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PubMed2002

The initiation and administration of drugs for advanced life support by critical care nurses in the absence of a medical practitioner.

Current legislation does not permit the administration of first line resuscitation medications by suitably qualified Division 1 registered nurses (RNs) in the absence of a medical officer. This omission by the Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act 1981 (Vic) and the Drugs, Poisons and The Controlled Substances Regulations 1995 (Vic) leaves many critical care nurses in a vulnerable legal position. The primary aim of this study was to gauge the view of critical care nurses with respect to lobbying for change to the current legislation. In addition, the study aimed to explore and describe the educational preparation, practice perceptions and experiences of RNs working in critical care regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the administration of first line advanced life support (ALS) medications in the absence of a medical officer. It was anticipated that data collected would demonstrate some of the dilemmas associated with the initiation and administration of ALS medications for practising critical care nurses and could be used to inform controlling bodies in order for them to gain an appreciation of the issues facing critical care nurses during resuscitation. A mailout survey was sent to all members of the Victorian Branch of the Australian College of Critical Care Nurses (ACCCN). The results showed that the majority of nurses underwent an annual ALS assessment and had current ALS accreditation. Nurses indicated that they felt educationally prepared and were confident to manage cardiopulmonary resuscitation without a medical officer; indeed, the majority had done so. The differences in practice issues for metropolitan, regional and rural nurses were highlighted. There is therefore clear evidence to suggest that legislative amendments are appropriate and necessary, given the time critical nature of cardiopulmonary arrest. There was overwhelming support for ACCCN Vic. Ltd to lobby the Victorian government for changes to the law.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2006

Agricultural use of municipal wastewater sludges: phosphorus availability of biological excess phosphorus removal sludges.

Reuse of sewage sludges as phosphorus fertiliser requires the estimation of the plant availabilities of phosphorus (P) from different sludges. This study investigates the effect of lime stabilisation on the phosphorus availability from biological phosphorus removal sludges. In the first part of the study, pot experiments were carried out to assess the fertilising effect of a dewatered biological phosphorus removal sludge. Availability of P was determined in terms of plant-uptake. In the second part of the study, incubation tests were carried out to observe the change in the available P with time when the waste activated sludge (WAS) from an enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process is mixed with the same soil. In this part, the plant available P was measured in terms of Olsen extractable P. A P-deficient, alkaline soil was used in the experiments and Lollium Perenne was selected as the testing plant. The results of the pot experiments revealed that lime-stabilisation of the sludge considerably decreased or retarded the availability of P in the sludge. In the incubation tests, the availability of phosphorus in the lime stabilised and nonstabilised sludge amended soil samples was close to each other. In general, P-availability was increased due to the sludge application except for the lime-stabilised dewatered sludge.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2005

Assessment of sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on oriental fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

Sublethal effects of the insect growth regulator methoxyfenozide were examined in oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in laboratory and field studies. In laboratory studies, oriental fruit moth larvae reared on diet amended with 0.1 ppm methoxyfenozide developed at the same rate as larvae reared on untreated diet, and paired moths reared as larvae from the same treated or untreated diets exhibited similar fecundity and fertility. Population growth differences over multiple generations were used to examine sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on population dynamics in the field. Multiple single-tree cages were placed over apple (Malus spp.) trees treated with two applications of methoxyfenozide (70 g [AI] /ha) and nontreated trees. Cages were infested at a single time point with virgin male and female oriental fruit moth adults, and population growth was evaluated by egg counts, shoot infestation, fruit damage, and larval counts over a 12-wk period. Significantly fewer eggs, larvae, and damaged fruit were found on methoxyfenozide-treated compared with nontreated trees in 2001. Observed population differences may have been a result of direct mortality to eggs and larvae of the first generation rather than sublethal effects. In 2002, no differences were observed between treatments, but a heavy rain event shortly after the early infestation impacted the experiment. A late moth release treatment was tested in 2002 to examine the effects of residual methoxyfenozide 55 d after initial application. Significantly fewer eggs were found in the methoxyfenozide treatment compared with the control, but no differences existed among treatments in shoot infestation, percentage of damaged fruit, or larval populations. It was concluded direct mortality of eggs and larvae exposed to methoxyfenozide rather than sublethal effects were most important in reduction of subsequent generations.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Post-transplantation pyelonephritis: factors producing low patient and transplant morbidity.

