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PubMed2002

Estrogen treatment and body fat distribution are involved in corticotropin and cortisol response to corticotropin-releasing hormone in postmenopausal women.

To assess the effect of transdermal estrogen substitution on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsiveness/sensitivity and the impact of the antrophometric characteristics on these parameters, 20 postmenopausal women seeking treatment for the relief of postemenopausal symptoms were studied. They received transdermal 50 microg/d estradiol for 12 weeks (estrogen replacement therapy [ERT]). Patients were classified as low waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (peripheral fat distribution women; n = 12) and high WHR (central fat distribution women; n = 8) according to the cut-off value of 0.85. Plasma hormone and lipid concentration were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Results were compared with a group of 8 placebo-treated patients who served as controls. Corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol (F) were expressed as fasting values, area under the curve (AUC), and time course over 90 minutes after corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) intravenous (IV) bolus (1 microg/kg body weight [BW]). Adrenal sensitivity to CRH stimulus was expressed as time course over 90 minutes and AUC of the F/ACTH molar ratio. The plasma F levels in response to ACTH stimulation did not change after ERT; however, a highly significant improvement of adrenal sensitivity was observed (P <.01). In fact, estrogen treatment significantly decreased the amount of ACTH produced after CRH stimulation, both as absolute time course and AUC (P <.01). No significant change was observed in controls. Considering body fat distribution, the high WHR group showed higher ACTH (P <.01), lower F/ACTH values, and superimposable F plasma values compared with the low WHR group. Estrogen treatment induced a significant ACTH reduction after CRH (P <.01) only in the high WHR group, whereas cortisol response was similar in both groups both before and after treatment. A significant negative correlation was found between WHR and adrenal sensitivity before treatment. ERT significantly improved adrenal sensitivity only in the low WHR group (P <.01). These data suggest that different mechanisms can prevail in the control of the HPA axis in menopause. Estrogens could exert different effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, as well as on adrenal function, and these changes seem to be partially dependent on the pattern of body fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Functional implication of an Arg307Gly substitution in corticosteroid-binding globulin, a candidate gene for a quantitative trait locus associated with cortisol variability and obesity in pig.

We previously reported that corticosteroid-binding globulin gene (Cbg) may be the causal gene of a quantitative trait locus associated with cortisol levels, fat deposition, and muscle content in a pig intercross. Sequence analysis of parental animals allowed us to identify four amino-acid substitutions. Here we have examined if any of these single amino acid substitutions could be responsible for the difference in CBG binding and affinity for cortisol between the parental breeds, using in vitro assays of Cbg variants after transfection of mammalian cells. Additionally, the Cbg coding region was analyzed in samples from a synthetic pig line to study association between polymorphism and CBG biochemical properties, carcass composition, and meat quality. Both in vitro transfection assays and the association studies suggest a role of the Arg307Gly mutation in increasing CBG capacity (by >70%) and decreasing CBG affinity for cortisol (by 30%). The Ile265Val substitution may also have an effect on decreasing CBG affinity for cortisol by 25%. The mutations Ser15Ile and Thr257Met do not seem to have an effect on CBG parameters. The Arg307Gly substitution was the only mutation associated with a parameter of meat quality and no mutation was linked to carcass composition.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed1997

A prospective discussion of past international nutrition catastrophes--indications for the future.

It is of interest that, aside from starvation, the nutrition catastrophes of the past, including scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) resulting from lack of fresh vegetables and fruit and beriberi (vitamin B1 deficiency) from consumption of polished rice, are forgotten and only of interest as history. The problems of vitamins were largely considered settled by the 1950s. With the appearance on the market of multiple-vitamin-and-mineral tablets, the public was also satisfied and considered the problem of deficiencies solved. Now we are faced with unexpected nutrition problems primarily in the industrial West, which follow from the excess of dietary fats, the refining of grains to make white flour, and the alteration of other natural foods for general use. As we labor to understand and control these problems, new and unexpected "toxins," deficiencies, or excesses may develop. This article is a brief historical account of the past based largely on personal experiences and my concern for the future. The realization that the Western industrial world's high-fat diet was profoundly unhealthy has led to an attempt at correction by development of numerous low-fat foods. Unsaturated vegetable oils and saturated animal fats are being reduced or eliminated. In their place, other components and compounds are being substituted for their taste and consistency, without adequate concern for their nutritional value or freedom from toxicity. Before continuing this risk, the health of the world's population must be considered. Our past experiences with chemical and mechanical alteration of foods, and its effect on the nutrition of every man, woman, and child in the Western world, primarily in industrial North America, should not be forgotten.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1997

Effects of dietary sorghum of different tannin concentrations and tallow supplementation on the performance of broiler chicks.

