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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

The out-of-body experience and body image: differences between experiments and nonexperiments.

The present study sought to examine various aspects of body image for persons reporting a previous out-of-body experience (OBE). A total of 64 people took part in the study, 34 of whom had had an OBE. Participants reporting a previous OBE were found to score significantly higher on measures of body dissatisfaction, social physique anxiety, and somatoform dissociation, and lower on a measure of physical self-presentation. OBE experiments also reported lower levels of body awareness during use of an immersive virtual reality system than nonexperiments.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The evolution of body armor in mammals: plantigrade constraints of large body size.

Predictions associated with opposing selection generating minimum variance in basal metabolic rate (BMR) in mammals at a constrained body mass (CBM; 358 g) were tested. The CBM is presumed to be associated with energetic constraints linked to predation and variable resources at intermediate sizes on a logarithmic mass scale. Opposing selection is thought to occur in response to energetic constraints associated with predation and unpredictable resources. As body size approaches and exceeds the CBM, mammals face increasing risks of predation and daily energy requirements. Fast running speeds may require high BMRs, but unpredictable and low resources may select for low BMRs, which also reduce foraging time and distances and thus predation risks. If these two selection forces oppose each other persistently, minimum BMR variance may result. However, extreme BMR outliers at and close to the CBM should be indicative of unbalanced selection and predator avoidance alternatives (escapers vs. defenders), and may therefore provide indirect support for opposing selection. It was confirmed that body armor in defenders evolves at and above the CBM, and armored mammals had significantly lower BMRs than their nonarmored counterparts. However, analyses comparing the BMR of escapers--the fastest nonarmored runners (Lagomorpha)--with similar-sized counterparts were inconclusive and were confounded by limb morphology associated with speed optimization. These analyses suggest that the risks and costs of predation and the speed limitations of the plantigrade foot may constrain the evolution of large body sizes in plantigrade mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Living with a body separate from the self. The experience of the body in chronic benign low back pain: an interpretative phenomenological analysis.

This paper presents an in-depth, idiographic study exploring the personal experience of chronic benign low back pain in relation to the participant's body and sense of self. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients and the resultant transcripts subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis. One theme is presented in detail: 'Living with a body separate from the self', whereby when out of pain the body has little salience to the self yet when in pain it is consciously excluded from the self. The complex and paradoxical relationship between the body, chronic pain and the self is explored and evidence is provided to argue that the embodied unpleasantness of chronic pain involves an assault upon and a defence of a preferred or desirable self. The results are considered in relation to relevant themes in the extant literature.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1988

Total body water and total body potassium in ileostomy patients before and after conversion to the continent ileostomy.

Total body water (TBW) and total body potassium (TBK) were studied in 40 ileostomists before (with conventional ileostomy) and one year after conversion to a continent ileostomy. Each patient acted as his own control. Total body water was determined by using an isotope dilution technique and TBK by counting the gamma radiation from the naturally present nuclide 40K in a whole body counter. Measured values of TBW and TBK were compared intraindividually (conventional versus continent ileostomy) and also with 'normal values' obtained from the same laboratory and based on a multiple regression analysis of data from 476 healthy controls. There was no evidence of water or potassium depletion in ileostomy patients, neither before nor after construction of the continent ileostomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Report on a child with stricture following foreign body of long duration in the bronchus. Discussion on the management of bronchial foreign bodies.

A case report and the management of a 10-year-old girl who had inhaled a foreign body into the right intermediate bronchus at some unknown (but certainly not recent) time previously is given. A stricture at the site of the impaction of the foreign body was found. The excision of the stricture and repair of the bronchus with pericardium is described together with a 3-year follow-up report. The diagnosis and immediate management of foreign bodies in the bronchus are discussed and the importance of differentiating organic and non-organic foreign bodies is stressed. The management of bronchial strictures is discussed as is the result obtained in the above reported case.

Bronchi↗
PubMed1986

Use of NMR for measurement of total body water and estimation of body fat.

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method is described for quantitatively measuring total body water (TBW) and for estimating the fat content of baboons. The hydrogen associated with water was measured as the amplitude of the free-induction decay voltage following a series of 90 degree radio frequency pulses at the Lamour frequency for hydrogen with a pulse length of 14 microseconds and a peak measuring time of 50 microseconds. TBW was calculated by multiplying the peak amplitude (volts) by the experimentally determined constant for a water standard (g water/V). This NMR method yielded TBW contents similar to those obtained in the same baboons by direct gravimetric procedures. In contrast, the widely used 3H2O-dilution method usually and variably overestimated body water. By providing an accurate measure of body water, this NMR procedure provides a rapid, noninvasive, reasonably accurate way of estimating body fat content.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

Treatment of mild immersion hypothermia by direct body-to-body contact.

