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PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of dimetridazole and ipronidazole in feeds at cross-contamination levels.

A rapid method for the determination of dimetridazole and ipronidazole in feeds is described. The compounds are extracted from a borate buffer (pH 8.65) with benzene, partitioned into 1N HCl, and then partitioned back into benzene from a basic aqueous phase. The benzene extract is concentrated and injected onto a nonpolar (Apiezon L) gas chromatographic column for determination by 63Ni electron-capture detection. Recoveries from feeds of various composition, spiked at 0.2 ppm with both dimetridazole and ipronidazole, ranged from 70 to 115%; for the same feeds spiked at 1 ppm or more, the recoveries were greater than 80%. Carbadox, furazolidone, levamisole, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, sulfaquinoxaline, arsanilic acid, piperazine, penicillin, and commonly added vitamins and minerals do not interfere. A 2-dimensional thin layer chromatographic system is presented as a means of additional identification.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

[R-factor distribution and characteristics of the E. coli isolated from pigs].

Studied was the occurrence of the R-factors in Escherichia coli isolated from pigs. It was demonstrated that in 73.3 per cent of the cases drug resistance could be transmitted to Citrobacter. In this instance an occasional drop-out of the markers of resistance to kanamycin, neomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol was observed. In the author's experiments no transmission of the marker of resistance to furazolidon was established. The transmission of the signs of resistance to kanamycin and niomycin as well as to erythromycin and oleandomycin occurred always simultaneously. The possibility of transmitting the drug resistance markers of Escherichia coli to Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 made it reasonable to believe that this is one of the routes for spreading the R-factors among Salmonella organisms. No essential differences were observed between the minimal inhibitory concentration of the donor strains and the level of the acquired resistance with the recombinations. The transmission frequence of the resistance markers proved comparatively high, and ranged from 0.6.10(-3) up to 3.10(-4).

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Studies on isoquinoline derivatives. IV. Synthesis and evaluation of the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of N2-arylidene-substituted 3-carbazoyl-isoquinolines.

2,4-Dimethyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3-carbazoyl-isoquinoline (II), 1-chloro-, 1-methoxy-3-carbazoyl-4-methylisoquinoline (VI, X) and a series of their hydrazonic derivatives have been synthesized and tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activities. 1-(1-Chloro-4-methyl-3-isoquinolinoyl)-2-(5-nitro-2-furfurylide ne) hydrazine (VII h) proved to be the most effective in the series (MIC 0.78 micrograms/ml) and was more potent than furazolidone against several strains of S.aureus; the same compound also showed a moderate antifungal activity.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of residual synthetic antibacterials in cultured fish.

A liquid chromatographic method is described to determine simultaneously the following 11 synthetic antibacterial agents used in a fishery: nitrofuran derivatives furazolidone, nifurpirinol, difurazone, and furamizole; sulfa drugs sulfamerazine, sulfisozole, sulfamonomethoxine, and sulfadimethoxine; and, oxolinic, nalidixic, and piromidic acids. A Nucleosil C18 column was used with tetrahydrofuran-acetonitrile-phosphoric acid-water (29 + 1 + 0.06 + 69.94) as the mobile phase. Pretreatment of the fish meat sample with acetone extraction and alumina column cleanup gave good separation of the LC peaks without interference from any other components. Recovery of the antibacterial agents was ca 80%. The lower limit of detection of the drugs was 1-2 ng for 10 microL injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Etiology of salmonellosis in swine raised commercially].

A total of 25,561 samples from swine (cadavers, internal organs, rectal swabs, feed, and washings of premises) were investigated microbiologically over the 1981-1985 period via routinely employed methods for the isolation and typing of Salmonella organisms, following the Kauffmann-White pattern. Tested was the susceptibility of 411 strains by the disk-diffusion method, using drugs of the general practice, and the results were recorded after Bauer. In 5.32 per cent of the samples 19 Salmonella serotypes of the B. C. D, and E groups were isolated. Greatest in the etiology of salmonelloses was still the relative share of S. cholerae suis (85.22%), represented by the two-phase var. america and the autochthonous var. kunzendorf. Second ranked S. typhimurium--5.14%, followed by S. agona--2.20%, S. menden--1.25%, S. thompson--1.18%, S. derby--1.10%, S. bovis-morbificans--0.81%, and others. A change was ascertained in the serotypes isolated from pigs with regard to the exotic types. Sensitive to gentamycin proved 89.9%, to chloramphenicol--79.1%, to carbenicillin--71%, to kanamycin--70%, etc; 75% were resistant to ampicillin, 54.6%--to streptomycin, 51.3%--to tetracycline, and 33.8%--to furazolidone.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1979

[Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistant E. coli strains in faeces from young pigs and calves in Denmark].

