Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CUES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Pool cue chalk: a source of environmental lead.

Lead compounds are used as coloring agents for numerous products. Two cases of children with elevated blood lead concentrations encountered by the authors suggested that pool cue chalk may serve as a source of environmental lead. The objective of this study was to determine lead content of various brands and colors of pool cue chalk. Atomic absorption analyses were conducted of 23 different types of pool cue chalk for lead content. Three of 23 types of pool cue chalk contained more than 7000 ppm (mg/kg) lead: one manufacturer's green and tangerine chalk and another manufacturer's green chalk. It was concluded that some brands of pool cue chalk contain relatively large amounts of lead and could contribute to childhood lead poisoning.

Arizona↗
PubMed2000

Movement cueing and motor execution in patients with dystonia: a kinematic study.

To investigate whether the type of movement cueing influences motor performance in patients with dystonia, we studied externally triggered (ET) and self-initiated (SI) sequential rapid arm movements in patients with generalized or focal dystonia and healthy control subjects. The ET task required subjects to initiate movements in response to consecutive visual cues; the SI task allowed them to start at will. To determine whether patients found sequential motor tasks more difficult than single tasks, we also analyzed single ET movements. Control subjects performed the SI task significantly faster than the ET task. Their single ET movements and first ET sequential submovements had similar speeds. Patients with generalized dystonia were slow in performing the single movement, the ET and the SI sequential tasks, and they executed the SI sequence more slowly than the ET. They made long pauses between SI sequential submovements, had longer reaction times during the ET sequences, and performed the first ET submovement more slowly than the single ET movement. Patients with focal dystonia had normal reaction times but they performed single and sequential tasks slowly, made long pauses during SI tasks, and also executed the first ET submovement more slowly than the single ET movement. Our findings indicate that patients with dystonia have a general impairment of sequential movements. The more marked slowness in executing SI than ET movements observed in patients with generalized dystonia shows that dystonia impairs internal cueing more than external cueing mechanisms. Overall, these findings imply abnormal activation of primary and nonprimary motor areas during movement in dystonia. The greater impairment of SI tasks as well as the delayed motor responses during ET task suggest predominant underactivity of the supplementary motor area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Cue significance and response regulation in 3- to 6-year-old children's learning of multiple choice discrimination tasks.

The learning of multiple choice discrimination tasks of 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old children was compared using the components of learning of cue significance and response regulation. No significant differences between age groups were found in the occurrence of cue significance learning, although the younger children's cue significance responses were less accurately related to task solution. On the two easier tasks, the component of response regulation improved significantly over the age range of 3-5 years. On the two more difficult tasks 6-year-olds' response regulation was significantly better than that of 4- and 5-year-olds. In a second experiment involving two different training procedures, 5-year-olds performed better than 4-year-olds. Only for 5-year-olds was performance with the procedure emphasizing response regulation superior to performance with the procedure emphasizing cue significance. These results are discussed in terms of an association between development of response regulation and maturation of hippocampal-prefrontal cortex systems.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Cue reactivity in bulimia nervosa: A useful self-report approach.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the usefulness of a self-report questionnaire in the assessment of cue reactivity among women treated for bulimia nervosa. METHOD: Subjects were women participating in a randomized clinical trial evaluating the additive efficacy of exposure- and non-exposure-based behavioral treatment to a core of cognitive behavior therapy, with follow-up at 6 months post treatment. Complete data were available for 82 women. Cue reactivity was assessed using an adaptation of the Situational Appetite Measure (SAM). RESULTS: Improvements in cue reactivity occurred over time for the sample as a whole, with greater improvements being associated with favorable treatment outcome and treatment modality (exposure based treatments associated with greater improvements). The best single predictor of abstinence at 6 months was abstinence at posttreatment. CONCLUSION: A self-report questionnaire (adapted SAM) provided useful information regarding cue reactivity among women treated for bulimia nervosa, without the difficulties associated with in vivo assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The power of cueing to circumvent dopamine deficits: a review of physical therapy treatment of gait disturbances in Parkinson's disease.

