Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Economic Model”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

The economic burden of prostate cancer in Canada: forecasts from the Montreal Prostate Cancer Model.

BACKGROUND: We developed an economic model of prostate cancer management from diagnosis until death. We have used the Montreal Prostate Cancer Model to estimate the total economic burden of the disease in a cohort of Canadian men. METHODS: Using this Markov state-transition simulation model, we estimated the probability of prostate cancer, annual prostate cancer progression rates and associated direct medical costs according to patient age, tumour stage and grade, and treatment modalities in a 1997 cohort of Canadian men. The estimated lifetime costs of prostate cancer included the costs of clinical staging, initial treatments and complications, follow-up cancer therapies, routine outpatient care, and palliative care following metastatic disease. RESULTS: The clinical burden of prostate cancer forecasted using the model was similar to the projections of the National Cancer Institute. In the 1997 cohort of 5.8 million Canadian men between 40 and 80 years old, prostate cancer would be diagnosed in an estimated 701,491 men (12.1%) over their lifetime. Direct medical costs would total $9.76 billion, or $3.89 billion when discounted 5% annually. INTERPRETATION: The Montreal Prostate Cancer Model indicates that the economic burden of prostate cancer to Canada's health care system will be substantial. Further analyses are needed to identify the most efficient means of treating this disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The selection of data sources for use in modelling studies.

Economic analysis has become increasingly important in healthcare in general, and particularly with respect to pharmaceuticals. Therefore, it is vital that the methods used in such evaluations are carefully scrutinised and refined. However, guidelines contain only a limited number of recommendations for the use of secondary data in modelling studies. In this manuscript, the selection of data sources in modelling studies will be addressed. The objectives of this manuscript are as follows: (i) to present a general strategy on how to determine the appropriateness of a data source for a model; and (ii) to present recommendations on a transparent reporting format for the selection of data sources.

Drug Costs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early modelling for assessing health and economic outcomes of drug therapy.

Models for assessing health and economic outcomes of new drugs have an increasing role in the early phases of drug development. Their input into go/no go and priority setting decisions can reveal that further development of a drug is unattractive from an economic viewpoint, or that developing a certain indication is more attractive than another. They may also influence the later choice of indication, positioning, comparators, length of follow-up, and other elements in the further development of drugs. Their specific nature, characterized by limited budget, timelines and data availability should not necessarily lead to compromises in design and conduct. It is argued that high quality early models form the breeding ground for later solid evidence on value for money, and are consequently both worthwhile to the pharmaceutical industry and to health care decision-makers and payers.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outcomes research and modeling therapeutic interventions for economic evaluations.

For pharmaceutical companies to plan properly the drug development process and meet the needs of formulary committees in the drug approval process, attention must be given to the economic analysis of therapeutic interventions at an early stage in the development process. Modeling therapeutic intervention, where comparator products within disease groups are identified, is a key step in identifying the data required to support outcomes research, which in turn, supports comparative therapy evaluations. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for identifying key outcome measures, exploring the role of therapy intervention models while emphasizing the need for a cost-benefit framework. The key outcome measures considered here include both direct and indirect costs, drug substitution, and the assessment of formulary budget impacts. The limitations of cost-effectiveness and cost-utility measures as indicators of welfare outcomes in a resource allocation framework are also emphasized. The principal conclusion is that the early development of a therapy intervention model is essential to the process of drug development and assessment and for the identification of data items needed to support economic evaluation. Modeling therapeutic interventions must involve agreement on intervention points, treatment pathways, pathway probabilities, and end points of therapy. Unless these parameters are determined, submissions by drug companies to formulary committees and assessments of the market potential for drugs will remain ad hoc in nature and of limited use in any decision process.

Drug Therapy↗
PubMed1980

Population and agricultural development models: the promise of the third generation.

