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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Skin test responsiveness to a series of new tuberculins of children living in three Vietnamese cities.

A skin test survey was conducted among 1035 children aged 7-19 years living in three cities in Vietnam. Fifteen new tuberculins, including leprosin-A, were applied; an induration of 2 mm diameter or more was considered positive. Compared to some other tropical countries, low levels of sensitisation were recorded and remarkable regional differences were found. Positivity to any tuberculins (pooled data) among non-BCG-vaccinated children was significantly lower in Hanoi (13.1%) and HoChiMinh-City [HCMC] (15.5%) than in Nha Trang (25.7%) [p = 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively]. The proportion of non-vaccinated children responding to Tuberculin ranged from 18.4% in Hanoi to 54.5% in Nha Trang. Leprosin-A elicited a response in 14.9% of the children in Nha Trang, but in very few of those in Hanoi (4.3%) or HCMC (3.0%). Thus, of the three cities studied, significant sensitisation to both M. tuberculosis and M. leprae was demonstrable only in Nha Trang. In Hanoi most of the response was to fast-growing species whilst in HCMC and Nha Trang it was mainly to slow-growing species. These results may account in part for the observed differences in the prevalence of tuberculosis and leprosy between the north and the south of Vietnam.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Blood lead levels of the general populations of three Chinese cities.

Blood samples were obtained from 537 adults (age greater than or equal to 16 years) living in three cities in China; in Hefei in 1985, and in Shenyang and Jinxi in 1987. The samples were subjected to blood lead (Pb-B) analyses. The subjects were factory workers either in solvent-synthesizing or solvent application plants with no known exposure to metals (including lead). Their smoking and drinking habits were confirmed in medical interviews. Blood lead was significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers, although no dose-dependency was observed. The Pb-B values in non-smokers were log-normally distributed. The Pb-B among non-smokers was significantly higher in men [104.0 micrograms l-1 (1.428) 87] [geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) number of determinations] than in women [75.5 micrograms l-1 (1.358) 225] when the data from the three cities were combined. There was a significant difference in the Pb-B levels of non-smoking men in the three cities studied, suggesting that regional food habits should be considered as a possible contributory factor of a non-occupational nature. The present findings are compared with observations from Korea and Japan from the viewpoint of environmental health.

China↗
PubMed1988

Mutagenic activity in drinking water prepared from groundwater: a survey of ten cities in The Netherlands.

A survey of the mutagenic activity (Ames Salmonella/microsome assay) in drinking water prepared from groundwater in 10 cities of The Netherlands is presented. Mutagenic activity with strain TA98 with S-9 mix was found in the drinking water of six cities. There are strong indications that this mutagenic activity is caused by organics of natural origin. In the drinking water of three cities, trichloroethane, trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene were detected, which indicates that in these water-catchment areas organic pollutants have reached groundwater.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

City air pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other mutagens: occurrence, sources and health effects.

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), mutagens and other air pollutants was investigated in a busy street in central Copenhagen and in a park area adjacent to the street. The winter concentration of benzo(a)pyrene was 4.4 +/- 1.2 ng/m3 in the street air and 1.4 +/- 0.6 ng/m3 in the city park. The atmospheric concentrations of PAH decreased in the order of: street > city background air approximately suburbs > village > open land. The traffic contribution of PAH to street air was estimated to be 90% on working days and 60% during weekends and its contribution to city background air was estimated to be 40%. Four different approaches to evaluate the health effects are discussed. The direct effect of PAH air pollution, and other mutagens, is considered to be a maximum of five lung cancer cases each year out of one million people.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1993

Emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in New York City.

Enterococci, a common cause of nosocomial infection, are intrinsically resistant to most antimicrobials and readily acquire additional resistance. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have caused clusters of nosocomial infections since 1988. In April, 1991, the New York City Department of Health asked all city laboratories to submit suspected VRE isolates for confirmation. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the first 100 patients with VRE were identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, restriction enzyme analysis, and DNA-DNA hybridisation with the vanA gene probe were done. From September, 1989, to October, 1991, 361 patients with VRE were identified at 38 hospitals. The number of hospitals reporting VRE increased from 1 in 1989 to 38 by October, 1991. 98% of 100 VRE infections were nosocomially acquired and 83% patients had received vancomycin and/or a cephalosporin in the 30 days before isolation of VRE. Of 23 isolates from 21 of the first 100 patients, 19 (83%) were resistant to all available antimicrobials. Four vanA probing patterns were noted, and restriction enzyme analysis of the 23 isolates revealed 14 strains. VRE have emerged rapidly in New York City. Molecular analyses suggest that a highly mobile genetic element--eg, a transposon--is responsible for the rapid spread of vancomycin resistance.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

HIV-relevant sexual behavior among a healthy inner-city heterosexual adolescent population in an endemic area of HIV.