Gait disturbances are among the primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and contribute significantly to a patient's loss of function and independence. Standard treatment includes antiparkinsonian drugs, primarily levodopa. In addition to the standard drug regime, physical therapy is often prescribed to help manage the disease. In recent years, there have been promising reports of physical therapy programs combined with various types of sensory cueing for PD. In this brief review of the literature, we summarize the evidence regarding the clinical efficacy of different physical therapy programs for PD, specifically with respect to improving gait. We also discuss the potential therapeutic mechanisms of sensory cueing and review the studies that have used cueing in the treatment of gait in PD. This review of the literature shows two key findings: (1) despite its relatively long history, the evidence supporting the efficacy of conventional physical therapy for treatment of gait in PD is not strong; and (2) although further investigation is needed, sensory cueing appears to be a powerful means of improving gait in PD.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

Compatibility between observed and executed finger movements: comparing symbolic, spatial, and imitative cues.

Intuitively, one can assume that imitating a movement is an easier task than responding to a symbolic stimulus like a verbal instruction. Support for this suggestion can be found in neuropsychological research as well as in research on stimulus-response compatibility. However controlled experimental evidence for this assumption is still lacking. We used a stimulus-response compatibility paradigm to test the assumption. In a series of experiments, it was tested whether observed finger movements have a stronger influence on finger movement execution than a symbolic or spatial cue. In the first experiment, we compared symbolic cues with observed finger movements using an interference paradigm. Observing finger movements strongly influenced movement execution, irrespective of whether the finger movement was the relevant or the irrelevant stimulus dimension. In the second experiment, effects of observed finger movements and spatial finger cues were compared. The observed finger movement dominated the spatial finger cue. A reduction in the similarity of observed and executed action in the third experiment led to a decrease of the influence of observed finger movement, which demonstrates the crucial role of the imitative relation of observed and executed action for the described effects. The results are discussed in relation to recent models of stimulus-response compatibility. Neurocognitive support for the strong relationship between movement observation and movement execution is reported.

Cues↗
PubMed2001

Pictorial cues and three-dimensional information processing in early infancy.

Adults derive 3-D information from 2-D images by initially processing local line junction cues and then combining information from many junctions. Prior research indicates that 3-month-olds are sensitive to 3-D cues in individual line junctions. In Experiment 1, we examined whether infants are sensitive to holistic combinations of line junctions that adults use to derive overall 3-D structure. Infants detected a misoriented shape in an array depicting 3-D blocks but not in 2-D patterns that contained all of the trilinear junctions of the 3-D shapes but without the connecting lines. Thus, like adults, infants exhibited sensitivity to holistic combinations of line junctions rather than to individual junctions. In Experiment 2, when confronted with two test patterns, one containing an individual novel element among 15 familiar elements and the other containing a single familiar element among 15 novel elements, infants preferred to look at the former pattern in the 3-D condition but at the latter pattern in the 2-D condition. Thus, akin to pop-out in adults, discrepancies in 3-D cues selectively engaged infants' attention. These results suggest that 3-month-olds are not only sensitive to holistic combinations of line junctions that adults use to derive 3-D information but also selectively attend to these 3-D cues in static images.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Use of win-stay and win-shift strategies in place and cue tasks by medial caudate putamen (MCPu) lesioned rats.