The author briefly describes the work of Malthus and the development of first- and second-generation economic-demographic models. He then discusses a proposed third-generation model which "examines conjointly both consequences and determinants of population growth, and analyzes them at the level of the agricultural household." A project being conducted by the Food and Agricultural Organization to construct a third-generation model using data from the Philippines and two other countries is described

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Measuring agricultural sustainability in terms of efficiency: the case of Dutch sugar beet growers.

Sustainability embraces socio-economic and bio-ecological dimensions or attributes. This paper presents a conceptual framework for quantifying sustainability on the basis of efficiency theory commonly used in economics. The conceptual model is implemented using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Sustainability is measured for a sample of Dutch sugar beet growers. The average technical efficiency was only 50%. A positive correlation was found between technical efficiency and sustainable efficiency. Differences in efficiency among farmers were persistent within and between years. We conclude that there is considerable scope for improving the sustainability of arable farming by better management.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

The productivity assessment tool: computer-based cost benefit analysis model for the economic assessment of occupational health and safety interventions in the workplace.

INTRODUCTION AND METHOD: This paper describes the concepts behind cost benefit analysis in occupational health and safety and introduces the Productivity Assessment Tool, a method by which an analysis may be performed relatively easily in a service or manufacturing workplace. The advantage of using such analyses is to show the important financial role that safe and efficient workplaces play in the workplace. RESULTS: By using analytical tools, the effectiveness of an intervention (workplace change) may be estimated prior to its introduction. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This places occupational health and safety on the same financial footing as other proposed workplace changes and thus places occupational health and safety in a strong position to attract scarce resources.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2001

Economics of youth drug use, addiction and gateway effects.

The use of illicit drugs by American youth rose dramatically during the 1990s. Reducing these trends is an important policy objective. However, for policies to be effective it is important to understand the key causal links that lead to substance use and abuse. Policy makers must understand whether attempts to reduce the demand for one drug have impacts on the current and future use of other drugs. This paper overviews an economic approach to modeling drug use, addiction and gateway effects, emphasizing the potential of this method for identifying causal links in consumption. The paper demonstrates how this multi-substance theory of drug use leads to empirical specifications that can identify the impact of consumption of one drug on the contemporaneous and future consumption of other drugs. This is followed by a discussion of what types of data would be needed to estimate these effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Economic and epidemiological modelling of full-length antihaemophilic factor (recombinant), plasma/albumin-free method, in previously treated patients with haemophilia A : comparison with B-domain deleted rFVIII, and value of potential viral transmission reduction due to plasma/albumin-free status.

OBJECTIVES: To the extent that current recombinant clotting factor concentrates contain even trace amounts of human or animal protein, there is continuing potential for transmission of nonenveloped viruses, including hepatitis A, and parvovirus, and the theoretical potential for transmission of relatively unknown agents, such as prions (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or its variant). Full-length antihaemophilic factor (recombinant), plasma/albumin-free method (rAHF-PFM; Advate), represents a novel pharmacotherapeutic option for the management of haemophilia A. This investigation was designed to discern: (i) the efficacy-based use pattern (International Units [IUs]) of rAHF-PFM versus B-domain deleted rFVIII (BDDrFVIII; ReFacto) required to resolve a bleeding episode (event) among previously treated patients with haemophilia A employing on-demand treatment; (ii) the health service expenditure pattern (percentage differential; payor's perspective) associated with use of rAHF-PFM versus BDDrFVIII among previously treated patients with haemophilia A employing on-demand treatment; and (iii) the fiscal utility attributable to the plasma/albumin-free status of rAHF-PFM under the assumed emergence of a novel and infectious blood (plasma)-borne virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data stemming from phase II/phase III clinical trials of rAHF-PFM, together with published literature on BDDrFVIII, afforded calculation of the probability of occurrence for specific endpoints of interest (e.g. non-response to first infusion). Monte Carlo simulation, a decision-analytical framework parameterised with stochastic (random) and deterministic (fixed) components (10 000 iterations per month [or year] of age examined [3, 6, 9 months; years 1 through 19; and years 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80]) was used to compare: (i) the efficacy-based use pattern by treatment option; and (ii) the health service utilisation-based expenditure pattern by treatment option, accounting for the need for subsequent infusion(s), and potential complications (use of services) stemming from failure of the initial infusion (five scenarios). Theoretical and direct modelling methods for assessing the fiscal utility attributable to the plasma/albumin-free status of rAHF-PFM under the assumed emergence of a novel and infectious blood (plasma)-borne virus were developed. Assumptions included: (i) a low population infection rate (<5%); (ii) annual health service expenditures equivalent to 5% of that observed with HIV/AIDS; and (iii) the number of bleeding events experienced per year were 6, 9 or 12. RESULTS: Monte Carlo simulation-replicated simulations per year of age examined revealed: (i) use of rAHF-PFM resulted in a 12.20% median reduction in the number of IUs required to resolve a bleeding episode (event) relative to BDDrFVIII (p < 0.05); and (ii) a health service utilisation-based savings [primary care; hospital] (p < 0.05; range 13.74-39.34% [dependent on intensity (sequencing) of care required]) with rAHF-PFM relative to BDDrFVIII. The overall scenario-weighted health service utilisation-based savings was 16.94% (p < 0.05). Under the assumption of the emergence of a novel and infectious blood (plasma)-borne virus, deterministic models for persons weighing 20 kg, 50 kg and 80 kg all revealed a savings potential ($US per IU) with use of rAHF-PFM relative to use of a non-plasma/albumin-free product. CONCLUSION: Use of rAHF-PFM in on-demand management of haemophilia A offers enhanced patient safety and represents a fiscally prudent therapeutic strategy.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Cost-efficiency aspects for fish passage restoration in the Ruhr River Basin.

