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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Your picture is your bait: use and meaning of cyberspace among gay men.

The Internet is seen by many as a form of cyberspace or environment in which to interact and socialise. This research project drew from the data of a quantitative and qualitative study of gay men in Perth, Western Australia. We examined gay men's usage patterns of chat rooms and other social aspects of the Internet to meet sexual partners. We then reviewed in detail the meanings gay men have for the various Internet environments, and the range of friendship, relationship, casual, or esoteric sex-seeking goals. We argue that gay men view and engage with the Internet differently from how they view and engage with other more traditional gay spaces. This different approach influences how interaction between the men, either online or face-to-face, progresses and how assumptions and expectations are built. This has implications for how sexual health promotion interventions determine the appropriate role and relationship they have with these online social spaces.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Loneliness: an interdisciplinary approach.

Psychological motivations, reasons why human nature is what it is, principles by which we may 'explain', understand, sympathize, or empathize with other human beings--and ourselves--what a variety of possible principles has been offered by philosophers and psychologists! All men seek happiness, announces Aristotle (Ethics). Just as all men delight in imitation (Poetics), and human beings universally take pleasure in knowing (Metaphysics), in that same sense it may be said that the arche of human conduct or action derives from the self-evident fact that all men desire to be happy. According to Hobbes, each human atom is motivated by self-interest, not to say selfishness, and every individual strives for his own 'good' through power over others. Bentham, on the other hand, regards man as under the sovereign twin masters of pleasure and pain, whose dominion extends over the entirety of human conduct. Freud retraces the path of our problematic symptoms to a fund of repressed sexual and libidinal energy, whose fettered strivings results in overt neuroses. Adler employs a Schopenhauerian and Nietzschean 'will to power' as a model for understanding a universal feeling of inferiority, whose ultimate origin is grounded in the inadequacy of the infant. And Jung cavalierly splits the human race into the extrovertish and the introvertish, the cosmopolitans and the islanders. What I have chosen as my concern, in the foregoing, is not a rough survey of conceptions of human nature--whether man is good, bad, or indifferent; a rational creature or essentially a sentient one; whether man's nature has ever been the same' or whether 'man makes himself', creatively. Rather, I am interested in what 'motivates' man, I am searching for a universal principle through which we may 'understand' why man does what he does, why man is what he is. Obviously, however, the commitment we make in regard to a theory of human motivation will itself necessarily be found to entail a corresponding view of human nature. Confronted with this impressive variety of interpretations, I don't know if I am able to offer a comparable general principle, but I shall try. In a word, that principle is loneliness. Thus, I wish to hold that once man has satisfied his more obviously physiological and biologic drives and comfortably secured the necessities of air, water, and food, he then strives to alleviate his desperate loneliness. It is not so much, then, a fact--correcting Jung, for instance--that we are to be dichotomized into extroverts and introverts, but rather that we all begin by aspiring toward human communion and affection and friendship but that, unfortunately, many of us fail; we who fail are the frustrated extroverts, the retreating introverts; if we cannot enjoy the company of others and command from them the recognition we (abnormally) feel for ourselves, well, then we shall cultivate our own company.

Culture↗
PubMed1999

The constitution of community: how individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and their friends achieved community.

This article describes a qualitative research project, based on a grounded theory design, that addressed the processes involved in how individuals with schizophrenia were able to use their own abilities to form a self-authored community. The article offers a perspective on community integration that takes into account the importance of relationships, and in the case of individuals with schizophrenia, the importance of day-to-day relationships. The assumption is that the constitution of community is an outcome of the processes involved in learning and practicing being social (Cohen 1985, p. 15). These relationships do not necessarily have to be strong or numerous in order for community integration to be realized. In this article it is argued that an element in the establishment of such relationships for individuals with schizophrenia is the ready availability of others on a day-to-day basis. Relationships and friendships grew for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia when such access occurred in a place where the context of what was likely to happen in an interaction was relatively well understood.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

The rise of gastrointestinal endocrinology since 1970 and Jens F. Rehfeld and his group right in the middle of it.

