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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The newt Triturus carnifex as a model for monitoring the ecotoxic impact of the fungicide thiophanate methyl: adverse effects on the adrenal gland.

The aims of this study were to propose a bioindicator organism, the newt Triturus carnifex, for the assessment of toxicological impact of thiophanate methyl in the Campania region (Italy) and the possible adverse activity on the adrenal gland. In the acute toxicity study, experimental groups of T. carnifex were exposed to 2.40, 4.80, 9.60 and 19.20 microg/L tap water of thiophanate methyl for 2 days; the LD50 was found to be 9.60 microg/L. To evaluate the effects on the adrenal gland, newts were exposed to a dose of 25% of the LD50 2 days for 8 days. The ultrastructural features of the tissues as well as the serum levels of aldosterone, corticosterone, norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were evaluated. The number of secretory vesicles in the chromaffin cells appeared significantly decreased, whereas NE and E serum levels appeared strongly increased. Moreover, corticosterone and aldosterone serum levels appeared significantly reduced. The results suggest that: 1) T. carnifex has the features of an ideal bioindicator, due to its high sensitivity to thiophanate methyl, 2) thiophanate methyl acts as endocrine disruptor, affecting the adrenal gland at very low doses, 3) thiophanate methyl may be toxic for nontarget organisms, such as newts.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2006

Simplified method for determination of polycarbamate fungicide in water samples by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry following derivatization with dimethyl sulfate.

A simple and sensitive analytical method for the determination of polycarbamate in water samples was developed. In this method, polycarbamate was cleaved under alkaline conditions and derivatized with dimethyl sulfate to methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDC-methyl) and dimethyl ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC-dimethyl). After the solid-phase extraction of the resulting methyl derivatives, they were measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), based on reversed-phase separation and MS/MS detection with positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. The absolute recoveries (mean+/-SD) all through the procedure from polycarbamate to DMDC-methyl and EBDC-dimethyl were 62.6+/-4.3 and 73.5+/-5.9%, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification of polycarbamate in the water samples were 0.061 and 0.20 microg/L in the form of DMDC-methyl, and 0.032 and 0.11 microg/L in the form of EBDC-dimethyl, respectively. The method was validated at levels of 0.25, 1.0, and 5.0 microg/L in the tap water and river water samples, and accuracy was achieved in the range of 94-109%. The proposed method can be applied to the determination of trace amounts of polycarbamate in environmental water samples.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2006

Inhibition of aldehyde detoxification in CNS mitochondria by fungicides.

Among the several converging factors leading to Parkinson's disease, epidemiological studies indicate a correlation between Parkinson's disease (PD) with living in a rural area and/or exposure to agricultural pesticides. In this present study, we examined the potential of multiple agricultural pesticides for their ability to inhibit the function of whole, respiring rat brain mitochondria using the oxidation of the neurotoxic lipid-aldehyde trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) as a biomarker for mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity in situ. We chose an arbitrary cutoff concentration of 10 microM of each pesticide. Our data demonstrate that only four of the eighteen compounds tested inhibited oxidation of HNE to trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid (HNEAcid). These compounds included rotenone, maneb, mancozeb, and benomyl. Surprisingly, maneb, mancozeb, and benomyl did not inhibit mitochondrial respiration but inhibited the activity of purified rat ALDH2 and rat ALDH5A, enzymes found in brain mitochondria that oxidize HNE and aldehydes derived from neurotransmitters. Our data demonstrate that mitochondrial ALDHs are sensitive targets of pesticide inactivation and that pesticides such as maneb and benomyl can decrease the detoxification of lipid peroxidation derived aldehydes such as HNE and, likely, aldehydes derived from neurotransmitters.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed2005

Dysmorphogenic effects of some fungicides derived from the imidazole on rat embryos cultured in vitro.

Like triazole-derivatives, imidazole-derivatives exert their antifungal and toxicological properties by inhibiting P450 enzymes (Cyps). At the embryonic level, Cyp enzymes are involved also in the catabolism of the retinoic acid. Specific effects of triazole-derivatives have been reported on developing rodent embryos, and were correlated to an imbalance of the retinoid homeostasis. The aim of this work was to investigate if imidazole-derivatives are able to induce specific malformations similar to those observed after triazole-derivative exposure. Post implantation rat embryos were exposed in vitro to 1,000 microM Imidazole and to 5-100 microM of the imidazole-derivatives Ketoconazole and Enilconazole. After 48 h in culture, the embryos exposed to the imidazole-derivatives showed specific malformations, quite similar to those observed after triazole-derivative exposure. The common dysmorphogenic effects of the azole-derivatives of the two classes could be due to the inhibition of retinoid catabolism. From this point of view, the contemporaneous exposure to these substances or their therapeutic use could be considered as potentially dangerous for human conceptuses.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Functional genomics may allow accurate categorization of the benzimidazole fungicide benomyl: lack of ability to act via steroid-receptor-mediated mechanisms.