A retrospective study of 1,100 consecutive renal transplantations done on 959 patients revealed postoperative pyelonephritis in 15 patients, 14 of whom were women. Sixteen of the 20 episodes of pyelonephritis were caused by Escherichia coli and only 4 episodes occurred within the first year after transplantation, thus revealing the crucial differentiation from a rejection episode. When the etiology of the original renal failure was pyelonephritis the incidence of pyelonephritis in the transplanted kidneys was high. This high incidence also was true for cases associated with post-transplantation urological complications. When the etiology of renal failure was diabetes or polycystic renal disease, or when urologic abnormalities pre-existed the incidence of pyelonephritis was low. No transplant or patient loss was caused by post-transplantation pyelonephritis, probably because of prompt, correct diagnosis and a low urological complication rate.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Federal old-age, survivors, and disability insurance; earnings test: Social Security Administration. Interim regulations.

The Social Security Administration is issuing interim regulations to implement sections 1, 3, and 4 of Pub. L. 96-473 (enacted October 19, 1980) that make a number of changes in the application of the earnings test for retirement purposes. The provisions are designed to eliminate some unintended and harsh effects of the limitations on the use of the monthly earnings test imposed by the Social Security Amendments of 1977. Section 1 permits the use of the monthly earnings test by those beneficiaries entitled to child's benefits, young wife's and young husband's benefits (entitled only by reason of having an entitled child in their care) or mother's and father's benefits, in the year that entitlement terminates, if termination is for a reason other than death and the beneficiary is not entitled to another type of Social Security benefit for the month following the month of termination. Section 3 excludes from gross income, for purposes of the annual earnings test, self-employment income which is received in a year after the initial year of entitlement to insurance benefits under title II (other than disability benefits and childhood disability benefits) and is not attributable to services performed after the month of entitlement. Section 4 provides for all beneficiaries the use of the monthly earnings test in the first taxable year after 1977 in which a beneficiary has a non-service month in or after the month of entitlement to benefits.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Anaerobic, sulfate-dependent degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum-contaminated harbor sediment.

It has previously been demonstrated that [14C]-labeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be oxidized to 14CO2 in anoxic, PAH-contaminated, marine harbor sediments in which sulfate reduction is the terminal electron-accepting process. However, it has not previously been determined whether this degradation of [14C]-PAHs accurately reflects the degradation of the in situ pools of contaminant PAHs. In coal tar-contaminated sediments from Boston Harbor, [14C]-naphthalene was readily oxidized to 14CO2, but, after 95 d of incubation under anaerobic conditions, there was no significant decrease in the detectable pool of in situ naphthalene in these sediments. Therefore, to better evaluate the anaerobic biodegradation of the in situ PAH pools, the concentrations of these contaminants were monitored for ca. 1 year during which the sediments were incubated under conditions that mimicked those found in situ. There was loss of all of the PAHs that were monitored (2-5 ring congeners), including high molecular weight PAHs, such as benzo[a]pyrene, that have not previously been shown to be degraded under anaerobic conditions. There was no significant change in the PAH levels in the sediments amended with molybdate to inhibit sulfate-reducing bacteria or in sediments in which all microorganisms had been killed with glutaraldehyde. In some instances, over half of the detectable pools of in situ 2-3 ring PAHs were degraded. In general, the smaller PAHs were degraded more rapidly than the larger PAHs. A distinct exception in the Boston Harbor sediment was naphthalene which was degraded very slowly at a rate comparable to the larger PAHs. In a similar in situ-like study of fuel-contaminated sediments from Liepaja Harbor, Latvia, there was no decline in PAH levels in samples that were sulfate-depleted. However, when the Latvia sediments were supplemented with sufficient sodium sulfate or gypsum to elevate pore water levels of sulfate to approximately 14-25 mM there was a 90% decline in the naphthalene and a 60% decline in the 2-methylnaphthalene pool within 90 days. These studies demonstrate for the first time that degradation by anaerobic microorganisms can significantly impact the in situ pools of PAHs in petroleum-contaminated, anoxic, sulfate-reducing harbor sediments and suggest that the self-purification capacity of contaminated harbor sediments is greater than previously considered.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗

PubMed1976

[Cineradiographical studies of local ventricular motility before and after aorto-coronary bypass (author's transl)].