The scientific achievements of Jens F. Rehfeld, and the impact of the contributions of Jens Rehfeld and his coworkers on our knowledge of gut-brain peptides is reviewed, based on almost 30 years of scientific contact and friendship. The identification of the first gut peptides led to the "immunologic era" and subsequently to the "genetic" era, during which cascades of new knowledge have been generated.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed2000

Paid attendant carers hold important and unexpected roles which contribute to the lives of people with brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: Paid attendant carers spend many hours assisting people with a brain injury. Despite this considerable responsibility, most carers receive little support or training and their roles are often ill-defined. This exploratory study set out to define the key roles of paid carers. METHOD: Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted. Perspectives were sought from 10 participants: five people with a traumatic brain injury and five paid carers. A computer software package, NUD*IST was used during analysis to help identifvy and categorize commonly recurring themes. RESULTS: Five major roles were identified: Attendant, Protector, Friend, Coach and Negotiator. Friendship was the most important aspect of the care relationship for three of the people with a brain injury, most of whom had lost their pre-injury friends and associates. Carers were required to negotiate frequently with clients and their families, and with other service providers. Sound communication skills were required. CONCLUSION: In addition to further research, industry guidelines are required which take account of the wider suite of roles fulfilled by paid carers, address training and support needs, and occupational health and safety issues.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Substance dependency among homeless American Indians.

Extensive qualitative research in the San Francisco Bay Area in California and in Tucson, Arizona, indicates strong associations between substance abuse and homelessness among American Indians. This article takes a comparative approach to describe and analyze precipitating factors and survival patterns of those who are both homeless and who suffer from substance dependency. Possible precipitating factors presented through case studies consider the complex interaction of childhood fostering or adoption into non-Native families, different types of involuntary institutionalization during youth, and the personal impact of accident, trauma and loss. Coping strategies and keys to survival are examined, including the role of the extended family and close friendships, American Indian and mainstream organizations that offer formal and informal services, the existence of anchor or key households, the helping relationships and sobriety groups among homeless individuals, spirituality, and cultural resiliency.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Holistic Native network: integrated HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, and mental health services for Native Americans in San Francisco.

The Holistic Native Network provides a model for integrated HIV/AIDS, substance abuse and mental health services in a cultural context. Funded in 2002 by a grant from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) initiative, the Holistic Native Network is a collaboration of the Native American Health Center and Friendship House Association of American Indians, two community-based organizations with facilities in San Francisco and Oakland. Substance abuse and mental health services are integrated into primary HIV/AIDS medical care. San Francisco has the largest population of Native Americans with HIV/AIDS in the country. Since its inception, 45 Native Americans with HIV/AIDS have been enrolled in the Holistic Native Network. These clients were surveyed upon admission and at three months in treatment. The results indicated positive changes in quality of life. The success of this program lies in the way that culture and community is included at every stage of service provision. From outreach to case management to substance abuse and mental health services, the Holistic Native Network meets the spiritual, medical and psychosocial needs of HIV+ Native Americans.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

A photographic diary of travels with David Kupfer.

The present article focuses on David Kupfer as a colleague and fellow traveler who participated in numerous meetings on cytochrome P450 held at exotic venues. It was always a pleasure to renew a long-standing friendship with David by meeting him at these meetings. His inscrutable smile combined with residues of an accent derived from his earlier background in Poland and Israel characterized this warm and delightful man. A number of photos of David in various locales are presented with this article in an attempt to fully capture the outstanding qualities of this man.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed2003

Aspects of activities and participation in daily life related to body structure and function in adolescents with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy: a descriptive follow-up study.

AIM: To analyse whether activities and participation in daily life differed between adolescents with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) and their able-bodied peers. METHOD: Fifty-one teenagers born in 1985-1987 with OBPP and a comparison group consisting of 116 age-matched adolescents in a socioeconomically and socioculturally representative area answered a self-report questionnaire concerning their daily life, school performance and friendships. The OBPP group was divided into three functional groups according to the degree of severity of the OBPP. RESULTS: Subjects with OBPP had interests, activities and a social life very similar to those of the teenagers in the comparison group. Differences were, however, found in self-esteem for sport/motor activities, with self-esteem being significantly lower in teenagers with the most severe type of OBPP. The OBPP groups were concerned about the risks for their affected and unaffected limb. CONCLUSION: In our society, adolescents with OBPP report a typical teenage life today. However, the indications for distress and worry related to the disability have to be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Having friends and Rett syndrome: how social relationships create meaningful contexts for limited skills.