The AIDS crisis has devastated segments of the population including the gay community and those who use intravenous drugs. HIV has spread to other groups including prostitutes and those with other sexually transmitted diseases. We have been studying adolescents in a major Northeast city where there is a major HIV/AIDS epidemic. Despite high levels of AIDS related knowledge, these adolescents reported high levels of sex risk behaviors. In addition, our data suggests that even moderate alcohol or marijuana use predicts high risk sexual behaviors. These data indicate the urgent need to develop prevention strategies for the spread of HIV among inner-city youth based upon relevant predictors of risk behaviors. The coupling of HIV in inner-city populations with a high frequency of risk behaviors in adolescents demands an immediate public health response.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Decline of sacred fir (Abies religiosa) in a forest park south of Mexico City.

Decline of sacred fir (Abies religiosa) trees in the high elevation forest park, Desierto de los Leones, located south of Mexico City, is described. Trees located in the windward zone (exposed to air masses from Mexico City) were the most severely affected, especially trees at the distal ends of ravines. Examination of tree growth rings indicated decreases in ring widths for the past 30 years. Polluted air from Mexico City may be an important causal factor in fir decline. Drought, due to excessive removal of soil water, insects, mites and pathogens, and poor forest management are possible contributing and interactive factors in fir decline.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Hospital service areas in Ibadan city.

The catchment areas of the eighteen study hospitals in Ibadan city were identified by the use of the distribution of sampled hospital patients and the distribution of the proportion of patients using the hospitals from each census tract. In the first approach, it was not possible to talk of definable service areas of the hospitals. On the other hand, the second approach revealed well defined service areas for individual hospital as well as groups of hospitals based on their hierarchical order. It was concluded that the service areas of the hospitals in Ibadan city are well defined. The areas most proximate to the hospitals sent the highest proportion of patients. The relevance of the results of the study to identification of the parts of the city not well served by hospitals was also discussed.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1993

The problem of fuzzy cause-specific death rates in mortality context analysis: the case of Panama City.

In studies of mortality, small and fluctuating numbers of deaths are problems which are caused by infrequent reporting and small spatial unit reporting. To use Panama City as an example, the paper will introduce a Monte Carlo simulation which allows for the analysis of mortality even with small absolute numbers. In addition, Panama City will be used as an example where good medical care is available in every city district, so that social class differences between the districts have a negligible effect on most cause-specific death rates and infant mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urbanization in a developing country: city size and population composition.

Reasons for the high correlation between city size and educational attainment in developing countries are explored. "Two explanations are examined. First, the types of goods produced in larger cities require relatively high skill labor inputs. Second, public and perhaps private services demanded by higher skill people are only offered in larger cities. The paper econometrically tests these hypotheses for Brazil, estimating the elasticities of substitution (or typically complementarity) between high and low skill labor and the 'bright lights' effect for high versus low skill labor."

Americas↗
PubMed1990

Cardiovascular disease in Edinburgh and north Glasgow--a tale of two cities.

Scotland has one of the highest mortality rates from coronary heart disease for both men and women. However within Scotland there are major geographical differences in the mortality rates, exemplified by the differences between the two largest Scottish cities. Glasgow on the west has a much higher mortality rate for cardiovascular diseases than Edinburgh in the east. During 1986 coronary risk factor population surveys were conducted simultaneously in Edinburgh and North Glasgow as part of the WHO MONICA study. These surveys employed standardized methods and the central quality control of the WHO project. Measures of coronary heart disease morbidity were higher in North Glasgow, except for electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia, consistent with the mortality rates. The major coronary risk factors were uniformly higher in North Glasgow than in Edinburgh, except for serum lipids which were not significantly different. The risk factors, except the lipids, showed a gradient by socioeconomic status, so that when the risk factors levels were standardized for housing tenure the significant differences between the cities largely disappeared, and the serum cholesterol levels in women become significantly higher in Edinburgh because of their slight negative relationship with social status. This study shows that the socioeconomic differences between Edinburgh and North Glasgow largely explain the coronary risk factor differences between the cities. The socioeconomic differences in coronary disease and its major risk factors require further investigation and may be more fundamentally important than the geographical differences in the patterns of coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in seven United States cities.