A comparative study of investigations from 1970 (before the prohibition against therapeutically used antibiotics as food additives for growth promotion) and from 1978 respectively proves that the prevalence of young pigs and calves with resistant E. coli has increased significantly from 61% to 92% and from 69% to 86% (tables I and II). Figures 1 and 2 show the prevalence of young pigs and calves with antibiotic resistant E. coli with resistance determinants towards sulfonamides, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, neomycin and furazolidone. This shows that the prevalence of young pigs with resistance determinants towards sulfonamides, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol has increased significantly from 1970 to 1978. The same facts apply to the calves. However, the increase in tetracycline resistance is not significant. Neomycin resistant E. coli for both young pigs and calves were only found in 1978. Figure 3 shows the distribution of the number of resistance determinants per young pig and calf with resistant E. coli. The figure shows the significant tendency that the pigs and calves investigated contain resistant E. coli with more resistance determinants in 1978 than in 1970. The distribution of R-factors among resistant E. coli seems to be reduced at first sight but a closer examination establishes that this only goes for R-factor mediated sulfonamide resistance (the experimental conditions may account for this). R-factor mediated streptomycin resistance has increased while R-factor mediated tetracycline resistance was at the same level. On the basis of literature the causes and risks of an increased distribution of antibiotic resistant E. coli are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Drug sensitivity of Salmonella strains isolated from poultry in 1980-1984].

Studied was the sensitivity to therapeutic means of a total of 315 Salmonella strains isolated from birds--broilers, laying hens, pheasants and others-that died from salmonella infection. The strains were typed as follows: S. gallinarum-215, S. pullorum -19, S. enteritidis-30, S. typhimurium-19, S. thompson-5, S. oranienburg-14, and other salmonellae-13. All strains were sensitive to furazolidon, nalidixic acid, flumekin, colistin, apramycin, amicacin, and sizomycin. A high percent of sensitive salmonellae were found: to gentamycin-99.68%, carbenicillin-99.93%, chloramphenicol-97.78%, kanamycin-98.41%, ampicillin-92.38%, tetracycline-92.60%, and streptomycin-90.97%. To the antibiotics used for prophylactic and control purposes with regard to salmonella infections of birds in this country the sensitivity of the strains ranged as follows: to gentamycin-1 (1.59%), to carbenicillin-2 (0.63%), to kanamycin-5 (1.59%), chloramphenicol-7 (2.22%), to tetracycline-23 (7.30%), and to ampicillin-24 (7.62%). All strains were isolated from flocks that had been continuously treated with antibiotics. Differences were found in the resistance of the various species of Salmonella also during the years with no definite trend toward a rise of the resistant strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Antibiotic resistance of Shigella in different regions of the USSR].

Shigella were most sensitive to polymyxin ceporin, ampicillin, neomycin and furazolidone and resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and streptomycin. Shigella resistant simultaneously to two or three drugs mainly to tetracycline + chloramphenicol, tetracycline + streptomycin and tetracycline + chloramphenicol + streptomycin were most frequent. The frequency of the Shigella strains carrying R-plasmids increased from 28 per cent in 1969--1970 to 72.6 per cent in 1977. The Shigella strains isolated during the dysentery outbreak in 1973--1977 carried the R-factor controlling resistance to tetracycline + chloramphenicol, tetracycline + chloramphenicol + streptomycin, tetracycline + chloramphenicol + streptomycin + neomycin. Interaction between separate biochemical types, colicinogenicity and drug resistance classes was found in the Shigella isolates. The data on the effect of antibiotic (tetracyclines) intensive use in stock-raising defining wide spread of the R-plasmids controlling resistance to these drugs were obtained.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

The comparative antimicrobial sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from colisepticaemic broilers.

The standardisation of a method to perform antibiograms using Meuller Hinton agar routinely is described. It was found that from 1973 to 1975 the resistance of E. coli to oxytetracycline decreased from 49% to 32.5% and to sulphonamides from 49% to 42.5%. Resistance to furazolidone increased from 12% to 22%. No dramatic changes in the resistance to neomycin and chloramphenicol were found.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Epidemiology of Shigella dysenteriae, type 1 infections, in Dacca urban area.

