Support for an association between mismatch negativity and social functioning in schizophrenia.
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Contingent Negative Variation↗
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Event-related potentials during rule processing in schizophrenia.
Several studies have shown that schizophrenia is characterized by impaired frontal lobe functions, functions that are responsible, for example, for the management of rules, strategic reasoning, and selective attention. Using event-related potentials (ERP), we assessed the brain's electrical activity in a group of patients with schizophrenia (n=11) and a healthy control group (n=14) during a reaction time task requiring the use of a rule. ERP waves were compared with those elicited in a similar task based on a direct sensory association. In the control group, ERP analyses showed a negative wave moving from the posterior to the anterior regions of the scalp in a latency range of 250-400 ms. Then, the negativity remained at the frontal scalp region in a latency range of 400-800 ms. In this group, the amplitude was higher during the rule operation than during the sensory association task. In schizophrenic patients, the anteroposterior component of the negative wave was totally absent in both tasks, and we did not find a modulation of the ERP by the task. Frontal scalp negativity was observed, but its latency was longer and its amplitude lower than in the control group. We discuss these findings in terms of the frontoposterior disconnection hypothesis.
Adult↗
Task engagement and the relationships between the error-related negativity, agreeableness, behavioral shame proneness and cortisol.
Previous results suggest that both cortisol mobilization and the error-related negativity (ERN/Ne) reflect goal engagement, i.e. the mobilization and allocation of attentional and physiological resources. Personality measures of negative affectivity have been associated both to high cortisol levels and large ERN/Ne amplitudes. However, measures of positive social adaptation and agreeableness have also been related to high cortisol levels and large ERN/Ne amplitudes. We hypothesized that, as long as they relate to concerns over social evaluation and mistakes, both personality measures reflecting positive affectivity (e.g. agreeableness) and those reflecting negative affectivity (e.g. behavioral shame proneness) would be associated with an increased likelihood of high task engagement, and hence to increased cortisol mobilization and ERN/Ne amplitudes. We had female subjects perform a flanker task while EEG was recorded. Additionally, the subjects filled out questionnaires measuring mood and personality, and salivary cortisol immediately before and after task performance was measured. The overall pattern of relationships between our measures supports the hypothesis that cortisol mobilization and ERN/Ne amplitude reflect task engagement, and both relate positively to each other and to the personality traits agreeableness and behavioral shame proneness. We discuss the potential importance of engagement-disengagement and of concerns over social evaluation for research on psychopathology, stress and the ERN/Ne.
Adolescent↗
Mismatch negativity potentials and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is an important predictor of clinical and social outcome. In this preliminary study, the correlation between cognitive status and deficits in mismatch negativity (MMN) generation was explored. The MMN response to tone duration deviants was recorded using a new stimulation protocol with continuously changing ('roving') standard stimuli in order to measure the effect of standard repetitions on MMN (memory trace effect). Cognitive status of the patient group (n=28) was assessed using neuropsychological screening. Healthy participants (n=20) served as age-matched comparison group. In patients, MMN amplitude in frontal electrodes as well as the MMN memory trace effect was diminished compared to controls. While both measures were inversely related to patient's age and disease severity, only the MMN memory trace effect was robustly correlated with the degree of neuropsychological impairment. This suggests that ERP measures of auditory system adaptability more appropriately characterise the pathophysiological processes underlying cognitive impairment in schizophrenia than static measures of ERP magnitude.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Frontal and temporal sources of mismatch negativity in healthy controls, patients at onset of schizophrenia in adolescence and others at 15 years after onset.
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related potential measure of auditory change detection. It is widely reported to be smaller in patients with schizophrenia and may not improve along with otherwise successful clinical treatment. The main aim of this report is to explore ways of measuring and presenting four features of frequency-deviant MMN dipole sources (dipole moment, peak latency, brain location and orientation) and to relate these to the processes of psychopathology and illness progression. Data from early onset patients (EOS) at the start of the illness in adolescence, and others who had their first break in adolescence 15 years ago (S-15Y) were compared with two groups of age-matched healthy controls (C-EOS, C-15Y). A four-source model fitted the MMN waveform recorded from all four groups, whether MMN amplitude was more (EOS) or less (S-15Y) reduced. The locations were in the left superior temporal and anterior cingulate gyri, right superior temporal and inferior/mid frontal cortices. Dipole latencies confirmed a bottom-up sequence of processing and dipole moments were larger in the temporal lobes and on the left. Patients showed small dipole location changes that were more marked in the S-15Y than the EOS group (more rostral for the left anterior cingulate, more caudal for the right mid-frontal dipole) consistent with illness progression. The modelling of MMN dipole sources on brain atlas and anatomical images suggests that there is a degree of dissociation during illness between small progressive anatomical changes and some functional recovery indexed by scalp recordings from patients with an onset in adolescence 15 years before compared to adolescents in their first episode.