Body-to-body contact is often recommended for rewarming mildly hypothermic victims in the field. This procedure involves a euthermic individual donating heat to the recipient by direct contact in an insulated bag. However, this technique has not been critically evaluated and may not be beneficial because there is limited direct contact between recipient and donor, peripheral vasoconstriction may impair heat transfer to the core, skin warming may blunt the recipient's shivering response, and cold stress to the donor may be excessive. The present study was designed to evaluate whether donation of heat by a donor would be sufficient to enhance rewarming of a hypothermic subject (recipient). Six pairs of recipients (5 men, 1 woman) and donors (2 men, 4 women) participated in the study. Esophageal and skin temperatures, cutaneous heat flux, and oxygen consumption were measured. Recipients were immersed in 8 degrees C water until esophageal temperature decreased to a mean of 34.6 +/- 0.7 degrees C (SD). They then were rewarmed by one of three methods: rewarming by the endogenous heat generated by shivering only (SH), body-to-body rewarming (BB), or rewarming with a constant-heat source manikin (MAN). Mean afterdrop for the three conditions was 0.54 +/- 0.2, 0.54 +/- 0.2, and 0.57 +/- 0.2 degrees C for SH, BB, and MAN, respectively (NS), and the rate of rewarming was 2.40 +/- 0.8, 2.46 +/- 1.1 and 2.55 +/- 0.9 degrees C/h for SH, BB, and MAN, respectively (NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Validity of fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for measuring fat-free mass and leg muscle mass. Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study--Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Body Composition Working Group.

The aim of the study was to examine the accuracy of fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for measuring total body fat-free mass (FFM) and leg muscle mass (MM) in elderly persons. Participants were 60 men and women aged 70-79 yr and with a body mass index of 17.5-39.8 kg/m(2). FFM and MM at four leg regions were measured by using DEXA (Hologic 4500A, v8.21). A four-compartment body composition model (4C) and multislice computed tomography (CT) of the legs were used as the criterion methods for FFM and MM, respectively. FFM by DEXA was positively associated with FFM by 4C (R(2) = 0.98, SE of estimate = 1.6 kg). FFM by DEXA was higher [53.5 +/- 12.0 (SD) kg] than FFM by 4C (51.6 +/- 11.9 kg; P < 0.001). No association was observed between the difference and the mean of the two methods. MM by DEXA was positively associated with CT at all four leg regions (R(2) = 0.86-0.96). MM by DEXA was higher than by CT in three regions. The results of this study suggest that fan-beam DEXA offers considerable promise for the measurement of total body FFM and leg MM in elderly persons.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2005

Adjusted body weight, pro: evidence to support the use of adjusted body weight in calculating calorie requirements.

The optimal nutrition regimen for obese hospitalized patients remains controversial, and clinicians use a variety of different methods for estimating needs of obese patients who require nutrition support. Adjusted body weight has been proposed as one method to improve the accuracy of predictive equations when calculating calorie expenditure of obese patients. Although adjusted body weight has been criticized as a "nonscientific method," several studies have investigated the accuracy of adjusted body weight calculations and found it comparable or superior to several prediction equations. This article will summarize the results and discuss the limitations of data from studies regarding calculations for obese hospitalized patients. The use of adjusted body weight is discussed in the context of what is clinically significant in calculations of energy expenditure and in light of the limitations of current outcome data.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1995

Estimation of body fat and lean tissue distribution by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal body fat evaluation by computed tomography in Cushing's disease.

Body composition determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and the abdominal visceral fat component determined by computed tomographic scanning were examined in women with Cushing's disease and compared with those in obese women with the same anthropometric parameters and those in nonobese women. Patients with Cushing's had no increase in total body fat or the trunk region (android) component, but had a higher intraabdominal fat area compared to the obese subjects. The total lean tissue mass was slightly reduced in Cushing's compared to that in the obese subjects due to a significant decrease in the muscle of the legs and arms; the reduced amounts of fat and lean tissue masses in the arms were the most significant findings in hypercortisolism. The body mineral and bone calcium contents were slightly reduced in Cushing's compared to those in the obese controls. Thus, although obese subjects had more fat and lean tissue and mineral masses than their normal weight counterparts, the Cushing's patients, with the same total fat mass and its components (except in the arms) as obese individuals, present total lean tissue and fractions, including body mineral and bone calcium contents, similar to those in nonobese subjects due to the depletion of the protein depots, as seen in hypercortisolism.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2001

Hydrodynamic drag of diving birds: effects of body size, body shape and feathers at steady speeds.

