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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1964

INDUCTION OF A STEREOSCOPIC DEPTH EFFECT.

Two pairs of horizontal lines of equal length, with different configurations of dots above and below, are presented stereoscopically. Upon fusion, the two lines are perceived as tilting in space in directions opposite to the depth effects of the dots.

Depth Perception↗
PubMed1987

Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and depth.

Physiological and anatomical findings in the primate visual system, as well as clinical evidence in humans, suggest that different components of visual information processing are segregated into largely independent parallel pathways. Such a segregation leads to certain predictions about human vision. In this paper we describe psychophysical experiments on the interactions of color, form, depth, and movement in human perception, and we attempt to correlate these aspects of visual perception with the different subdivisions of the visual system.

Color Perception↗
PubMed2002

Visual perception of planar orientation: dominance of static depth cues over motion cues.

We measured the ability to report the tilt (direction of maximal slope) of a plane under monocular viewing conditions, from static depth cues (square grid patterns) and motion parallax (small rotations of the plane about a frontoparallel axis). These two cues were presented separately, or simultaneously. In the latter case they specified tilts that were either collinear (coherent case) or orthogonal (conflict case). The field of view was small (8 degrees) or large (60 degrees). In small field, for motion parallax, the reported tilt depends strongly on the orientation of the plane relative to the rotation axis, being totally ambiguous when tilt is collinear with the rotation axis. In contrast, in large field, the reported tilt depends little on this variable, and is accurately specified by motion cues. In both cases static cues strongly dominated the tilt reports. Hence static grid patterns constitute robust tilt cues, which can dominate contradictory tilt indications from motion parallax, and should be considered as essential for the visual orientation during locomotion, or the immersion in virtual reality environments.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Perspective, orientation disparity, and anisotropy in stereoscopic slant perception.

Stereoscopic depth estimates are not predictable from the geometry of point disparities. The configural properties of surfaces (surface contours) may play an important role in determining, for example, slant responses to a disparity gradient, and the marked anisotropy in favour of slant around a horizontal axis. It has been argued that variation in slant magnitude are attributable to the degree of perspective conflict present and that anisotropy is attributable to orientation disparity, which varies with the axis of slant. Three experiments were conducted in which configural properties were varied to try and tease apart the respective roles of orientation disparity and conflicting perspective in determining stereoscopic slant perception and slant axis anisotropy. The results could not be accounted for by the magnitude of the orientation disparities present. Conflicting perspective cues appeared to play a role but only for slant around a vertical axis. It was concluded that there are important configural effects in stereopsis attributable neither to orientation disparity nor to perspective.

Anisotropy↗
PubMed1994

Perception of motion in depth from luminous rotating spirals: directional asymmetries during and after rotation.

Motion aftereffect (MAE) following spiral rotation is often asymmetrical: centrifugal MAE exceeds centripetal MAE. Pronounced MAE asymmetry has been reported for conditions--especially with a minimal background pattern--promoting perception of motion in depth. Such conditions are predicted to elicit motion asymmetry during adaptation. In the present study observers viewed luminous spirals monocularly in the dark; they timed, and scaled for convincingness, motion in depth during and after rotation. Motion in depth during rotation was often almost continuous, but recession was more convincing than was approach. Approaching MAE lasted longer and was more convincing than was receding MAE: the duration difference was more pronounced than has been found in other MAE studies, corroborating the link between MAE asymmetry and motion in depth. A possible line of explanation resides in comparing spiral motion in depth with real motion in depth of objects: in particular, the rapid visual change and collision with the observer that characterises real approach of an object is lacking in spiral approach. Interspecies differences for 'looming' and MAE are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Organizational factors and the perception of motion in depth.

When two stationary, stereoscopically separated targets are viewed in a completely dark surround, and no cues concerning their egocentric distances from the observer are salient, the farther target tends to be seen at the same distance it would have assumed if it were by itself. The nearer target is seen as being closer than it would have been if seen alone. The present studies extend this previous finding (now termed the far-anchor effect) into the domain of targets that move in stereoscopic space. Observers viewed two small illuminated targets, which began at either the same or different stereoscopic distances. One of the targets was moved in depth and the observers identified the target that appeared to move. Conditions varied according to the initial depth location of the moving target. Significantly more correct responses were reported when the nearer target moved than when the farther one moved, consistent with the hypothesis that the perception of motion in depth is affected by the aforementioned perceptual anchoring effect of the farther target.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2005

Pooling signals from vertically and non-vertically orientation-tuned disparity mechanisms in human stereopsis.

To understand the role that orientation-tuned disparity-sensitive mechanisms play in the perception of stereoscopic depth, we measured stereothresholds using two sets of random-dot stimuli that produce identical stimulation of disparity mechanisms tuned to vertical orientation but dissimilar stimulation of disparity mechanisms tuned to non-vertical orientations. Either 1 or 1.5D of astigmatic blur was simulated in the random-dot images presented to both eyes, using two axis configurations. In the parallel-axis conditions, the axis of simulated astigmatic blur was same in the two eyes (0, 45 or 135 o[rientation]deg). In the orthogonal-axis conditions, the axes of astigmatic blur were orthogonal in the two eyes (LE: 180, RE: 90; LE: 90, RE: 180; LE: 45, RE: 135; and LE: 135, RE: 45). Whereas the stimulation of disparity mechanisms tuned to near-vertical orientations should be similar in the oblique parallel- and orthogonal-axis conditions, the stimulation of non-vertically tuned disparity mechanisms should be dissimilar. Measured stereothresholds were higher in the orthogonal compared to the parallel-axis condition by factors of approximately 2 and 5, for 1 and 1.5D of simulated oblique astigmatic blur, respectively. Further, for comparable magnitudes of simulated astigmatic blur, stereothresholds in the (LE: 180, RE: 90 and LE: 90, RE: 180) conditions were similar to those in the (LE: 45, RE: 135 and LE: 135, RE: 45) conditions. These results suggest that the computation of horizontal disparity includes substantial contributions from disparity mechanisms tuned to non-vertical orientations. Simulations using a modified version of a disparity-energy model [Qian, N., & Zhu, Y. (1997). Physiological computation of binocular disparity. Vision Research, 37, 1811-1827], show (1) that pooling across disparity mechanisms tuned to vertical and non-vertical orientations is required to account for our data and (2) that this pooling can provide the spatial resolution needed to encode spatially changing horizontal disparities.

Depth Perception↗