Adolescent↗
Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND: Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an auditory event-related potential that provides an index of automatic context-dependent information processing and auditory sensory memory. Many studies have reported abnormalities in the generation of MMN in schizophrenia. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of this deficit and associated factors. METHOD: Studies of MMN in schizophrenia were identified and included in a meta-analysis to estimate the mean effect size. Effects of duration of illness, gender ratio, age of patients, type of MMN (duration versus frequency MMN) and characteristics of the test paradigms (deviant probability, magnitude of standard-deviant difference) on effect size were assessed. RESULTS: Of 62 identified studies 32 met our inclusion criteria. The mean effect size was 0.99 (95% confidence intervals: 0.79, 1.29). Overall, no specific factor was significantly associated with MMN deficits, although MMN to stimuli differing in duration appeared more impaired in schizophrenia than MMN to frequency deviants. In addition, effect sizes of frequency MMN were significantly correlated with duration of illness. CONCLUSIONS: MMN deficits are a robust feature in chronic schizophrenia and indicate abnormalities in automatic context-dependent auditory information processing and auditory sensory memory in these patients. Reports of normal MMN in first-episode schizophrenia and the association of deficits in frequency MMN with illness duration suggest that MMN may index ongoing neuropathological changes in the auditory cortex in schizophrenia.
Auditory Cortex↗
Cortical distribution of Bereitschaftspotential and negative slope potential preceding mouth-opening movements in humans.
Cortical potentials associated with the voluntary movement of various body parts are known as movement-related cortical potentials, which allow evaluation of the cortical efferent function and other higher functions controlling voluntary movement. The cortical potentials have three main components: the Bereitschaftspotential (or 'readiness potential'), the negative slope and the motor potential. Here, the cortical potentials preceding mouth-opening movements were recorded to investigate which of these components could be observed. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded from 11 electrodes placed over the scalp (F3, Fz, F4, T3, C3, Cz, C4, T4, P3, Pz and P4) according to the international 10-20 system. Electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the anterior belly of the digastric and the masseter. The 10 healthy participants were requested to make brisk and self-paced mouth-opening movements. All data were digitized with a sampling frequency of 200 Hz and stored for off-line analysis. Movement-related cortical potentials were obtained by averaging the EEG, using the digastric EMG onset as a trigger signal. The Bereitschaftspotential was recorded as a gradually increasing, bilaterally widespread negativity starting 1.7 s (mean) +/-0.23 s (S.D.) before the onset of the opening movement. The amplitude, which was measured at movement onset, was maximum at Cz (3.8 +/- 1.3 microV). The negative slope was observed 500-600 ms before the movement onset, and the motor potential was not clearly identified, because of postmotion artefacts. The cortical maps of the Bereitschaftspotential and negative slope combined together before to the mouth opening showed a symmetrical distribution with a maximum at the vertex region. The study reveals that the Bereitschaftspotential and the negative slope, two components of the movement-related cortical potentials, can be observed preceding mouth-opening movements and are similar to those associated with other voluntary movements. Findings such as distribution, amplitude and onset of the potentials could provide important information for studying the cortical control of mandibular movements.
Adult↗
Mismatch negativity predicts psychotic experiences induced by NMDA receptor antagonist in healthy volunteers.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies indicate that mismatch negativity (MMN)-a preattentive auditory event-related potential (ERP)-depends on NMDA receptor (NMDAR) functioning. To explore if the strength of MMN generation reflects the functional condition of the NMDAR system in healthy volunteers, we analyzed correlations between MMN recorded before drug administration and subsequent responses to the NMDAR antagonist ketamine or the 5-HT2a agonist psilocybin. METHODS: In two separate studies, MMN was recorded to both frequency and duration deviants prior to administration of ketamine or psilocybin. Behavioral and subjective effects of ketamine and psilocybin were assessed with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the OAV Scale-a rating scale developed to measure altered states of consciousness. Correlations between ERP amplitudes (MMN, N1, and P2) and drug-induced effects were calculated in each study group and compared between them. RESULTS: Smaller MMN to both pitch and duration deviants was significantly correlated to stronger effects during ketamine, but not psilocybin administration. No significant correlations were observed for N1 and P2. CONCLUSIONS: Smaller MMN indicates a NMDAR system that is more vulnerable to disruption by the NMDAR antagonist ketamine. MMN generation appears to index the functional state of NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission even in subjects who do not demonstrate any psychopathology.
