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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Hot steam transfer through heat protective clothing layers.

The aim of this study was to analyse the transfer of steam through different types of textile layers as a function of sample parameters such as thickness and permeability. In order to simulate the human body, a cylinder releasing defined amounts of moisture was also used. The influence of sweating on heat and mass transfer was assessed. The results show that in general impermeable materials offer better protection against hot steam than semi-permeable ones. The transfer of steam depended on the water vapour permeability of the samples, but also on their thermal insulation and their thickness. Increasing the thickness of the samples with a spacer gave a larger increase in protection with the impermeable samples compared to semi-permeable materials. Measurements with pre-wetted samples showed a reduction in steam protection in any case. On the other hand, the measurements with a sweating cylinder showed a beneficial effect of sweating.

Hot Temperature↗
PubMed2004

How clean is clean enough? Maintaining thermal protective clothing under field conditions in the oil and gas sector.

The purpose of this research was to develop practical care procedures to help maintain the protective quality of flame resistant workwear laundered by workers in the field. Based on observed field conditions, experiments were conducted that simulated domestic laundry procedures. The first experiment involved two flame resistant (FR) fabrics, contaminated or not contaminated with oil. Independent variables also included detergent type and laundry pre-treatment. Other laundry parameters were controlled. Results indicated that it is easier to maintain the FR performance of the FR-treated blend than it is for the aramid fabric. It is hypothesized that energy generated by initial ignition of oil on the specimens triggers the FR mechanism of the treatment, which in turn inhibits further combustion. A second experiment using larger specimens and a domestic washing machine also supported the hypothesized mechanism.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Permeation of substituted silanes and siloxanes through selected gloves and protective clothing.

Testing of the permeation resistance of eight glove and suit barriers against commercially available substituted silanes and siloxanes was performed using the ASTM F739-96 standard test method. In addition to barrier performance to the pure organosilanes, the permeation rates of the hydrolysis product (usually ethanol or methanol) were investigated. The silanes and siloxanes used as the challenge agents were N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane; ethyltriacetoxysilane; 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane; 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane; hexamethyldisiloxane; 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; methyltriacetoxysilane (50%)/ethyltriacetoxysilane (50%); methyltrimethoxysilane; methyltris(methylethylketoxime)silane; phenyltrimethoxysilane; polydimethyl siloxanes (PS 340); octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4); tetraethoxysilane; tetramethoxysilane; 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl disiloxane; triethoxysilane; trimethoxysilane; vinyltrimethoxysilane; and vinyltris(methylethylketoxime)silane. Protective gloves tested were nitrile rubber, neoprene rubber, butyl rubber, 4H laminate, and polyvinyl chloride. Garments tested included Tyvek/Saranex 23P, CPF 2, and Responder, all made by Kappler Safety Group. In all cases the protective suit materials lasted 8 hours or more. The only glove that lasted 8 hours against all chemicals was the 4H laminate. The polyvinyl chloride glove lasted 10 min to 8 hours or more depending on the chemical. The nitrile, neoprene, and butyl rubber gloves lasted from 53 min to 8 hours or more depending on the chemical. The alcohol permeation was similar to the organosilicon compounds. The suit materials and the butyl glove all lasted more than 8 hours for both methanol and ethanol.

Ethanol↗
PubMed1986

Resuspension of dust from work clothing as a source of inhalation exposure.

Workshirts which had been worn by employees at a beryllium refinery were tested to assess whether wear significantly affects the amount of resuspended Be containing dust. Sections of six work shirts--three "new" (one washed, two unwashed) and three "old" (one washed, two unwashed)--were analyzed to measure the concentration of Be in the fabric. Additional swatches were agitated to resuspend Be particles inside a closed steel glove box. Air samples were taken with filter cassette monitors. After sampling, the fabric and filter samples were analyzed for beryllium. As a group, the old shirts resuspended significantly higher quantities of Be to the air than did the washed and unwashed new shirts. A considerable fraction of the Be measured in air was respirable.

Air↗
PubMed1988

Chemical protective clothing breakthrough time: comparison of several test systems.

This study compared chemical permeation data obtained with a photo-ionization detector in both open- and closed-loop test systems. Also, chemical permeation data obtained at two flow rates with an infrared detector in a closed-loop test system were compared. Breakthrough times for acetone-neoprene were obtained using all systems. Results were evaluated and determined to be system dependent.

Acetone↗
PubMed1988

Using immersion test data to screen chemical protective clothing.

A test to screen chemical protective materials in order to select potential candidates for further testing has been examined. The method involved determining the weight and volume changes in materials caused by immersion in the challenge chemical. Simple regression analysis showed that relatively short breakthrough times based on weight change and final thickness could be predicted with 90% confidence. Better results were obtained when discriminant analysis was used to classify breakthrough times greater than either 4 or 8 hr as a function of the weight change and final thickness. In 6% or less of the cases, actual breakthrough times were less than 4 or 8 hr when the predicted times were greater than these values. Discriminant analysis also was used to classify permeation rates as less than either 90 or 400 mg/m2-min based on weight change and initial thickness. In this case, actual permeation rates less than these were predicted to be greater in 4% and 7% of the cases, respectively.

Immersion↗
PubMed1990

Aerosols and protective clothing.

A complex test method for evaluating protective apparel in aerosol hazard conditions has been developed and examined under laboratory conditions. The effectiveness of the barrier or "collection efficiency" of aerosol protective apparel (APA) depends upon its structural properties such as porosity, thickness, and permeability as well as on its hydrodynamic properties, i.e., pressure drop. Aerosol generating systems and methods of measuring penetration and evaluating data are described. A method of testing protective apparel materials using a standard asbestos aerosol then is described and discussed in detail.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of machine laundering to eradicate head lice: recommendations to decontaminate washable clothes, linens, and fomites.

The efficacy of machine laundering to eradicate head lice should be determined. Viable lice and nits were machine laundered using 3 washing programs (with water temperatures of 40 degrees C, 50 degrees C, and 60 degrees C), with and without detergent, and the results were compared with results for control lice and nits. A drying program was also used. Either washing done with a water temperature of at least 50 degrees C or drying is necessary to kill head lice and nits.

Animals↗