1. The chemical compositions and tannin contents of 17 varieties of grain sorghum were determined. 2. Commercial broiler chicks were fed from 7 to 49 d of age on 15 experimental diets which varied in their concentrations of tannins and animal fat (tallow), by the inclusion of different amounts of high and a low protein varieties of sorghum. 3. Substitution of a low tannin sorghum completely for maize did not have any significantly adverse effect on performance. Broiler chicks could tolerate up to 2.6 g tannin/kg above which their performance was reduced. Addition of tallow did not significantly affect broiler performance except at the highest tannin content and added fat intake, where weight gain and efficiency appeared to improve significantly.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

The apparent digestibility of fibre in trotters when dietary soybean oil is substituted for an iso-energetic amount of glucose.

An attempt was made to quantify the effect of extra fat intake on fibre utilization in horses. In a 4 x 4 cross-over trial with feeding periods of 24 days each, eight mature trotting horses (age 4 to 12 years, 407 to 531 kg BW) were given four diets. The concentrates were formulated to contain either soybean oil or an iso-energetic amount of glucose or combinations of the two ingredients. The concentrates were fed in combination with the same amount of hay so that the whole diets contained 30, 50, 77 or 108 g EE/kg DM. Apart from the amounts of fat and glucose the four diets were identical. With an increase of 10 g/kg DM of soybean oil the apparent total tract digestibility of crude fibre was reduced with 0.9 percentage units. Extra fat intake also reduced apparent protein and NFE digestibility, but raised apparent fat digestibility. Although the present results may hold specifically for the conditions of this study, it is suggested that the observed interaction between fat content of the diet and macronutrient utilization might have consequences for practical horse feeding in that calculating the energy content of high-fat diets on the basis of feedstuff tables will lead to over- or underestimating the amount of energy provided by the various ingredients of the diets.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chronic polyneuropathy due to vitamin E deficiency].

Vitamin E deficiency has been implicated as a causal factor in neurological disease for some time. Nevertheless, only in the last 10 years have we begun to understand the role this vitamin plays in the normal functioning and structure of the nervous system. Chronic fat malabsorption syndromes are the most common causes of low levels of this highly fat-soluble vitamin. We present a case of chronic polyneuropathy due to vitamin E deficiency caused by malabsorption in which a biliary-cholonic fistula was present. Plasma tocopherol levels were normalized by parenteral substitution, leading to substantial clinical improvement. We suggest that vitamin E levels be determined in cases of digestive disorders involving malabsorption of fats and in chronic neurological diseases, particularly spinal-cerebral degenerative and polyneuropathic diseases that are mainly sensory or motor-sensory in nature, given the potential reversibility of these disorders when caused by vitamin E deficiency.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Mechanisms mediating lipoprotein responses to diets with medium-chain triglyceride and lauric acid.

Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) are often used in specialized formula diets or designer fats because of their special properties. Yet their influence on lipid metabolism is not completely understood. In this two-period cross-over study, the effects of MCT (8:0 + 10:0) in contrast to a similar saturated fatty acid (12:0) were compared. Eighteen healthy women ate a baseline diet [polyunsaturated (PUFA)/saturated fat = 0.9] for 1 wk. Then, they consumed test diets (PUFA/saturated fat = 0.2) for 4 wk. Monounsaturated fat and cholesterol were constant in baseline and treatment diets. MCT and 12:0, substituted for part of the PUFA, provided 14 energy (en)% of the test diets. In comparison to the PUFA baseline diet, a 16% increase in mean serum low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (C) on the 12:0 diet was accompanied by a 21% decrease in mean receptor-mediated degradation of LDL by freshly isolated mononuclear cells (MNC) in vitro. The MNC assay theoretically gives an indication of receptor-mediated degradation of LDL. In contrast, the MCT diet raised mean receptor-mediated degradation of LDL by 42%, a finding out of line with the mean 11% increase in serum LDL-C. Perhaps MCT, by increasing the rate of LDL-C production, overcame the rate of LDL-C clearance. The 12:0 diet enhanced some factors involved in reverse cholesterol transport (e.g., high density lipoprotein fractions) while MCT had a different or less pronounced effect. The overall effects of MCT on cholesterol metabolism may or may not be desirable, whereas those of 12:0 appear largely undesirable as previously reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Chronic ethanol feeding in a high-fat diet decreases insulin-stimulated glucose transport in rat adipocytes.