This study investigated the behavioral function of the medial caudate putamen (MCPu) in the solving of maze tasks. MCPu lesioned rats (n = 35) and control rats (n = 35) were trained for the place or cue task (the four baited arms and four unbaited arms task) in an eight-arm radial maze, which requires the win-stay or the win-shift strategy. In Experiment 1, in which the place task was used, MCPu lesioned rats could learn the task in the win-shift condition, but not in the win-stay condition. MCPu lesioned rats made a lot of unbaited errors in the win-stay condition, as they persistently chose adjacent arms. Control rats could learn the tasks in both conditions. In Experiment 2, in which the cue task was used, MCPu lesioned rats and control rats could learn the tasks in both the win-stay and the win-shift conditions. If anything, the performance of MCPu rats was a little better than that of control rats in the win-stay condition. The results of these two experiments revealed that the MCPu was involved in solving the win-stay place task, but not the win-shift place, win-stay cue, and win-shift cue tasks. These findings suggest that the MCPu plays an important role in utilizing both spatial information and switching foraging strategies flexibly and efficiently, that is, processing complicated visuospatial cognition.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Posttraining glucocorticoid receptor agonist enhances memory in appetitive and aversive Pavlovian discrete-cue conditioning paradigms.

Glucocorticoid modulation of emotional memory has repeatedly been shown in aversive learning paradigms, but has received little attention in appetitive tasks. It has also been suggested that it may be selective for contextual cues. In order to investigate if glucocorticoids can modulate memory in discrete-cue conditioning of both appetitive and aversive tasks, two experiments were carried out. Male Lister-Hooded rats received pairings of an auditory cue and either food-reward (experiment 1) or footshock (experiment 2), followed immediately by posttraining injections of the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg) or vehicle. Dexamethasone (1.2 mg/kg) led to significantly enhanced learning. These results give support to the notion that glucocorticoids play a role in the modulation of both appetitive and aversive emotional memories and show that their role in learning goes beyond the construction of context representations. The modulation of appetitive and aversive discrete-cue learning may be subserved by a common mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Cue properties of oral and transdermal nicotine in the rat.

In a standard two-lever drug discrimination paradigm, rats were trained to discriminate nicotine 0.5 mg/kg PO from saline. Injections occurred 15 min before the session. Subjects reached the training criterion in a mean of 38 sessions. Nicotine PO, SC, and IP generated similar dose-effect curves (ED50 = 0.073 mg/kg PO, 0.076 mg/kg SC, 0.090 mg/kg IP); the dose-effect curve for transdermal (TD) administration fell approximately 1 log unit to the right (ED50 = 1.34 mg/kg). The percentage of rats choosing the nicotine-appropriate lever peaked at 15 min and gradually decreased to 50% or less by 180 min for nicotine PO and TD, a time-decay function similar to that previously shown for SC administration. The nicotinic cholinergic agonist cytisine (0.5-8.0 mg/kg) PO and TD produced up to 56% nicotine-appropriate responding, while the muscarinic cholinergic agonist arecoline (1.0-4.0 mg/kg) PO and TD produced only saline-appropriate responding. The nicotine cue did not generalize to the cholinergic antagonist mecamylamine (0.125-0.5 mg/kg) PO or TD; mecamylamine 0.5 mg/kg PO but not TD completely blocked the PO and TD nicotine cues. These results show that an approximately equal cue occurs with PO, IP, and SC administration, and that the TD cue is considerably weaker. The significance of the procedure as an animal analog of human transdermal nicotine intake is discussed.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of the bupropion cue in the rat: lack of evidence for a dopaminergic mechanism.

Using a two-lever operant task rats were trained to discriminate 40 mg/kg IP of bupropion from saline. Despite bupropion's established dopaminergic activity in vitro and in vivo, it was found that the bupropion cue was neither mimicked by the dopaminergic drugs L-DOPA and bromocriptine nor blocked by a variety of neuroleptics (haloperidol, thioridazine, and thiothixene). In addition, bupropion was active in attenuating the behavior-suppressing effects of haloperidol, unlike amphetamine and the atypical antidepressants, nomifensine and viloxazine. The bupropion cue was not mimicked or disrupted by adrenergic or serotonergic drugs, but it did generalize to some stimulants (amphetamine, cocaine and caffeine) as well as to nomifensine and viloxazine. The generalizations were blocked by neuroleptics. These data indicate that bupropion's cue properties may not be based on its ability to modulate dopaminergic receptor activity. The possible involvement of phenylethylamine in the bupropion cue is also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of cueing on visuospatial processing in unilateral spatial neglect.