For birds diving to depths where pressure has mostly reduced the buoyancy of air spaces, hydrodynamic drag is the main mechanical cost of steady swimming. Drag is strongly affected by body size and shape, so such differences among species should affect energy costs. Because flow around the body is complicated by the roughness and vibration of feathers, feathers must be considered in evaluating the effects of size and shape on drag. We investigated the effects of size, shape and feathers on the drag of avian divers ranging from wing-propelled auklets weighing 75 g to foot-propelled eiders weighing up to 2060 g. Laser scanning of body surfaces yielded digitized shapes that were averaged over several specimens per species and then used by a milling machine to cut foam models. These models were fitted with casts of the bill area, and their drag was compared with that of frozen specimens. Because of the roughness and vibration of the feathers, the drag of the frozen birds was 2-6 times that of the models. Plots of drag coefficient (C(D)) versus Reynolds number (Re) differed between the model and the frozen birds, with the pattern of difference varying with body shape. Thus, the drag of cast models or similar featherless shapes can differ both quantitatively and qualitatively from that of real birds. On the basis of a new towing method with no posts or stings that alter flow or angles of attack, the dimensionless C(D)/Re curves differed among a size gradient of five auklet species (75-100g) with similar shapes. Thus, extrapolation of C(D)/Re curves among related species must be performed with caution. At lower speeds, the C(D) at a given Re was generally higher for long-necked birds that swim with their neck extended (cormorants, grebes, some ducks) than for birds that swim with their head retracted (penguins, alcids), but this trend was reversed at high speeds. Because swimming birds actually travel at a range of instantaneous speeds during oscillatory strokes, species variations in drag at different speeds must be considered in the context of accelerational stroking.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Does lower-body BMD develop at the expense of upper-body BMD in female runners?

PURPOSE: Evidence suggests that exercise plays an important role in stimulating site-specific bone mineral density (BMD). However, what is less well understood is how these benefits dissipate throughout the body. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to compare the levels of, and the correlation between, BMD recorded at 10 sites in female endurance runners, and to investigate possible determinants responsible for any inter-site differences observed. METHODS: Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the BMD between sites and factor analysis was used to describe the pattern of intersite correlations. Allometric ANCOVA was used to identify the primary determinants of bone mass and how these varied between sites. RESULTS: The ANOVA and factor analysis identified systematic differences in BMD between sites, with the greatest BMD being observed in the lower-body sites, in particular the legs. An investigation into the possible mechanisms responsible for these differences revealed "distances run" (km.wk-1) as a positive, and "years of training" as a negative determinant of bone mass (P < 0.001). However, the effect of a number of determinants varied between sites (P < 0.05). Specifically, the ANCOVA identified that running further distances resulted in higher bone mass in the arms and legs. In contrast, training for additional years appeared to result in lower bone mass in the arms and lumbar spine. Calcium intake was also found to be positively associated with bone mass in the legs but negatively associated at all other sites. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of running exercise and calcium intake would appear to stimulate the bone mass of women endurance runners at lower-body sites but at the expense of bone mass at upper-body sites.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dissociational body experiences: differences between respondents with and without prior out-of-body-experiences.

Many people report having had an experience in which they felt as if their phenomenal self was separated in Cartesian space from their physical body. This phenomenon is often referred to as an 'out-of-body' (OBE) experience. Prior work has found OBE experients to score higher on measures of dissociation and to differ in regards to the perceptual experience of their body. Based upon this work, we theorized that the daily bodily experiences of people with and without a prior OBE would differ along a number of dimensions. In order to test this theory a questionnaire study was conducted. Of 243 respondents, 62 reported at least one prior OBE. Six scales on different aspects of bodily experience were administered. Respondents reporting a previous OBE were found to score significantly higher on measures of somatoform dissociation, self-consciousness, body dissatisfaction, and lower on a measure of confidence in their physical self-presentation than respondents without a previous OBE. The findings are discussed as supporting a dissociational theory of the OBE.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Does the body image exist in three dimensions? The study of visual mental representation of a body and a nonbody object.

Do the mental images of 3-dimensional objects recreate the depth characteristics of the original objects? This investigation of the characteristics of mental images utilized a novel boundary-detection task that required participants to relate a pair of crosses to the boundary of an image mentally projected onto a computer screen. 48 female participants with body attitudes within expected normal range were asked to image their own body and a familiar object from the front and the side. When the visual mental image was derived purely from long-term memory, accuracy was better than chance for the front (64%) and side (63%) of the body and also for the front (55%) and side (68%) of the familiar nonbody object. This suggests that mental images containing depth and spatial information may be generated from information held in long-term memory. Pictorial exposure to views of the front or side of the objects was used to investigate the representations from which this 3-dimensional shape and size information is derived. The results are discussed in terms of three possible representational formats and argue that a front-view 2 1/2-dimensional representation mediates the transfer of information from long-term memory when depth information about the body is required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Body shape ideals and perceptions of body shape in Spanish and American college students.