Administration, Oral↗
Event-related potentials and performance of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: children and normal controls in auditory and visual selective attention tasks.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children and normal controls (7-13 yrs old) performed an auditory and visual selective attention task. Subjects were instructed to respond to the infrequent (10%) stimuli in the relevant channel. Processing negativity (PN) and several other ERP peaks were scored at the midline electrodes. In the auditory task, controls had more correct detections (hits), less false alarms, larger P3b amplitudes to nontarget stimuli (but not to hits), a larger central PN and larger early frontal positivity (100-250 ms) to target stimuli than ADHD subjects. In the visual modality, controls had more correct detections, less false alarms, larger P3b amplitudes to nontarget stimuli (but not to hits), and larger frontal P3(1) amplitudes to infrequent than to frequent stimuli. It was hypothesized that in ADHD children in both the auditory and the visual task, there is a deficit in the activation of the P3b process. Incorrect triggering of the P3b process might be caused by disturbances in other aspects of the attention process, preceding the P3b.
Adolescent↗
Event-related potential correlates of linguistic information processing in schizophrenics.
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from adult schizophrenics and age- and education-matched normal controls during performance of an idiom recognition task involving judgments of the meaningfulness of idiomatic, literal, and nonsense phrases. Schizophrenics produced more errors and had prolonged reaction times while attempting to correctly differentiate meaningful from meaningless phrases. An ERP correlate of that deficit was a larger than normal N400 to idioms and literals, with no difference in N400 amplitude to nonsense phrases. This result was interpreted as evidence that the influence of the linguistic context provided by the first word of two-word idiomatic and literal phrases is reduced in schizophrenia. Schizophrenics also showed reduced amplitude P300.
Adult↗
Expecting gender: an event related brain potential study on the role of grammatical gender in comprehending a line drawing within a written sentence in Spanish.
Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were used to examine the role of grammatical gender in written sentence comprehension. Native Spanish speakers read sentences in which a drawing depicting a target noun was either congruent or incongruent with sentence meaning, and either agreed or disagreed in gender with that of the preceding article. The gender-agreement violation at the drawing was associated with an enhanced negativity between 500 and 700 msec post-stimulus onset. Semantically incongruent drawings elicited a larger N400 than congruent drawings regardless of gender (dis)agreement, indicating little effect of grammatical gender agreement on contextual integration of a picture into a written sentence context. We also observed an enhanced negativity for articles with unexpected relative to expected gender based on prior sentence context indicating that readers generate expectations for specific nouns and their articles.
Adolescent↗
Presence of very early events preceding self-paced movements in epileptic patients. An intracerebral exploration.
In epileptic patients explored with depth electrodes kept within the brain for several days ("chronic conditions") to localize their focus, recordings were taken from the less perturbed deep brain areas, before and during the execution of self-paced movements. A few deep leads (some of which were located in areas which did not display a classical readiness potential) showed that phasic paroxystic events very often occurred 2,000 ms and, sometimes, even about 3,000 ms before the movement (movement-related events, MREs). This finding suggests that the preparation of a "voluntary" self-paced movement may begin well before the appearance of the readiness potential or, alternatively, that intracerebral paroxystic spikes delay the decision making. This type of phasic process may be undetectable in scalp recording from normal subjects and only be revealed when some brain structures have become hyper-reactive due to the epileptic process.
Brain↗
The differential effects of extremity and movement side on the scalp distribution of the readiness potential (RP) and the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN).
In a time estimation task subjects had to press a button 3 s after the presentation of a warning stimulus. Two seconds after the movement they were informed about their performance by a knowledge of results (KR) stimulus. Preceding the movement a readiness potential (RP) and prior to the presentation of the KR stimulus a stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) was recorded. Movement side (left/right) and extremity (hand/foot) were varied within subjects to demonstrate that the RP but not the SPN is affected by such manipulations. The scalp distribution of the late part of the RP was affected by movement side and extremity. Yet it exhibited the expected lateral asymmetry only preceding a movement of the left hand or of the right foot. The scalp distribution of the SPN was not affected by extremity. The size of the right hemisphere preponderance of the SPN depended on movement side following a finger flexion, but not following a plantar flexion of the foot. The experimental design was intended to avoid the temporal overlap between movement-related and stimulus-related activity. Yet it is argued that both results of this experiment can best be explained by such an overlap.
Adolescent↗
Expectancy and response strategy in a three-choice visual task.
We investigated the relationship between sensorial discrimination and motor response by means of movement-related potentials, in a task where subjects had to discriminate between 3 stimuli presented visually in a random way. The results indicate that subjects anticipate the response to each type of stimulus by following a probabilistic criterion in the absence of a warning stimulus. This criterion entails an erroneous lateralization of cerebral activation and a significant increase in reaction time, despite the reduction of errors.