The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of surgical revascularization on the motility of the left ventricular segment distal to a high grade coronary stenosis. In 17 patients with LAD bypass local relative segment shortening lambda (lambda = diastolic length - systolic length/diastolic length X 100) was determined measuring the distances of coronary bifurcations and surgically implanted myocardial metal markers frame by frame in high speed cineradiography. A group of 14 patients whose angina pectoris was abolished after operation and where bypass proved to be patent showed significant increase of lambda within the first postoperative days (lambda preop. = 3,4 +/- 18,3 SD, lambda postop. = 18,9 +/- 8,0 SD, p less than 0.05). Paradoxical movement had disappeared in 4 cases. In the following two-monthly controls up to one year no significant further alterations of local motility were seen. Three patients with persisting angina did not show any increase of segment shortening. It is concluded that aorto-coronary bypass surgery can restore impaired local motility in the majority of patients. The method described is useful for repeated non-invasive controls of the success of operation.

Angina Pectoris↗

PubMed2005

Effects of the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol on early life stages of mink frogs and green frogs in the wild and in situ.

Estrogenic contaminants are known to disrupt growth and development in amphibians. Field-based research is needed to elucidate their potential impacts on wild populations. Hatch success, larval growth and development rates, and gonad development were examined in native amphibians exposed to low ng/L concentrations of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in a whole-lake addition experiment at the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario, Canada. Egg masses were reared in situ in the EE2-amended lake and in two reference lakes in 2001 and 2002. Hatching success was reduced significantly in green frogs (Rana clamitans) but not in mink frogs (Rana septentrionalis) exposed to EE2. Ethinylestradiol had no consistent effect on mass or development stage of hatchlings in the early larval stages of the caging study. Ethinylestradiol had no effect on sex ratios of either species in situ, and no intersex gonads were observed in exposed or reference green frog tadpoles or in reference mink frog tadpoles. However, 5.6% (total n = 18) and 12.5% (total n = 56) of EE2-exposed mink frog tadpoles were intersex in the 2001 and 2002 caging studies, respectively. Wild mink frog tadpoles also were examined, and EE2 had no effect on sex ratios. No intersex gonads were observed in reference lake tadpoles or in tadpoles from the experimental lake prior to EE2 additions; however, 2.4, 0, and 28.6% of wild EE2-exposed first-year tadpoles had intersex gonads (2001, 2002, and 2003, respectively). These results indicate that exposure to EE2 in the wild and in situ at concentrations comparable to those detected in effluents and, occasionally, in surface waters can impact gonad development and hatch success in native amphibians.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Traditional versus hazard analysis and critical control point-based inspection: results from a poultry slaughter project.

Federal meat and poultry inspection has changed little since the Federal Meat Inspection Act was passed in 1906, followed by the Poultry Products Inspection Act of 1957 and related amendments. These acts mandate sensory or organoleptic (sight, smell, and touch) inspection of all carcasses. For several decades, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) has been urged by various organizations to move to a scientific, risk-based inspection system. In partial response to these calls, the FSIS has developed new slaughter inspection models that are currently being tested with volunteer plants in the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP)-based inspection models project. To evaluate whether plants operating under the new inspection models perform at least as well as they did under the current or traditional system, microbial and organoleptic data are being collected before and after the implementation of the new inspection models. In this article, we describe the baseline and models data collection procedures and present the results of the baseline and models data collection for eight plants that slaughter young chickens. The results from the first eight volunteer plants suggest that inspection under the new models is equivalent and in some ways superior to that of traditional inspection. This pilot project suggests that new slaughter inspection systems, which rely on HACCP principles with FSIS oversight and verification services, can maintain or even improve food safety and other consumer protection conditions relative to traditional hands-on inspection methods.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A model for the effect of rhizodeposition on the fate of phenanthrene in aged contaminated soil.