A prospective study of 47 families with an index case of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 was conducted in the urban areas of Dacca. The subsequent infection rates in contacts type 1 were 30.6% and 28.3% in the age groups 0--4 and 5--9. Total secondary infection rate was 20.4% with rates in males higher than in females. Among the contacts 12.5% developed diarrhoea caused by the same serotype, but 22.1% developed diarrhoea with undiagnosed causes. For one hospitalised case there were seven symptomatic cases and 10 infections. All the infected infants age 0--4 developed diarrhoea and one fourth needed hospitalisation; but none aged over 9 needed it. Of these families 19% coincidentally had infections with other shigela types. Many factors were related with the higher infection rate. Use of open source of water was a significant factor. Multiple resistance to antibiotic was found, however, Shigella shiga was sensitive to Ampicillin, Kanamycin, Colistin and Furazolidone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Use of epidemiologic markers to identify the source of Escherichia coli infections in poultry.

During an epidemiologic study of poultry colisepticemia on 2 Saudi Arabian poultry broiler farms, Escherichia coli was isolated from 101 (40.4%) of the 250 specimens examined. The antigenic structure and the drug resistance pattern of 65.4% of the E coli isolates from different sources were used as epidemiologic markers to trace the source of the infection. The predominant E coli serotypes involved in infections of 2 poultry broiler progeny farms were 033:H4 (51.8%) and 078:H- (19.6%) that had the following respective drug resistance patterns: furazolidone-streptomycin-sulfathiazole and streptomycin-sulfathiazole-tetracycline. Escherichia coli strains with typical epidemiologic markers were isolated from various sources on a broiler breeding farm, but not from well waters of the infected progeny farm. Three other E coli serotypes (045:H10[14.3%], 0119:H27[1.8%], and 0145:H25[1.8%]) were involved in poultry infection, but to a lesser extent. These 3 serotypes were multiply resistant against 5 to 6 of the antimicrobials evaluated.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Sensitivity to drugs of Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry with coli septicemia].

Investigations were carried out into the susceptibility of a total of 223 strains of Escherichia coli to therapeutic agents with the employment of the disk diffusion method. The organisms were isolated from internal organs and bone marrow of birds died of coli septicaemia. The serologic classification of the strains was defined with the use of 88 anti-group OK-agglutinating sera obtained through hyperimmunization of rabbits with the following Escherichia coli serotypes: 01-063, 068, 071, 073, 075, 078, 086, 0101, 0103, 0111-0114, 0119, 0124, 0129, 0135-0141, 0146, 0147, and 0149. It was found that serologically the strains referred as follows: 01-41 strains, 02-70 strains, 04-2 strains, 08-3 strains, 026-1 strain, 078-70 strains, 0111-2 strains, 0103-1 strain, 0141-1 strain. The number of untypable strains amounted to 32. Highest number of strains proved sensitive to colistin--96.06%, the remaining drugs following in a descending order: flumequine--95.65%, apramycin - 95.5%, gentamycin--93.72%, amoxicillin--93,8%, amikacin--88.57%, carbenicillin--86.88%, furazolidone--83,13%, and kanamycin--79.36%. High was the percent of strains resistant to tetracycline--66.17%, spectinomycin--61.67%, ampicillin--51.12%, chloramphenicol--50.23%, and streptomycin--44.84%.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Travelers' diarrhea.

On the average, one-fourth of North Americans visiting developing countries experience a self-limited diarrheal illness that interferes with holiday or business activities. Recent work suggests that these episodes are caused by a small inoculum of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli which are common in the country visited and rare in the country of origin. Neither antimicrobial treatment nor anti-diarrheal agents have proven benefit once the illness has begun. Despite its frequent use, iodochlorhydroxyquin has not been shown in double blind studies to be effective as a preventive agent, and may be dangerous. The status of furazolidone for prevention of tourist diarrhea is questionable. Both neomycin sulfate and phythalylsulfathiazole have demonstrated efficacy as chemoprophylactics in Mexico. However, their use should be restricted to limited types of travel and travelers. General admonitions concerning avoidance of certain ingestibles are recommended; despite questionable value in preventing travelers' diarrhea such precautions may prevent more serious gastrointestinal illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

In vitro sensitivities to antimicrobial drugs of ureaplasmas isolated from the bovine respiratory tract, genital tract and eye.