Ethanol consumption has been associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance and is suggested to be an independent risk factor in the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We have investigated the long-term effects of ethanol consumption on insulin-regulated glucose transport in rat adipocytes. Male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat liquid diet containing 35% ethanol (ethanol fed) or a control diet that isocalorically substituted maltose dextrin for ethanol (ad libitum). A third group was pair fed the control diet. Basal rates of 2-deoxyglucose uptake were similar in adipocytes from all three groups. Treatment with insulin increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake in ad libitum- and pair-fed rats but did not stimulate uptake in ethanol-fed rats. Similarly, although okadaic acid increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake in pair-fed rats, it had no effect in ethanol-fed rats. GLUT-1 quantity was greater in pair-fed and ethanol-fed rats compared with ad libitum controls. GLUT-4 was decreased in ethanol-fed compared with pair-fed rats but was not different from ad libitum controls. In ad libitum- and pair-fed rats, insulin increased the translocation of GLUT-4 to the cell surface by 2.0-fold. In contrast, translocation of GLUT-4 was not observed after insulin stimulation of ethanol-fed rats, paralleling the loss of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. In ethanol-fed rats, GLUT-4 protein quantity was negatively associated with increased Gs alpha protein and isoproterenol-stimulated adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate production. These data suggest that loss of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in rat adipocytes after chronic ethanol feeding is at least partially due to decreased movement of GLUT-4 to the cell surface after insulin stimulation.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed1975

Lipid analysis of a frozen egg substitute.

The lipid composition of an egg substitute and fresh eggs was conpared. The total lipid was divided into fractions on a silicic acid column. Thin-layer-chromatographic analysis demonstrated that the egg substitute was practically void of cholesteryl esters. Gas-liquid-chromatographic analysis were used to ascertain the fatty acid composition of the various fractions. Eggs contained considerably higher concentrations of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids than did the substitute. The polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in the substitute was approximately three times that of eggs. In all fractions, the eggs contained several more individual fatty acids than did the egg substitute.

Calcium, Dietary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of the iodine value of oils and fats: summary of collaborative study.

Two collaborative studies were conducted using the Wijs method for determining the iodine value in a wide range of vegetable and animal oils and fats. The results obtained when using carbon tetrachloride were compared to those obtained when using a substitute solvent mixture of cyclohexane and glacial acetic acid. The values reported for the iodine values indicate that the cyclohexane and acetic acid mixture can be used in place of carbon tetrachloride without loss of precision. The method has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL as an IUPAC/AOCS/AOAC method.

Acetates↗
PubMed1993

Effect on serum lipids of addition of safflower oil or olive oil to very-low-fat diets rich in lean beef.