Microcosm data were used to develop a deterministic model to describe how rhizodeposition affects the fate of phenanthrene in aged contaminated soil. Microbial mineralization and soil sequestration of 14C-phenanthrene were compared in microcosms amended weekly with phenolic-rich mulberry root extracts versus unamended controls. Mineralization was higher in the amended soils simulating the rhizosphere (57.7 +/- 0.9%) than in controls simulating bulk (unplanted) soils (53.2 +/- 0.7%) after 201 days (p < 0.05). Humin was the main soil sink for the residual 14C-label. Whereas the total 14C-label associated with humin remained constant in biologically active soils (at about 30%), it increased up to 80% after 201 days in sterile controls. The initial phenanthrene extraction with n-butanol (commonly used to assess bioavailability) slightly underestimated the fraction thatwas mineralized (assessed by 14CO2 recovery). Changes in the unextractable fraction (determined by combustion in a biological oxidizer) suggested the presence of two soil sequestration domains: (1) irreversibly bound residue, and (2) an intermediate transition phase that is unextractable by solvents at a given point in time but could become bioavailable due to physicochemical or biological transformations of the binding matrix. The fate of phenanthrene was accurately modeled by considering the transfer of the 14C label between different soil compartments as first-order kinetic processes. Model simulations suggested that the system was approaching a stable end-point after 201 days of simulated rhizoremediation, and corroborated that microorganisms have a significant impact on the fate of phenanthrene in soil.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2001

Depressive syndromes in dementia.

BACKGROUND: Depressive syndromes in dementia are common, treatment is challenging and controlled intervention studies are small in number. The goal of this paper is to review known information about the etiology, epidemiology and treatment of these syndromes, as summarized at the recent Canadian Consensus Conference on Dementia. METHODS: A number of Medline searches were performed (most recently updated in October 2000) using the subject categories dementia and depression, or apathy or emotional lability and other relevant articles were also reviewed. The background article was edited and amended at the Consensus Conference on Dementia. Final recommendations appearing in the summary article by Patterson et al were accepted by the group consensus process. Clinical discussion and informational updates were added for the current text by the authors. RESULTS: Depressive syndromes, ranging in severity from isolated symptoms to full depressive disorders, increase in dementia. While clear-cut depressive disorder is increased in this population, sub-syndromal disorders are even more common and cause considerable distress. Antidepressant treatment may improve the quality of life in depressed, demented people, although it is less successful than in those without cognitive impairment and carries more risk of iatrogenic effects. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians should be alert to the presence of depressive syndromes in dementia. Depressive illness should be treated and, when necessary, referral should be made to an appropriate specialist. Treatment must minimize iatrogenic effects. Although there is some support for treatment of syndromes that do not meet criteria for depressive disorder or dysthymia, the first line of intervention in these situations should involve nonpharmacological approaches.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

[Better medical devices regulations for better health care: enlightenment for medical devices regulatory reform in China, from experiences of the E.U. and the U.S.A].

The expansion of applications of medical devices has attracted the increased attention of government regulatory bodies around the world to the safety and effectiveness of these products. Most developed countries, such as the United States and European Union, have developed well-established regulatory systems for medical devices, which have also consistently been amended to accommodate the changing requirements of safety and the trend of globalization.The current "Regulations for the Supervision and Administration of Medical Device (China)", established in 2000, has brought about great improvements for the safety and effectiveness of products, safeguarding public health. But there are still, at present, a lot of counterfeit and poor quality devices and device-related adverse events for lack of powerful post -market and in-use regulatory controls for products. It is therefore very urgent for the Chinese government to reform its medical device administration and management. This research paper analyses and compares the different requirements and executions of medical devices regulations in the EU, the US and China, to draw some experiences of the EU and US regimes that are very useful to China's regulatory reform. It is suggested that when developing a new scheme of medical devices regulatory reform in China, two prominent aspects have to be considered by policy makers and regulators. Firstly, the global trend of medical devices regulations has to be taken into account. Secondly, the experiences learned from the EU and US systems should be applied to the Chinese regulatory reform in combination with the concrete practice of China.