The association between short-term elevations in ambient particulate air pollution and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is well documented. Ambient particles may also trigger acute decompensation in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), but this hypothesis has not been evaluated in a systematic manner. This study evaluated the association between daily levels of respirable particulate matter of aerodynamic diameters < or =10 microm (PM10) and the rate of hospitalization from the emergency room for CHF in Medicare recipients (age > or = 65 years) in 7 United States cities from 1986 and 1999. The time-stratified case-crossover design was used to separately estimate the effect of a 10 microg/m3 increase in PM10 in each city. A combined random-effects estimate was then obtained from the city-specific effect estimates. There were 292,918 admissions with primary diagnoses of CHF during the observation period. Overall, a 10 microg/m3 increase in PM10 was associated with a 0.72% (95% confidence interval 0.35% to 1.10%) increase in the rate of admission for CHF on the same day. The effect of PM10 appeared to be less in patients with secondary diagnoses of hypertension. There was no consistent effect modification by age, gender, race, or any other secondary diagnosis evaluated. In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that elevated levels of particulate air pollution, below the current limits set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, are associated with an increase in the rate of hospital admission for exacerbation of CHF.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Use of antiretroviral HIV post-exposure prophylaxis in sexually abused children and adolescents treated in an inner-city pediatric emergency department.

BACKGROUND: In 2002, Georgia had the United States' eighth highest number of persons living with AIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission as a result of sexual abuse is uncommon but definitely occurs. In certain circumstances of sexual abuse, antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (ARV-PEP) has been suggested as a means to decrease the risk of HIV infection. Our objective was to assess the utilization of ARV-PEP in patients being evaluated for sexual abuse at a pediatric emergency department in a city with high HIV prevalence. METHODS: A retrospective survey of the characteristics of sexual abuse victims was conducted using information abstracted from sexual abuse report forms of minors examined in 2002 at an inner-city Atlanta children's hospital. RESULTS: Of 227 victims, aged 9 months to 18 years, most were Black, inner-city residents; 190 (84%) patients were female. Only 87 of 227 (38.3%) were seen within 72 h of the abuse, the time frame for offering ARV-PEP. Twenty-three of the 87 had anogenital trauma or bleeding. Five (5.7%), were provided ARV-PEP, whereas 60 (69%) received antibiotic prophylaxis for non-HIV diseases. Those assaulted by strangers were greater than 10 times more likely to be provided ARV-PEP than others (p=.02). Assailants of the 82 victims who did not receive ARV-PEP included 22 strangers and 60 "acquaintances" of unknown serostatus. CONCLUSIONS: For a high HIV prevalence area, the proportion of sexual abuse victims prescribed ARV-PEP was small in relation to those at risk of HIV sexual exposure. Clinicians should be provided guidance on interpretation of community HIV and sexual abuse victim data to assess the appropriateness of ARV-PEP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Creating a GIS application for health services at Jeddah city.

This paper explores the possibilities of using GIS for private hospitals at Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. A GIS application is created to cover three main health planning issues which are distribution of health demand, classification of hospital patients and the definition of hospital service area. Each one of these issues is covered using several GIS functions including network analysis and overlay analysis. The former is used to produce drive-time hospital service area and the latter is applied at the selected hospital to calculate the size of its served demand. GIS has several useful functions and tools that can be used in health planning field. This paper uses some of these functions for one private hospital. These functions are used to help health planners on evaluating the spatial distribution of hospital demand and for defining hospital service area. All the produced models can be applied on any private or public hospital in Jeddah city. They can be used to build a spatial decision support system for hospitals in Jeddah city.

