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Results for “Distance Perception”

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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Searching in the center: pigeons (Columba livid) encode relative distance from walls of an enclosure.

Pigeons (Columba livia) searched for food hidden in the center of a square enclosure. On occasional tests without food, the enclosure was (a) unchanged from training (control tests), (b) moved to different corners of the testing room (corner tests), or (c) doubled in size (expansion tests). The birds showed localized search in the center of the enclosure on control and corner tests. On expansion tests, some birds searched near the center of the enclosure, suggesting relative-distance encoding. Other birds searched at locations that maintained the training distance from walls, suggesting absolute-distance encoding. These results are consistent with previous studies on chicks (Gallus gallus) in similar enclosures and contrast with previous results on pigeons' responses to expansions of discrete landmark arrays.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) and the effects of goal--landmark distance on overshadowing.

Three groups of Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) were trained to find a goal location defined by an array of 4 landmarks that varied in goal--landmark distance. The arrays for each group differed in the distance of the closest landmark and contained goal--landmark distances that were common across groups, allowing for the examination of the effects of both relative and absolute goal--landmark distance on encoding of a landmark array. All 3 groups readily learned the task and were subsequently tested in probe tests with only single landmarks from the array available. Search error in tests with single landmarks was compared both within and across groups. Results demonstrated that both relative and absolute goal-landmark distances are important in spatial search.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Self-control and tool use in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).

Self-control is defined as forgoing immediate gratification to obtain a greater reward. Tool use may relate to self-control because both behaviors may require foresight and deliberate control over one's actions. The authors assessed 20 capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) for the ability to delay gratification in a tool task. Subjects were given rod-shaped food items that could either be consumed immediately or be carried to an apparatus and used to extract a more preferred food. The authors found that some monkeys were able to exhibit self-control. Monkeys with relatively more tool use experience demonstrated the greatest levels of self-control. These results indicate that capuchins are capable of delaying gratification when a higher quality reinforcer is present and that tool experience can influence levels of self-control in this task.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Decision making and interference in the domestic cat (Felis catus).

Domestic cats (Felis catus) received a task in which an obstacle was introduced at the time they were ready to reach for 1 among 2 or 3 baited targets. The results revealed that when the initially chosen direction (i.e., before the introduction of the obstacle) and the new one were orthogonal, the cats reassessed distance, angular deviation, and visibility once they had turned around the obstacle (Experiments 1, 2, and 3). Then the cats chose a different target than the one that would have been chosen had there been no obstacle. When both the initially chosen and the new direction matched (Experiment 4), the cats kept intact their initial decision. The discussion focuses on the nature of the representational system of the cat. The discussion also emphasizes comparisons with dogs (i.e., cooperative hunters).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Visual estimation of spatial requirements for locomotion in novice wheelchair users.

Locomotion using a wheelchair requires a wider space than does walking. Two experiments were conducted to test the ability of nonhandicapped adults to estimate the spatial requirements for wheelchair use. Participants judged from a distance whether doorlike apertures of various widths were passable or not passable. Experiment 1 showed that participants underestimated the spatial requirements for wheelchair use but overestimated the spatial requirements for walking. Experiment 2 showed that their underestimation improved but was not completely eliminated after 8 days of practice passing through apertures. Analyses of wheelchair performance in the practice condition showed that the underestimation may have arisen from misperception of the positions of the hands when the participants were grasping the wheelchair hand-rims. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Watching a cursor distorts haptically guided reproduction of mouse movement.

Participants moved a mouse along a force-feedback-defined linear path, either without vision or while watching a cursor set to 1 of 3 levels of visual:haptic gain (all >1:1). They attempted to haptically reproduce the movement without visual feedback. Errors increased with gain, reaching 70% overestimation at the highest gain. Forewarning participants about gain variability did not eliminate this effect. The gain level was potentially cued during the movement by the mismatch between visual feedback and kinesthetic feedback. Moreover, because participants did not achieve cursor-speed constancy across gain levels, visual speed was another cue to gain. Collectively, these cues failed to prevent visual distortion of movement reproduction.

Attention↗
PubMed2003

Bidimensional regression: assessing the configural similarity and accuracy of cognitive maps and other two-dimensional data sets.

Bidimensional regression is a method for comparing the degree of resemblance between 2 planar configurations of points and, more generally, for assessing the nature of the geometry (Euclidean and non-Euclidean) between 2-dimensional independent and dependent variables. For example, it can assess the similarity between location estimates from different tasks or participant groups, measure the fidelity between cognitive maps and actual locations, and provide parameters for psychological process models. The authors detail the formal similarity between uni- and bidimensional regression, provide computational methods and a new index of spatial distortion, outline the advantages of bidimensional regression over other techniques, and provide guidelines for its use. The authors conclude by describing substantive areas in psychology for which the method would be appropriate and uniquely illuminating.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Manipulating the shape of distance effects in visual curve tracing: further evidence for the zoom lens model.

The time required to determine that two dots occur on the same curve in a visual display increases with increasing interdot curve distance. McCormick and Jolicoeur (1991) presented a model of visual curve tracing in which a local operator with a variable size receptive field tracks the curve segment intervening the two dots. In this model, human response time can be predicted by counting the number of shifts of the receptive field needed to trace the curve segment. The present study re-examined the predictive power of the zoom lens curve tracing model by selectively manipulating distractor proximity in four conditions and regressing the predictions of the model on human response time. The model was compared with two other curve tracing models, pixel by pixel tracing, and Jolicoeur, Ullman and MacKay's (1991) bipartite receptive field operator. The results provided strong support for McCormick and Jolicoeur's (1991) visual attention based zoom lens operator.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Inhibition of return along the path of attention.

Two experiments were conducted to examine inhibition of return (IOR) at four potential target locations (a near and a far location in each visual hemifield). In the first experiment, the locations were aligned horizontally and IOR was found at the near locations when the cues were presented at the far locations but not at the far locations when the cues were presented at the near locations. In the second experiment, the locations were not horizontally aligned and IOR was not found for near locations when the far locations were cued. The results suggest that IOR may be an attentional phenomenon and that attention may operate in an analog fashion such that locations in the path of the attentional movement may be attended to.

Adult↗