China↗

PubMed2003

Gene transfer: regulatory issues and their impact on the clinical investigator and the good manufacturing production facility.

The first human gene-transfer study was submitted to the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) in 1988, thus initiating a new era in clinical research. As per the RAC Website (last updated 22nd November 2002), almost 550 human gene-transfer studies have been submitted to the RAC. However, there are currently no licensed gene-therapy products available in the USA. The natural evolution of the review process to accommodate these novel protocols, as well as the death of Jesse Gelsinger in 1999, have led to significant changes in the initial and ongoing review of gene-transfer studies. However, the basic framework of the review process remains unchanged.Gene-transfer protocols require oversight by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC), the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC), and the Institutional Review Board (IRB). Such oversight includes both initial review of the protocol and ongoing review of the study through the review of annual reports, adverse events, and proposed amendments to the study. In addition to such review of the protocol, the product itself is required by the FDA to be prepared under current good manufacturing practices (cGMP). This article discusses both regulatory oversight and current GMP issues in depth.

Biological Products↗

PubMed1995

Validation of a test method for the measurement of methanol emissions from stationary sources.

Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments designated methanol as a pollutant to be regulated. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through a contract with Research Triangle Institute, has developed a method for measuring methanol emissions from stationary sources. The methanol sampling train (MST) consists of a glass-lined heated probe, two condensate knockout traps, and three sorbent cartridges packed with Anasorb 747. Samples are desorbed with a 1:1 mixture of carbon disulfide (CS2) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Condensate water and CS2/ DMF samples are analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The MST has a practical quantitation limit of approximately 3 ppm for a 20-L sample. Samples were shown to be stable for at least two weeks after collection. Field tests of the MST and the National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) methanol sampling method were conducted at two pulp and paper mills. Sampling and analysis procedures followed EPA Method 301 requirements. The sampling location for the first field test was the inlet vent to a softwood bleach plant scrubber, where the methanol concentration was approximately 30 ppm. The mean recovery of spike was 108.3% for the MST method and 81.6% for the NCASI method. Although neither method showed significant bias at the 95% confidence level, the between-methods bias was significantly different. A second field test was conducted at a vent from a black liquor oxidation tank where the methanol concentration was approximately 350 ppm. Mean spike recoveries were 96.6 and 94.2% for the MST and NCASI methods, respectively. The biases of the two methods and the between-methods bias were not significantly different for the second field test.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2026

Azithromycin-resistant Salmonella enterica Typhi with AcrB R717L/Q mutations in the United States.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Azithromycin is a critical oral treatment for typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi), since XDR has rendered other first-line treatment options ineffective. Azithromycin resistance conferred by amino acid changes in AcrB, an AcrAB-TolC efflux pump component, represents an emerging public health concern. Leveraging phenotypic and genotypic data from U.S. Salmonella Typhi surveillance systems, this study describes the prevalence, phenotype and genomic epidemiology of Salmonella Typhi with AcrB mutations in U.S. patients since the first detection in 2015. METHODS: AST and WGS data of >3000 Salmonella Typhi isolates were used to identify all cases with an AcrB mutation in the United States (2015-2025). We calculated annual prevalence and MIC ranges. Phylogenetic analysis was used to contextualize U.S. cases of Salmonella Typhi with an AcrB mutation within all globally reported cases. RESULTS: While the prevalence of AcrB mutations in the United States is low (1.5%), it has risen significantly in recent years, from 0.2% in 2016-2022 to 2.2% in 2023-2025. This increase is predominantly driven by clonal expansion of existing strains circulating in South Asia. AcrB mutations do not reliably confer resistance to azithromycin (MIC ≥ 32 mg/L), complicating clinical interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AcrB mutations in Salmonella Typhi is increasing in the United States, and likely globally, given that U.S. data function as an informal proxy for regions without routine surveillance infrastructure. Clinical outcomes data are needed to inform Salmonella Typhi treatment guidelines and potentially amend clinical breakpoints for azithromycin.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Three sources of CO2 efflux from soil partitioned by 13C natural abundance in an incubation study.

