Regionalization of bioterrorism preparedness and response.
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Anthrax vaccine was administered to approximately 5000 individuals at a deployed location near Iraq in a 1-week period. This report describes the planning and administrative process to initiate such a program, with a snapshot view of the first week of immunization. Compliance with this program was important to best protect troops in this high-threat region. The authors share their experience and detail the process of handling refusals, as these are most likely to reveal themselves at the beginning of an immunization program. The program resulted in a compliance rate of 98%. With increased terrorist threats and widespread availability of biologic agents of mass destruction, experiences with such immunization programs should be described in the literature and analyzed in anticipation of similar programs in the future.
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Knowledge and preparation are the best defense against a biological attack. By understanding the epidemiology of biological warfare agents and diseases, strategies can be planned to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with them. There is an urgent need for developing rapid diagnostic tests, effective vaccines, and drug therapy to defend against biological weapon attacks. The CDC, along with other agencies and partners, are defining how the public health system is to prepare for and respond to public health threats posed by terrorism.
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Most of the viruses involved in causing encephalitis are arthropod-borne viruses, with the exception of arenaviruses that are rodent-borne. Even if little information is available, there are indications that, most of these encephalitis-associated viruses could be used by aerosolisation during a bioterrorist attack. Viral transfer from blood to the CNS through the olfactory tract has been suggested. Another possible route of contamination is by vector-borne transmission such as infected mosquitoes or ticks. Alphaviruses are the most likely candidates for weaponisation. The clinical course of the diseases caused by these viruses is usually not specific, but differentiation is possible by using an adequate diagnostic tool. There is no effective drug therapy for the treatment of these diseases and treatment is mainly supportive, but vaccines protecting against some of these viruses do exist.