The sensitivity to 18 antimicrobial drugs was examined for 66 strains of Ureaplasma sp isolated from respiratory tracts of calves suffering from enzootic pneumonia, urinary tracts of bulls and eyes of cows suffering from infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis. Furamizole, tiamulin fumarate, erythromycin lactobionate, malidomycin C, doxycycline hydrochloride, kitasamycin tartrate, tylosin tartrate, T-2636C, tetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, oleandomycin phosphate, furazolidone, spiramycin adipate, chloramphenicol and thiophenicol showed strong inhibiting activity on all the test strains. Among them, furamizole, tiamulin fumarate and erythromycin lactobionate were most active. Kanamycin sulphate showed weak activity on all the strains tested. The differences in origin of the test strains did not affect their sensitivity to any of the drugs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Salmonella isolated in the province of Macerata and their sensitivity to some common chemoantibiotics and to some of recent clinical introduction].

A study has been carried out in order to evaluate the sensitivity of a group of some 215 Salmonella strains identified in the triennium 1976-1978, in the district of Macerata (Italy), to 16 chemoantibiotics. The average percentage of sensitivity to chemoantibiotics, as a whole, vary from 100% (sisomycin) to 81% (furazolidone). The global sensitivity of different strains, of early diffusion and recent appearance in Italy, by MIC and MBC estimated, progressively increase as follow: A. wien, typhi, typhimurium, infantis, braenderup, paratyphi B, enteritidis, agona, panama.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1977

[Sensitivity of Sherman's propionic acid bacilli to antibacterial preparations and vitamin B12 synthesis].

Sherman propionic acid bacilli were sensitive to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, ceporin, tetracyclines, oleandomycin, oletetrin, tetraolean, sigmamycin, levomycetin and furadonine. Methicillin, oxacillin, monomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin and furazolidone had an insignificant effect on the above organism. The subbacteriostatic concentrations of methicillin, oxacillin, streptomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, tetraolean, sigmamycin, polymyxin M and ristomycin increased the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 by Sherman propionic acid bacilli, while benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, tetracyclines, oleandomycin, oletetrin, levomycetin and furadonine in the subbacteriostatic concentrations inhibited this process.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic determination of carbadox, desoxycarbadox, and nitrofurazones in pork tissues.

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been developed for the determination of carbadox, desoxycarbadox, and nitrofurazones in the 10-40 ppb range in pork muscle, liver, and kidney tissues. Tissues were homogenized in absolute ethanol, and the homogenates were treated with metaphosphoric acid and reduced in volume by rotovaporization. Hexane was added to the concentrates, which were then centrifuged to remove fat. After addition of KH2PO4 to the aqueous phase and extraction with ethyl acetate, the extracts were passed through alumina columns before analysis by reverse phase LC. Overall average recoveries (10-40 ppb range) for carbadox and desoxycarbadox from spiked tissues were 53% +/- 13.6 and 61% +/- 7.2, respectively; overall average recoveries for nitrofurazone and furazolidone were 43% +/- 7.3 and 77% +/- 10.9, respectively. Before these optimum determinations, degradation by even minimal incandescent light was found to reduce recovery especially of desoxycarbadox. The results of this photochemical degradation are reported and briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Clinical cases of infectious coryza and the properties of isolated Haemophilus strains].

Studied were a total of sixteen cases with the clinical picture of coryza. Leading role in eleven of them had Haemophilus, in one the signs of chronical cholera and pox were seen, and in three there was a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. All cases were serologically positive for CRD. By their needs of nutrient growth factors the isolated Haemophilus strains belonged to H. paragallinarum, and they proved pathogenic for 8-week-old birds and poults that were about to lay their first eggs, killing 4-7-day-old chick embryos up to the 48 h hour. Tests for resistance to therapeutic means with the use of the disk-diffusion method revealed sensitivity to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, erythromycin, spectinomycin, furazolidon, imekil, cosumix, trimetoprim, and sulfadoxin. Good and very good therapeutic and prophylactic effects were produced with the use of sulfotin, cosumix, linkospectin, and trimedin coupled with aerosol disinfection with rivanol, the birds being present on the premise. It is stated that with regard to differential diagnosis coryza caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum should not be confused with fowl cholera, pox, CRD, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection which may run their course in a mixed infection.

Animals↗