Patients with typical left unilateral spatial neglect bisected lines after cueing to the left end-point, the fixation point being monitored with an eye camera. They persisted with the point of initial fixation made after cueing and placed the mark there without searching leftwards again. The rightward shift of fixation to the initial point of fixation thus determined the location of the subjective midpoint. We consider that rightward attentional bias increased the amplitude of this shift that was planned on the basis of the perception of the whole line while cueing. This hypothesis may explain smaller but obvious rightward bisection errors found in the cueing condition.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Probabilistic assignments of sentence relations on the basis of differentially weighted interpretive cues.

Recent treatments of comprehension have emphasized the role of surface structure characteristics. In many circumstances, meanings that are inferred on the basis of such cues will not be deterministic. This study investigated a probabilistic system of sentence comprehension. Hebrew-speaking university students interpreted utterances that varied and balanced the contradictory and complementary effects of three interpretive cues. Sentence interpretations were systematically affected by the relative weights of cues that supported and opposed different interpretations. Adults therefore seemed to deploy a probabilistic strategy of assigning internal relations to a preferred alternative, a greatest composite of component likelihoods. While the present treatment emphasized a syntactic level of processing, it was suggested that the probabilistic strategy could easily accommodate pragmatic and semantic effects as well. The probabilistic strategy implies that given a conflict between interpretive cues, a decision needs to be made between alternative assignments of internal relations. It was therefore suggested that ambiguous and unambiguous utterances typically may be processed in a similar fashion; for both, more than one meaning may be processed at least in part before a single probabilistic interpretation is finally assigned to the utterance.

Cues↗
PubMed1985

Visual discrimination learning with variable irrelevant cues in autistic children.

Ten autistic children and 10 normal nursery school children, matched for mean developmental age of 4 years 9 months, were presented with figure stimuli that had variable irrelevant cues in two-choice simultaneous discrimination learning. The first condition was a control condition in which an irrelevant cue was held constant throughout the experiment. The second condition had an irrelevant cue varied between trials. The third condition varied irrelevant cues both within and between trials. The autistic group showed roughly equivalent performances in the three conditions except that the performance tended to be higher in the second than in the third condition. The normal group, on the other hand, showed the best performance in the first control condition and the poorest performance in the third condition. In the present experiment, the performance of the autistic group did not vary as a function of irrelevant variability. It was suggested that this result was due to the poor performance of the first control condition and was discussed in terms of ability of stimulus compounding of autistic children.

Attention↗
PubMed2004

Attentional biases for alcohol cues in heavy and light social drinkers: the roles of initial orienting and maintained attention.

RATIONALE: There has been considerable theoretical interest in attentional biases for drug-related cues. However, there is little research on the component processes of such attentional biases. OBJECTIVES: We examined initial orienting to, and the maintenance of attention on, alcohol-related cues in heavy and light social drinkers. METHODS: The present study used a visual probe task to investigate biases in visual orienting to alcohol-related cues. We varied the presentation duration of alcohol-related pictures (200, 500 or 2000 ms) to investigate whether attentional biases operated in initial orienting or the maintenance of attention. RESULTS: In comparison with light social drinkers, heavy social drinkers had an attentional bias for alcohol pictures which were presented at the longer exposure durations (500 and 2000 ms), but not at the shorter duration of 200 ms. Subjective alcohol craving was correlated with the attentional bias index for alcohol pictures presented for 2000 ms. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that biases in visual orienting to alcohol-related cues in heavy social drinkers operate mainly in the processes involved in the maintenance of attention.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Differential involvement of the core and shell subregions of the nucleus accumbens in conditioned cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats.