PURPOSE: The experiences of a teenage girl with Rett syndrome who was being educated in an inclusive middle school are described to provide a better understanding of how social relationships create meaningful contexts for individuals with limited skills. The case example is used to illustrate the principle that contexts (including expectancies, acceptance, philosophical principles) can be designed to support meaningful social relationships, despite social and intellectual disabilities. METHOD: Naturalistic observations of social interactions over a two year period are reported to illustrate the possible types of social relationship between this young person and her adolescent friends and peers. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: While someone with this syndrome might be judged objectively to have minimal social skills, an accepting social environment willing to read minimal communicative cues provided the context for many typical social interactions. Since contexts require subjective judgement. the post-modern concept that disability represents a social construction can be viewed as a metaphor compatible with the reality that careful planning and structuring of the environment is in some instances the most appropriate intervention focus rather than the person with a disability. The sorts of positive friendship experiences described in this paper did not occur spontaneously, or by chance alone, nor were they the result of social skills instruction. Instead, they were associated with observable social behaviour by caregivers and peers who were extending their own repertoires to accommodate someone objectively determined to have a severe disability.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The trauma of being a refugee.

This article attempts to convey a human 'feel' for the refugee and the helper, without being oppressively expert or conveying pity. It explores differences and similarities between post-traumatic stress disorder and surviving and coping capacities, leading to an argument against biased use of western forms of psychological help and a plea for fitting in with local cultural patterns for coping with disaster. The difference between 'victim' and 'survivor' is emphasized and the problems of gratitude and envy in both helped and helper considered. In FYR Macedonia deskilled professionals became their own 'experts' as they responded imaginatively to the refugees on their doorstep. They wanted professional support, literature, supervision, consultancy and friendship, but not to be told 'how to do it'. The concept of 'resilience' is examined. Some children survive the disaster others do not. The latter suffer as refugees, whilst those initially terrified benefit from the security and predictability of camp life. An attempt is made to acknowledge normal coping capacities and allow for cultural differences in ways of coping, and so to emphasize survival rather than collapse or victimisation, while not denying the pain, terror, boredom, and frustration of being a refugee. This may lead to mental breakdown, PTSD, pathological grieving, but it does not automatically do so. There is no panacea of 'treatment', but it is essential to support and enable survivors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parents' and professionals' perceptions of Quality of Life in children with speech and language difficulty.

BACKGROUND: The true impact of speech and language difficulties (SaLD) on children's lives and the effectiveness of intervention is unknown. Within other fields of paediatric healthcare, clinicians and policy-makers are increasingly emphasizing the utility of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) studies and measures. SaLT has a variety of measures to assess and treat children's 'quantity' of life, but also requires measures that allow it to measure and even target their Quality of Life. AIMS: To provide novel, primary data on the HRQoL of children with speech and/or language difficulties. METHODS & PROCEDURES: The study used a qualitative methodology to begin the process of developing knowledge about HRQoL in children with SaLD. Focus group interviews were held with parents and professional carers of children with SaLD, and participants were encouraged to reflect on their experiences and beliefs around HRQoL issues for these children. The discussions within these groups were tape-recorded and analysed using the principles of grounded theory and content analysis. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Analysis of tape-recorded data identified ten descriptive themes related to children with SaLDs HRQoL. These themes were labelled: Inclusion; Behaviour and reactions of others; Education and awareness; Friendships and family relations; Schooling; The child's needs; Dependence/independence; Quality of care; Choice and potential; and Variability. The results can be seen as lying on a spectrum, with factors outside of the child at one pole, the individual child's characteristics at the other, and the interaction between the child and significant others in the middle. A number of the themes reflected a common belief, across all groups, that the HRQoL of children with SaLD is influenced by the behaviours, attitudes and beliefs of people surrounding them. In addition, participants' beliefs that the quality of a child's social integration, relationships and care are also related to their HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: These are encouraging results, indicating that children with SaLD experience HRQoL issues associated with their communication impairments. The results support the suggestion that speech and language therapists should ensure that their assessments and interventions account for both a child's impairment and also factors related to well-being reflected in the themes presented here. However, this was also a small-scale study and consequently further research of this type, with a larger and more varied population, is necessary so that HRQoL issues for all clinical sub-groups of children with SaLD can be explored.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

For an ethics of promising, or: a few kind words about James Watson.