Although benomyl and its metabolite carbendazim have been shown to adversely affect male reproduction, the mechanisms of action do not appear to involve the endocrine system. However, few studies have been conducted using currently proposed tests specifically focused on endocrine disruption. Here, potential estrogen- and androgen-mediated activity of benomyl was therefore investigated in vitro and in vivo. Benomyl and carbendazim proved negative for agonistic and antagonistic activity in reporter gene assays for the human estrogen receptor alpha and androgen receptor. In uterotrophic and Hershberger assays using Crj:CD(SD)IGS rats, benomyl (100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg/day, p.o., N = 6) did not exert agonistic effects. However, the highest dose decreased uterine weights in the uterotrophic assay, and decreased weights of some androgen-related tissues of castrated rats receiving a testosterone propionate (TP, 0.2 mg/kg) injection in the Hershberger assay; the effects were less severe than those with p,p'-DDE (100 mg/kg/day). When 4 mg/kg/day of TP was injected, decrease of organ weights due to benomyl was attenuated but still observed. Thus, its influence in some tissues was more potent than that of p,p'-DDE. Benomyl had no apparent effects on serum androgen levels. Microarray analysis of the gene expression profile in the ventral prostate of TP-injected castrated rats treated with benomyl indicated clear differences from the patterns observed with p,p'-DDE and flutamide. Taken together, these findings suggest the decreased organ weights observed in vivo to be caused by mechanisms that are not steroid-receptor-mediated, such as interfering with assembly of microtubules by benomyl. The study furthermore suggests that functional genomics may provide a reliable evidence for accurate categorization of test chemicals.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Study on the common teratogenic pathway elicited by the fungicides triazole-derivatives.

Triazole-derivatives alter the pharyngeal apparatus morphogenesis of rodent embryos cultured in vitro. The hindbrain segmentation and the rhombencephalic neural crest cell (NCCs) migration are altered by Fluconazole exposure in vitro. The aim of the present work is to identify if a common pathogenic pathway is detectable also for other molecules of this class of compounds. 9.5 days post coitum (d.p.c.) old rat embryos were exposed in vitro to the teratogenic concentrations of Flusilazole, Triadimefon and Triadimenol and cultured for 24, 48 or 60 h. The expression and localisation of Hox-b1 and Krox-20 proteins (used as markers for hindbrain segmentation) were evaluated after 24 h of culture. The localisation and distribution of NCC was evaluated after 24, 30 and 48 h of culture. The morphology of the embryos was analysed after 48 h, while the branchial nerve structures were evaluated after 60 h of culture. Hindbrain segmentation and NCC migration alteration as well as pharyngeal arch and cranial nerve abnormalities were detected after exposure of the tested molecules. A common severe teratogenic intrinsic property for the tested molecules of this chemical class has been found, acting through alteration of the normal hindbrain developmental pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The relationship between lysosomal biomarker and organismal responses in an acute toxicity test with Eisenia Fetida (Oligochaeta) exposed to the fungicide copper oxychloride.

The LC50 of copper oxychloride for Eisenia fetida was determined, and its effects on biomass change and lysosomal damage using neutral red retention times (NRRT) of coelomocytes were measured. The aim was to establish whether a lysosomal subcellular response, measured as NRRT, could be linked to the LC50 and biomass changes. Further, we attempted to establish the ecological relevance of the LC50 by comparing it to studies previously carried out on the effects of copper oxychloride on field earthworm populations. The experiment was conducted over a period of 28 days, during which the earthworms were exposed to different concentrations of copper oxychloride in artificial soil. The calculated LC50 was 883 microg g(-1) for copper oxychloride and 519 microg g(-1) for copper. Results indicated that changes in coelomocyte membrane stability manifested earlier than effects on biomass. Since the NRRT assay was very sensitive and generated an early response before changes in biomass or mortality could be measured, it may have predictive value and may contribute information during acute toxicity tests, which could be of greater ecological relevance than mortality data alone.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Determination of organo-zinc based fungicides in timber treatments employing gas chromatographic analysis with mass selective detection and/or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy.

A method for the determination of zinc octoate (zinc 2-ethylhexanoate) and acypetacs zinc in occupational hygiene samples and wood treatments formulations is described. The zinc carboxylates are liquid-liquid partitioned between toluene and 1 M HCl, with the liberated acids being extracted into the toluene and zinc (chloride) into the acid. The carboxylic acids are then methylated using trimethylsilyldiazomethane-methanol and the resultant methyl esters are selectively and sensitively analysed by gas chromatography with mass selective detection (GC-MS). Alternatively, the zinc content of the acid extract can be analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). GC-MS is the preferred method of analysis for zinc octoate, where a single analyte (methyl-2-ethylhexanoate) is produced for analysis. Because acypetacs zinc contains a complex mixture of carboxylates, quantitative GC-MS analysis of the methyl esters produced is impractical and ICP-AES is the preferred method for quantitation. In this case, GC-MS can be used to confirm the identity of the product used. The analysis of occupational hygiene samples (cotton pads, gloves and socks as well as Tenax tubes and GF/A filters) spiked with metal carboxylates is demonstrated. Recoveries around 70-90% and reproducibilities of 5-23% (n=6-8) were typically achieved for the determination of tin octoate (a surrogate for zinc octoate) at spiking levels ranging from 4 to 190 microg per sampling device. Recoveries around 102-106% and reproducibilities of 10-12% (n=5-6) were typically achieved for acypetacs zinc at spiking levels ranging from 100 mg per sampling device. Reaction yields for the octoate methylation reaction were in the region of 85-87%. The method was used to monitor for occupational exposure to zinc octoate and acypetacs zinc during the application of wood treatments to fences.

Fungicides, Industrial↗
PubMed1999

Solid-phase microextraction of the antifouling Irgarol 1051 and the fungicides dichlofluanid and 4-chloro-3-methylphenol in water samples.

Three pesticides usually added to paint formulations, Irgarol 1051, dichlofluanid and 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, were determined by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with 85-micron polyacrylate fibers and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The parameters affecting the SPME process (the pH, the addition of salt to the sample, and the time and temperature of the absorption step) were optimized. The method developed was applied to the analysis of water samples from Ebro river, marinas and fishing ports. The method enables these compounds to be detected at concentrations between 0.2 and 3.0 micrograms l-1 under full scan conditions and between 0.05 and 0.08 microgram l-1 under SIM mode.

Absorption↗