The cholesterol-lowering effect of very-low-fat diets rich in lean beef has previously been shown to be reversed with the addition of beef fat. The aim of this study was to determine the effect on serum lipid levels of the addition of safflower oil or olive oil to a very-low-fat diet rich in lean beef. Subjects were assigned to either the safflower oil or the olive oil group. In the first week the subjects ate their usual diet; in the second and third weeks all subjects ate a very-low-fat (9% of energy) diet rich in lean beef. In the fourth and fifth weeks the fat content of the diet was increased in a stepwise fashion to 20% and 30% of energy, respectively, by substituting safflower oil or olive oil for carbohydrate. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations decreased by 13% to 14%, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations decreased by 20% to 25% in subjects after 2 weeks of the very-low-fat, lean-beef diet. The LDL-C concentrations remained low after the addition of safflower oil or olive oil to the very-low-fat diet. These results indicate that a reduction in saturated fat, not total fat, is required to reduce serum total cholesterol and LDL-C levels. Provided that the total diet is low in saturated fat, these serum lipid responses can be achieved even when the diet is rich in fat-trimmed lean beef.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The traditional Pima Indian diet. Composition and adaptation for use in a dietary intervention study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in the Pima Indian diet composition that may have played a role in the dramatic rise in the incidence of NIDDM among Pima Indians over the last century. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated the composition of the foods comparable to those available to the Pima approximately 100 yr ago, with the aim of reproducing this traditional diet as faithfully as possible for a dietary intervention study. An approximation of the traditional diet was ascertained from the ethnohistoric literature and traditional recipes. RESULTS: We estimated that the traditional Pima diet, although seasonably variable, was approximately 70-80% carbohydrate, 8-12% fat, and 12-18% protein. A diet analogous to the traditional Pima diet is largely reproducible with the foods available today. Many native foods are available locally and many commercial products can be substituted when native foods are unavailable. CONCLUSIONS: The Pima Indian diet of the last century was much higher in carbohydrate and lower in fat compared with the modern-day Pima diet. Any changes that this diabetes-prone population can make toward their traditional diet may help to decrease their incidence of diabetes.

Arizona↗
PubMed1992

Relationship of diet to risk of colorectal adenoma in men.

BACKGROUND: Rates of colorectal cancer in various countries are strongly correlated with per-capita consumption of red meat and animal fat and inversely associated with fiber consumption. There have been few studies, however, of dietary risk factors for colorectal adenomas, which are precursors of cancer. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to determine prospectively the relationship between dietary factors and risk of colorectal adenomas. METHODS: Using data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we documented 170 cases of adenomas of the left colon or rectum in 7284 male health professionals who completed a food-frequency questionnaire in 1986 and who had a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy between 1986 and 1988. Relative risk (RR) of adenoma was determined according to quintiles of nutrient intakes. RESULTS: After adjustment for total energy intake, saturated fat was positively associated with risk of colorectal adenoma (P for trend = .006); RR for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake was 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-3.2). Dietary fiber was inversely associated with risk of adenoma (P for trend less than .0001); RR for men in the highest versus the lowest quintile was 0.36 (95% CI = 0.22-0.60). All sources of fiber (vegetables, fruits, and grains) were associated with decreased risk of adenoma. For subjects on a high-saturated fat, low-fiber diet, the RR was 3.7 (95% CI = 1.5-8.8) compared with those on a low-saturated fat, high-fiber diet. The ratio of the intake of red meat to the intake of chicken and fish was positively associated with risk of adenoma (P for trend = .02). CONCLUSIONS: These prospective data provide evidence for the hypothesis that a diet high in saturated fat and low in fiber increases the risk of colorectal adenoma. They also support existing recommendations to substitute chicken and fish for red meat in the diet and to increase intake of vegetables, fruits, and grains to reduce risk of colorectal cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Protein utilization in calves during different periods of liquid feed fattening].

2 groups of male calves (Braunvieh) each comprising 5 animals with liveweights, at the day of slaughtering, of 58 kg, 99 kg and 155 kg were used in a trial that was carried out to obtain data on the utilization of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and ash in the bipartite feeding of calves. The nutrient content of the animals was determined by total body analysis. The following values for nutrient retention were obtained in comparative slaughtering trials by using differentiation techniques. No significant differences between the two fattening periods were observed concerning the utilization of total dry matter in the milk substitutes. About 24% of the dietary dry matter were retained. The mean value for the utilization of dietary fat during the whole period of fattening was found to be about 55% provided, the fat was not used as energy source to meet maintenance requirements. 49% of the milk proteins were utilized for both retention and maintenance in the first period of fattening and 55% during the second period. Differences between the two periods showed no consistent trend. In view of the fact that for all animals used in the trial digestibility was taken to be 95% the utilization coefficients for the digested crude protein were higher by about 3% compared with the figures for crude protein. After subtraction of maintenance needs it was found that, on an average, 63% of the residual amount of digested protein available over the whole fattening period were retained in the body. 55% to 57% of the retained protein were deposited in those parts of the body of the animals that are used for human nutrition. It is for this reason that in the first half of the fattening period only 29.8% of the ingested dietary proteins were retained in the edible cuts of the animal body, as compared with 30.4% during the second half of the fattening period.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Association of growth hormone loci with milk yield traits in Holstein bulls.