Decision Support Systems, Clinical↗
PubMed2005

The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and risk factors in the urban population of Ho Chi Minh City.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MeS) and its risk factors in urban population of Ho Chi Minh City. A cross-sectional study was conducted in urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City with 611 participants. The demographic, socio-economic details, anthropometric indexes and blood pressure were recorded. A fasting blood sample was collected for the analyses of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). MeS was defined by presence of three or more of the following components: abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterolemia, high blood pressure and high fasting plasma glucose. The crude prevalence of MeS was 18.5% (95% CI: 15.5-21.9). After age, sex standardization, this prevalence was 12.0% (95% CI: 10.9-13.2). The prevalence increased with age and sedentary work. Subjects with MeS had significantly higher body fat percentage than that of normal subjects. Metabolic syndrome showed a positive association with age, body fat percentage and sedentary occupation. This first study on MeS showed that 12% adults in urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City had metabolic syndrome. It suggests that MeS is becoming a noteworthy health problem in Vietnam and to the early detection and appropriate intervention as well as healthy lifestyle education programs need to be established.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Ozone, area social conditions, and mortality in Mexico City.

We investigated whether the association of daily mortality and ambient ozone differs by age and area social conditions of the region of residence using a time-series analysis. The study setting was metropolitan Mexico City, a high altitude city situated in a valley, with an estimated 20 million inhabitants, large socioeconomic gradients, and ozone levels frequently exceeding international standards. We stratified daily deaths by six census-derived socioeconomic indicators, based on characteristics of the county where decedents lived. We used Poisson regression to model the association between daily mortality and ozone levels (on the day of death and the previous day) in separate models, stratified by area socioeconomic level and age, and controlling for time trends and temperature. Ozone was positively associated with total mortality [0.65% increase per 10 ppb increment, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02%, 1.28%] and for mortality among those over age 65 [1.39% increase per 10 ppb increment, 95% CI: 0.51%, 2.28%]. Associations between ozone and all-age mortality did not show any consistent patterns according to socioeconomic gradients. We conclude that elderly people are at higher risk for ozone-associated mortality. Though county-level social indicators in Mexico City were not strong markers of vulnerability to ozone-associated acute mortality in this analysis, complex associations between individual and area-level factors may exist that would require additional data and further analyses to elucidate.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Efficient antioxidant capacity against lipid peroxide levels in healthy elderly of Mexico City.

We evaluated antioxidant activity against lipid peroxide levels (LPO) in healthy elderly and adults of Mexico City in comparison with a population of a rural area. The study included free-living subjects: 38 adults aged <60 years and 129 older subjects aged > or = 60 years of urban Mexico City in addition to 37 adults aged <60 years and 88 older subjects aged > or = 60 years of rural area (Actopan, Hidalgo State, Mexico). LPO were observed as higher in adults and elderly of the urban area than among rural subjects (P<0.01), although LPO levels were similar in rural adults and elderly (P>0.05); conversely, in urban area levels were higher in the elderly than in adults (P<0.01). On the other hand, the superoxide dismutase in urban elderly was higher than that in rural elderly (P<0.05) but similar between urban adults and urban elderly (P>0.05). Total oxidant status in urban elderly was higher than that in rural elderly (P<0.01). Our findings allow us to conclude that the urban elderly (residents of Mexico City) have higher oxidative stress than the rural-dwelling elderly, though the urban elderly have efficient antioxidant capacity as a response to elevated LPO.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes as indicative of geographical origin of marijuana samples seized in the city of São Paulo (Brazil).

The drug trafficking is one of the most serious problems related to the Public Safety in Brazil, especially in the most populous areas of the country, as is the case of the city of São Paulo. In this work, it was developed a methodology that can help tracking the traffic routes of marijuana samples seized in the city of São Paulo, based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, which are related to the climate and plant growth conditions. A model to classify the origin of unknown samples was built using linear discriminant analysis based on about 150 samples apprehended in the main producing regions of the country. Results for 76 samples seized in the city of São Paulo showed that most of them were cultivated in a humid region with the same origin as those from Mato Grosso do Sul. The provenance of 13 outliers samples from Northeast region (an important producing region) also were evaluated and some of them presented same profile of those from Mato Grosso do Sul, pointing to the existence of the traffic routes between the Northeast and Midwest region, probably as a consequence of the intensive field raids by Brazilian Federal Government since 1999.

Journal Article↗