This study describes a novel approach to separate three soil carbon (C) sources by one tracer method (here 13C natural abundance). The approach is based on the combination of C3 and C4 sources in different treatments, identical decomposition of C3 and C4 substances in soil, and subsequent calculation of their contribution to the total CO2 efflux. We used the temporal dynamics of the CO2 efflux from a C3 grassland soil amended with added C3 or C4 slurry and/or C3 or C4 sugar to estimate contributions of three separate C sources: native soil organic matter (SOM), slurry and sugar, to CO2 efflux. Soil with slurry and/or sugar was incubated under controlled conditions, and concentration and delta13C values of evolved CO2 were measured over a 2-week period. The main assumption needed for separation of three C sources in CO2 efflux, i.e. identical decomposition of applied C3 and C4 sugars in soil, was investigated and proven. The relative contribution to the CO2 efflux increased, but its duration decreased with an increased microbial availability of the C source, i.e. sugar > slurry > SOM. The microorganisms used the C sources according to their availability. The contribution of sugar to the CO2 efflux was finished after 2-4 days. Separation of three CO2 sources and comparison of CO2 from different treatments tracing the changes of SOM and slurry decomposition induced by addition of sugar were investigated. During the sugar decomposition (the first 2-4 days), the SOM decomposition strongly decreased. At the same time the contribution of slurry-C to CO2 increased. The shortcomings and limitations as well as possible future applications of the suggested method including FACE (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichments) and continuous labelling experiments are discussed.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed1980

Parham v. J. R.: "voluntary" commitment of minors to mental institutions.

In Parham v. J.R., 442 U.S. 584 (1979), the U.S. Supreme Court held that a parent or a guardian can commit a minor to a mental institution if a staff physician certifies that the minor should be committd, even if the minor strenuously opposes their decision. The Court specifically rejected claims that commitment of a minor by a parent or guardian without an adversary hearing is a deprivation of the minor's liberty without due process of law. This Note reviews the Parham opinion, with special attention to its impact on "mature minors" and wards of the state and to its definition of a neutral factfinder. The Note argues first that the Court's failure to establish special safeguards for "mature minors" and wards of the state is inconsistent with constitutional standards of due process, and second, that the Court's acceptance of staff physicians as neutral fact-finders may be unwarranted. The Note recommends the creation of more stringent procedural safeguards for the commitment of minors by parents and guardians, including the use of independent mental health professionals as "neutral factfinders."

Age Factors↗

PubMed1989

Expression and DNA sequence analysis of a human embryonic skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain gene.

Vertebrate myosin heavy chains (MHC) are represented by multiple genes that are expressed in a spatially and temporally distinct pattern during development. In order to obtain molecular probes for developmentally regulated human MHC isoforms, we used monoclonal antibodies to screen an expression cDNA library constructed from primary human myotube cultures. A 3.4 kb cDNA was isolated that encodes one of the first MHCs to be transcribed in human skeletal muscle development. A portion of the corresponding gene encoding this isoform has also been isolated. Expression of this embryonic MHC is a hallmark of muscle regeneration after birth and is a characteristic marker of human muscular dystrophies. During normal human development, expression is restricted to the embryonic period of development prior to birth. In primary human muscle cell cultures, devoid of other cell types, mRNA accumulation begins as myotubes form, reaches a peak 2 days later and declines to undetectable levels within 10 days. The expression of the protein encoded by the embryonic skeletal MHC gene follows a similar time course, lagging behind the mRNA by approximately two days. Thus, expression of the human embryonic gene is efficiently induced and then repressed in cultured muscle cells, as it is in muscle tissue. The study of the regulation of a human MHC isoform with a central role in muscle development and in muscle regeneration in disease states is therefore amendable to analysis at a molecular level.

Amino Acid Sequence↗