A pedigree analysis was used to investigate the association of bovine growth hormone loci with milk production traits of Holstein cattle. Holstein bulls were typed for three bovine growth hormone loci located in exon V, intron C, and the 3' region of the gene. Phenotypic data were daughter yield deviations for milk, fat, and protein yields and for fat and protein percentages. Analysis of linkage across families was applied to the data using one or two bovine growth hormone loci as markers linked to a putative biallelic quantitative trait locus. Estimated parameters were allele frequency, genotypic means, within-genotype standard deviation of a putative quantitative trait locus, and recombination fraction between the markers and the quantitative trait locus. Parameters were estimated by maximum likelihood techniques. The estimated frequency of the quantitative trait locus allele that decreased the value of the phenotype ranged from 0.1 for milk yield to 0.6 for protein yield. The estimated effect of an allele substitution at the quantitative trait locus, given in phenotypic standard deviation units, ranged from 0.75 for fat percentage to 1.6 for milk yield. The standard deviation within genotype ranged from 0.67 for fat yield to 0.87 for milk yield. The estimated recombination fraction was close to zero for protein percentage, indicating physical linkage between a quantitative trait locus affecting the trait and the bovine growth hormone loci.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Results of taking Master Amino acid Pattern as a sole and total substitute of dietary proteins in an athlete during a desert crossing.

Study results show that a 51-year-old female athlete, while taking the Master Amino acid Pattern (MAP) as a sole and total substitute for dietary protein, and performing physical activity, experienced (1) increased body muscle mass, strength, and endurance; (2) decreased body fat mass; (3) greater increase in performance of the nonprevailing muscles compared to the prevailing muscles; (4) improved cardiorespiratory performance; and (5) increased red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit parameters. It was concluded, confirming previous findings, that use of MAP as a sole and total substitute for dietary protein, in conjunction with physical activity, provides safer, unprecedented optimization of the body's protein synthesis, thereby improving anthropometric characteristics and physical and physiologic performance.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2000

Development of leptin resistance in rat soleus muscle in response to high-fat diets.

Direct evidence for leptin resistance in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle does not exist. Therefore, we investigated the effects of different high-fat diets on lipid metabolism in isolated rat soleus muscle and specifically explored whether leptin's stimulatory effects on muscle lipid metabolism would be reduced after exposure to high-fat diets. Control (Cont, 12% kcal fat) and high-fat [60% kcal safflower oil (n-6) (HF-Saff); 48% kcal safflower oil plus 12% fish oil (n-3)] diets were fed to rats for 4 wk. After the dietary treatments, muscle lipid turnover and oxidation in the presence and absence of leptin was measured using pulse-chase procedures in incubated resting soleus muscle. In the absence of leptin, phospholipid, diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol (TG) turnover were unaffected by the high-fat diets, but exogenous palmitate oxidation was significantly increased in the HF-Saff group. In Cont rats, leptin increased exogenous palmitate oxidation (21.4 +/- 5.7 vs. 11.9 +/- 1.61 nmol/g, P = 0.019) and TG breakdown (39.8 +/- 5.6 vs. 27.0 +/- 5.2 nmol/g, P = 0.043) and decreased TG esterification (132.5 +/- 14.6 vs. 177.7 +/- 29.6 nmol/g, P = 0.043). However, in both high-fat groups, the stimulatory effect of leptin on muscle lipid oxidation and hydrolysis was eliminated. Partial substitution of fish oil resulted only in the restoration of leptin's inhibition of TG esterification. Thus we hypothesize that, during the development of obesity, skeletal muscle becomes resistant to the effects of leptin, resulting in the accumulation of intramuscular TG. This may be an important initiating step in the development of insulin resistance common in obesity.

Adaptation, Physiological↗