states, a distinction between preexisting sterility and sterility that begins after initiation of exposure, and log-normally distributed fecundability among nonsterile couples. Application of the model to data on first birth intervals from Taiwan, Sri Lanka, and the Amish shows that heterogeneity in fecundability is statistically significant at most ages, but that preexisting sterility and new sterility are unimportant before age 40. These results suggest that sterility may not be an important determinant of natural fertility until later reproductive ages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Breast cancer risk and hormone replacement therapy: a review of the epidemiology.

Hormone-related cancers account for more than 20% of all newly diagnosed malignancies and more than 40% of all female cancers in the United States. The life-time odds of getting breast cancer in North America are now one in eight. Mortality rates have held almost steady over the past 20 years, even though the number of new cases has grown. The impact of exogenous hormones on risk of reproductive cancer, especially breast cancer, has been the focus of considerable interest in recent years as the use of exogenous hormones (both pre-menopausally and post-menopausally) has increased. Evidence concerning the effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on breast cancer risk is presented. The epidemiology of other risk factors for breast cancer is summarized as background; this includes reproductive factors (such as age at first birth, and age at menarche and menopause), family history, and use of exogenous hormones other than HRT.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Risk factors for breast cancer in younger women.

Epidemiologic studies of breast cancer that have included younger, premenopausal women in their populations have found that factors that predict altered risk of breast cancer after menopause can have different or even reversed effects before menopause. We have reviewed the literature on risk factors for breast cancer and their associations with breast cancer in general, and compared the risks for younger women with those for women diagnosed at older ages. Race, parity, and large body size are factors that may have opposite effects on breast cancer risk in younger and older women. Other factors of particular significance in the etiology of early-onset breast cancer include a late age at first birth, never having lactated, oral contraceptive use at early ages or of long duration, a family history of breast cancer, and a history of proliferative benign breast disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Family history, age, and risk of breast cancer. Prospective data from the Nurses' Health Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine prospectively the risk of breast cancer as influenced by a maternal history of breast cancer, the mother's age at diagnosis, or a sister's history of breast cancer. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with biennial follow-up. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: 117,988 women in the Nurses' Health Study aged 30 to 55 years in 1976, followed up through 1988 (1.3 million person-years of follow-up). RESULTS: We identified 2389 incident cases of invasive breast cancer. Compared with women without a maternal history of breast cancer, the age-adjusted relative risk (RR) of breast cancer was highest among women whose mother was diagnosed before the age of 40 years (RR, 2.1 [95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 2.8]). The RR decreased with advancing maternal age at time of diagnosis to 1.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.2) for maternal diagnosis after the age of 70 years. Having a sister with a history of breast cancer also was related to increased risk; for women with one sister with breast cancer compared with those with one sister without such a history, the age-adjusted RR was 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 3.4). Women whose mother and sister both had a history of breast cancer had an RR of 2.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 4.2) compared with those without a family history. These associations did not differ appreciably when stratified by age; menopausal status; history of benign breast disease; body mass index; age at menarche; or parity or age at first birth of the women at risk. The results remained unchanged when we controlled for these risk factors in multivariate models. Despite slightly greater mammography surveillance and earlier detection of tumors among women with a family history of breast cancer, detection bias is unlikely to account for more than a small part of the observed association. CONCLUSIONS: Risk of breast cancer is approximately doubled among women whose mother had breast cancer diagnosed before the age of 40 years or who have a sister with breast cancer, and remains elevated even for those whose mothers were diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 70 years or older. However, the risk associated with a mother or sister history of breast cancer is smaller than suggested by earlier retrospective studies. Overall, within this population of middle-aged women, only 2.5% of breast cancer cases are attributable to a positive family history.

Adult↗