108 Spanish university students (55 men, 53 women) from the University of Barcelona and 111 American college students (51 men, 60 women) from a midwestern liberal arts college responded to Fallon and Rozin's 1985 figure drawings used to measure perceptions of body image. All students were between the ages of 18 and 24 years. Women viewed themselves as being significantly larger than men perceived themselves to be, and women also desired a significantly thinner body for themselves than did men. Overall, men were more satisfied with their body shapes and were more accurate than women in guessing what the other sex would perceive as most attractive. The minimal differences between Spanish and American students suggested that sex has a more powerful influence on perceptions of body shape than does cultural background.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Genetic variation in liver mass, body mass, and liver:body mass in mice.

Genetic variation for liver mass (LM), body mass (BM), and liver:body mass (LM/BM) was examined for outbred populations of laboratory mice. Liver mass and body mass data were collected on 170 pureline sires at 12 wk of age, representing four outbred stocks of laboratory mice; 523 of their male and female two-way-cross progeny at 9 or 12 wk; and 214 four-way-cross offspring at 12, 14, or 16 wk. Genetic differences for LM, BM, and LM/BM were found among the base sire lines and between two-way crosses. Heritabilities and genetic correlations for LM, BM, LM/BM, and LM/MBM (MBM = BM.75) were estimated using offspring-sire regression within and across characteristics. Estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations were also derived from full-sib covariances in the two-way-cross generation. Heritability estimates pooled over all analyses were .53, .54, .36, and .40 for LM, BM, LM/BM, and LM/MBM, respectively. Body mass was highly genetically correlated (.87) with LM and lowly correlated with LM/BM. Previous research has indicated possible positive relationships between LM/BM and maintenance energy requirements in mature, nonlactating, nonpregnant animals. A selection index was developed for increasing BM but restricting genetic change in LM to zero. Selection using this index would be 40% as efficient in increasing BM as selection on BM alone but may hold maintenance energy requirements at a stable level.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Divergent selection for body weight and yolk precursor in Coturnix coturnix japonica. 3. Correlated responses in mortality, reproduction traits, and adult body weight.

Egg production, mature body weight, egg weight, yolk weight, fertility, hatchability, and mortality during the early growing period were compared in strains of Japanese quail. The strains were either a randombred control (R1) that served as the base population or strains divergently selected for high (HW) or low (LW) 4-week body weight or high (HP) or low (LP) plasma phosphorus (yolk precursor) early in the laying period. Changes in 4-week body weight in HW and LW were associated with corresponding changes in mature body weight, yolk weight, and total egg weight. Egg production decreased in HW, but there was no significant change in LW. Mortality increased in LW and decreased in HW. Egg production of HP declined at a rate similar to that observed in HW. No other consistent significant changes occurred in the phosphorus strains. Fertility and hatchability did not exhibit significant strain differences in the fifth generation of selection.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Divergent selection for body weight and yolk precursor in Coturnix coturnix japonica. 7. Influence of genetic changes in body weight and yolk precursor on egg production.

Japanese quail lines were started from a randombred control by selecting for high (HW) or low (LW) 4-week body weight and high (HP) or low (LP) total plasma phosphorus (P), a measure of yolk precursor. In the 9th generation, 2 sublines were initiated from Line HW based on high (HW-HP) or low (HW-LP) level of P in females while males were continually selected for HW. A subline (LP-HW) was started from Line LP in the 9th generation by selecting the males for HW while continuing to select the females for LP. All lines were maintained with 36 parental pairs. Realized heritability (h2) values for 4-week body weight were .38 +/- .02 in Line HW and .32 +/- -.02 in Line LW for 15 generations. Respective h2 were .32 +/- .01 and .34 +/- .01 for P in Lines HP and LP. Although P increased in Line LW, there was no change in Line HW. Body weight of Lines HP and LP declined slightly, but significantly. Egg production decreased significantly in Lines HW, LW, HP, HW-HP, and LP-HW, but did not change in Lines LP and HW-LP. Decrease in egg production of Line HW-HP was greater than that of Lines HW or HP. These results suggest that if both body weight and P are selected for simultaneously, then egg production will decrease more than if selection pressure is applied on either trait alone, even though the two traits do not appear to be genetically closely correlated.

Animals↗