Adult↗
Long-term practice effects on a new skilled motor learning: an electrophysiological study.
Cortical functions concerned with the execution of skilled movements can be studied through complex interactive tasks. Skilled performance task (SPT) offers the greatest deal of information about the electrophysiological components reflecting pre-programming, execution of the movement and control of the results. Overall, these components are indicated as "movement-related brain macropotentials' (MRBMs). Among them, Bereitschaftspotential (BP) reflects cerebral processes related to the preparation of movement and skilled performance positivity (SPP) reflects control processes on the result of performance. There is some evidence supporting a training effect on MRBMs, but less clear is whether long-term practice of a skilled activity could modify learning strategies of a new skilled task. We recorded MRBMs in subjects trained for a long time to perform a highly skillful athletic activity, i.e. gun shooting, and in a group of control subjects without any former experience in skilled motor activities. Our findings demonstrated the existence of a relationship between pre-programming and performance control, as suggested by decrease of BP amplitude and increase of SPP amplitude in presence of high levels of performance. Long-term practice seems to develop better control models on performance, that reduce the need of a high mental effort in pre-programming a skilled action.
Adult↗
Reappraisal of the effect of electrode property on recording slow potentials.
Subdural electrodes made of stainless steel, which were believed to be unsuitable for recording slow potentials, can still record Bereitschaftspotential (BP) (Neshige, R., Lüders, H. and Shibasaki, H. Recording of movement-related potentials from scalp and cortex in man. Brain, 1988, 11: 719-736) and ictal DC shifts (Ikeda, A., Terada, K., Mikuni, N., Burgess, R.C., Comair, Y., Taki, W., Hamano, T., Kimura, J., Lüders, H.O. and Shibasaki, H. Subdural recording of ictal DC shifts in neocortical seizures in humans. Epilepsia, 1996b, 37: 662-674) sufficiently. In this study, therefore, the effects of different kinds of metals on slow potential recordings were reevaluated. First, slow electro-oculograms (EOGs) were recorded with 3 different levels of input impedance (200 M omega, 470 k omega and 10 k omega) of a DC amplifier by using surface electrodes made of silver (Ag), silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) and stainless steel. Secondly, BP was recorded by using the above electrodes with a long time constant of 3 s and with a fixed input impedance of 100 M omega. As a result: (1) slow EOGs were equally recorded with the input impedance of 200 M omega and 470 k omega regardless of the kind of metals used, although stainless steel electrodes caused baseline fluctuation, (2) low input impedance of 10 k omega allowed only the Ag/AgCl electrode to record slow EOGs without any decay, and (3) electrodes made of stainless steel could record BP as efficiently as the other two types of electrode with high input impedance. In conclusion, electrodes with a large surface area contact such as cup electrodes and an amplifier with a large input impedance, electrodes made of Ag, and even of stainless steel, can record slow potentials reasonably well.
Contingent Negative Variation↗
The relationship of mismatch negativity to quantitative EEG and morphological findings in schizophrenia.
The goal of the present study is to investigate the relationships of mismatch negativity (MMN) to other markers in schizophrenics; Quantitative EEG (QEEG), CT and psychopathological ratings. Thirty unmedicated patients (28.4+/-9.8 y, 20 M) including twenty neuroleptic-naive cases were divided into two groups before treatment; Group A consisted of ten patients with greater MMN amplitudes, while twenty patients with smaller ones were assigned to Group B. In QEEG, Group A showed a closer profile to healthy controls, indicating their function is less distorted. Group B showed greater power in slow wave, slow alpha and fast beta bands. Their greater slow wave may be implicated in cognitive impairment reflected by attenuated MMN as well as greater dilation in lateral ventricles and Sylvian fissures on CT. After pharmacological treatment with conventional neuroleptics, Group A's MMN decreased, whereas that of Group B increased. Furthermore, neuroleptics' EEG-effects observed in Group A were close to the reported profiles of healthy subjects, while those in Group B were distinct from them. Conclusively, MMN might have crucial associations to other measures underlying the brain pathology of schizophrenia. The diagnostic value of MMN as a trait-marker was discussed.
Adolescent↗
ERP effects of listening to speech: semantic ERP effects.
In this study, event-related brain potential effects of speech processing are obtained and compared to similar effects in sentence reading. In two experiments spoken sentences were presented with semantic violations in sentence-final or mid-sentence positions. For these violations N400 effects were obtained that were very similar to N400 effects obtained in reading. However, the N400 effects in speech were preceded by an earlier negativity (N250). This negativity is not commonly observed with written input. The early effect is explained as a manifestation of a mismatch between the word forms expected on the basis of the context, and the actual cohort of activated word candidates that is generated on the basis of the speech signal.
Adult↗