This essay questions some of the limits that both science studies and bioethics have assumed in their engagements with technoscience, and genomics in particular. It argues that these disciplines have privileged an "ethics of suspicion" regarding technoscience, and argues that this is ill-suited to promissory sciences such as genomics. The essay begins to develop elements of an "ethics of friendship" toward genomics, using examples from toxicogenomics and behavioral genetics, to suggest what an ethics of promising might involve.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2000

Spontaneous remission from alcohol, tobacco, and other drug abuse: seeking quantitative answers to qualitative questions.

A quantitative review of the substance abuse literature revealed a mean general prevalence of spontaneous remission from alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs abuse of 26.2% when a broad definition of remission was employed and 18.2% when a narrow definition was implemented. From the results of this review, it was concluded that few meaningful differences exist between spontaneous remitters and persons who either continue misusing substances or remit through treatment on pre-remission measures of prior drug involvement. Of the factors cited by self-remitters as important in facilitating their desistance from substances, the present review found that health concerns, pressure from friends and family, and extraordinary events were instrumental in initiating spontaneous remission, while social support, non-drug-using friendships, willpower, and identity transformation were pivotal in maintaining change. Evidence is presented to indicate that spontaneous remission from alcohol and illicit drugs and spontaneous remission from tobacco smoking may differ in several key respects.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Gender differences in HIV risk behaviors among young injectors and their social network members.

Using epidemiological and social network research methods, this study examines gender differences in HIV risk and protective behaviors and social network characteristics among 193 young injection drug users (IDUs) and 127 referred members of their social networks. Respondents reported on their drug use, sexual behavior, and relationships within three types of social networks: hang out (i.e., friendship); drug use; and sexual networks. Most respondents were homeless and had experienced numerous life stressors. Females' social networks consisted more predominantly of drug injectors, and members more frequently appeared multiple networks. Females reported needle sharing more frequently than males, but also reported more protective behaviors such as needle exchange use and carrying clean syringes. Young female IDUs may compound their risk by having sex and injecting with higher risk partners. However, their propensity to practice protective behaviors may provide an opening for interventions to reduce their HIV risk and that of their social network members.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Normal drug use: ethnographic fieldwork among an adult network of recreational drug users in inner London.

A key debate in late 1990s Britain is the "normalization" of illicit drug use among young people. This qualitative research study explores recreational drug use (mainly cannabis and cocaine) among an adult friendship network in an inner London neighborhood. It finds that the use of these drugs is accepted as a normal and routine aspect of daily life. In addition to patterns of drug consumption and drug dealing, some aspects of risk perception are also described. Adults are neglected in current UK drug policy debates. "Normal" adult recreational drug use poses the need for a new public health policy agenda for the new century.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cultural identification and alcohol use among "Black" adolescents.

This study examined the relationship between cultural identification and alcohol use among Black adolescents--77 African-American and 185 Haitian Black adolescents. The Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale assessed cultural identification. A logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between cultural identification association between cultural identification, friendships, and alcohol use. Results indicate no relationship between cultural identification and alcohol use. Drinking during the past six months was significantly associated with having close friends who drink. Although the direction of friend influence is unclear. Differences were observed in the context of drinking between the two groups and, importantly, youths in both groups reported drinking alone and to relax/because of stress. Sociocultural factors, context and the basis of drinking need to be addressed in programs for youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Networked seduction: a test-bed for the study of strategic communication on the Internet.

One of the emerging features of the Internet is its relational and communicative nature: the initial centrality of the information exchange is moving to the building of online relationships, from friendship to romantic and even sexual relationships. The main goal of this paper is to define a theoretical model for the study of seductive processes on the Internet. In particular, taking up the perspective of the user, a shift of focus is proposed: from the description of the development of interpersonal attraction to the investigation of seduction, considered as a strategic communication process. According to the presented model, the key effort of the subjects involved in a computer-mediated seductive interaction is the negotiation of the meaning of the situation they are involved in. This process usually requires two tasks: the analysis of the characteristics of the communicative environment in which the play of interpersonal attraction develops, and the exploitation of the affordances offered by the communicative environment according to specific strategic goals. The main features of the model are both the focus on the communicative tools employed by the users to reach their relational goals, and the ergonomic characteristics of the networked environment. This approach can be used as a test-bed for the definition of specific hypotheses concerning the development of seductive interaction online.

Communication↗