RATIONALE: The nucleus accumbens (NAC) is theorized to be a critical element of the neural circuitry that mediates relapse to cocaine seeking. Evidence suggests that the NAC is a functionally heterogeneous structure, and the core (NACc) and shell (NACs) regions of the NAC may play a differential role in stimulus-induced motivated behavior. Thus, determination of the involvement of NAC subregions in conditioned cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking is warranted. OBJECTIVES: The present study compared the effects of GABA agonist-induced inactivation of the NACc versus NACs on conditioned cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking behavior. METHODS: Rats were trained to lever press for cocaine infusions (0.20 mg/infusion, IV) paired with presentations of a light-tone stimulus complex. Responding was then allowed to extinguish prior to reinstatement testing. Reinstatement of cocaine seeking (i.e. responses on the previously cocaine-paired lever) was measured in the presence of response-contingent presentation of the light-tone stimulus complex following microinfusion of muscimol+baclofen (Mus+Bac, 0.1/1.0 mM, respectively, 0.3 microl/side) or vehicle into the NACc or NACs. The effects of these manipulations on locomotor activity were also examined. RESULTS: Mus+Bac-induced inactivation of the NACc abolished, whereas inactivation of the NACs failed to alter, conditioned cue-induced reinstatement of operant responding relative to vehicle pretreatment. Time course analyses of the effects of these manipulations on locomotion versus operant responding confirmed that the effects of Mus+Bac on reinstatement were not due to suppression of general activity. CONCLUSIONS: The functional integrity of the NACc, but not the NACs, is necessary for conditioned cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking behavior.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Attentional and approach biases for smoking cues in smokers: an investigation of competing theoretical views of addiction.

RATIONALE: Different theories of addiction make conflicting predictions about whether attentional and approach biases for smoking-related cues are enhanced, or reduced, as a function of the level of nicotine dependence. OBJECTIVE: These theoretical views were evaluated by examining cognitive biases in smokers. METHODS: We monitored the eye movements of 41 smokers (predominantly young adults, who smoked from one to 40 cigarettes per day) as they completed a visual probe task in which smoking-related and matched control pictures were presented. Participants also completed a stimulus-response compatibility task, which measured the tendency to approach smoking-related cues, and a rating task. RESULTS: Smokers with lower levels of nicotine dependence showed greater maintained attention and faster approach responses to smoking-related cues. Longer gaze times for smoking cues were associated not only with lower levels of nicotine dependence, but also with higher levels of craving. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results seem consistent with an integrated 'incentive-habit' model of addiction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of lofexidine on stress-induced and cue-induced opioid craving and opioid abstinence rates: preliminary findings.

OBJECTIVE: A preliminary study examined whether lofexidine decreases stress-induced and cue-induced opioid craving and improves opioid abstinence in naltrexone-treated opioid-dependent individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen opioid-dependent patients were stabilized for 4 weeks with naltrexone (50 mg daily) and lofexidine (2.4 mg bid) before entering a 4-week randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled discontinuation study where one group continued on lofexidine for an additional 4 weeks, while the second was tapered to placebo (Lofexidine-naltrexone vs Placebo-naltrexone). Ten patients also participated in guided imagery exposure to stress, drug cue, and neutral scenarios in a single laboratory session. RESULTS: Lofexidine-naltrexone patients had higher opioid abstinence rates and improved relapse outcomes as compared to the Placebo-naltrexone group. Furthermore, Lofexidine-naltrexone patients had significantly lower heart rates and an attenuated stress and drug cue-induced opioid craving response in the laboratory as compared to the Placebo-naltrexone group. CONCLUSIONS: Although preliminary, these findings are the first to document lofexidine's potential in addressing stress-related opioid craving and relapse outcomes in humans. The results also suggest that combination therapies that target both drug-related reinforcement (naltrexone) and stress- and cue-related aspects of drug seeking could be beneficial in addiction relapse prevention. Further development of lofexidine to address stress-related opioid craving and relapse is warranted.

Adult↗