The protection and sustainable management of the aquatic ecosystems is the central aim of the European Water Framework Directive. Due to the aspiration for good ecological status of the water bodies free fish passage will play an important part in river basin management. The Ruhr River has seen severe anthropogenic modifications due to urbanisation and industrialisation in the 19th and 20th centuries leading in the existence of approx. 1300 weirs within the Ruhr River Basin. The majority of the barriers are assessed as not passable or restricted passable. Against this background the Ruhrverband made a holistic approach towards restoring fish passage within the Ruhr catchment. Besides the scientific and technical aspects, such as the determination of potential (spawning) habitats and the development of measures in order to reach them, they also considered cost-benefit-ratio considerations for the Ruhr catchment as a whole as well as for site-specific designs of fish passage structures. Various benefits were evaluated taking into account different fields of economic interest. The model of financing all necessary measures should involve all responsible parties benefiting from the water utilizations. Such a mutual procedure delivers a fair cost distribution as well as an efficient implementation of measures.

Animal Migration↗
PubMed1991

Economic decision analysis model of a paratuberculosis test and cull program.

A spreadsheet program was written to perform decision tree analysis for control of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), when testing all adults in a herd and culling all animals with positive test results. The program incorporated diagnostic test sensitivity, specificity, and test cost with the cost or value of each of the 4 possible outcomes; true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative test results. The program was designed to repeat the analysis for the independent variable pretest paratuberculosis prevalence (0 to 100%). Model output was graphed as profit or loss in dollars vs pretest prevalence. The threshold was defined as the pretest prevalence at which benefit-cost equaled zero. Reed-Frost disease modeling techniques were used to predict the number of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected replacement heifers resulting from infected cows during a control program. Sensitivity analysis was performed on variables of the decision tree model; test sensitivity, specificity, test cost, and factors affecting the cost of paratuberculosis to a commercial dairy. A test and cull program was profitable when paratuberculosis caused greater than or equal to 6% decrease in milk production if the pretest prevalence was greater than 6%, test sensitivity was 50%, test specificity was 98%, and the testing cost was $4/cow. Test specificities greater than 98% did not markedly affect the threshold for tests with a 50% sensitivity and costing $4/cow. Test sensitivity had minimal effect on the threshold. Using a diagnostic test with a 50% sensitivity and a 98% specificity as an example, test cost was shown to affect the threshold prevalence at which the test and cull program became profitable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