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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

[Lung surfactant: its application to the lung in asphyxia].

This study is a research of the lung in the hypoxic or anoxic state. The examination of lung were performed by light and electron microscopy with the immunohistochemical methods and biochemical analysis of the lung lavage, not only for the morphological appearance of the surfactant but also the changes of its localization and secretion. For the circumstance of hypoxic or anoxic state, gases of carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide and freon were prepared regulating their contents with a fluorometer. In the first stage of the examination, the lung of a rat inhaled the air containing 5% of oxygen showed the so-called tubular myelin which is a lattice-like structure. And this structure was very much like those found in the alveolar space of a new born rat which is lamellar and lattice-like structure coming loosened to a monolayer. This structure is regarded as the morphological expression of the excreted lung surfactant. The appearance of the tubular myelin was observed in the hypoxic state prepared by the gases stated above. By the examination of the lung lavage of rats inhaled the hypoxic air, the contents of phospholipid and protein were showed 2 and 5 times more than those of control rats, respectively. In the human lung which was collected from the dead body diagnosed the cause of death was asphyxia, the tubular myelin was found by the electron microscopy in some cases of the strangulation of the neck, and the immunohistochemical reaction products were also observed by using the anti-human lung surfactant apoprotein mouse antibody, PE10 of SP-A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The differentiation of acute coronary failure and asphyxia as the causes of death].

A death case is described caused by acute coronary failure due to atherosclerotic involvement of heart vessels. Death occurred suddenly during compression of the thorax with the hands of a strong young man. Initial forensic medical expert evaluation came to a conclusion that death ensued from asphyxia resultant from thorax compression. Repeated expert evaluation considered thoracic compression as a factor conducive to death.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Intraventricular brain pressure in newborn infants with asphyxia and the means for its correction].

The paper deals with the information noninvasive tool of echoencephalographic determination of cerebral intraventricular pressure in the newborns. With this mode, spinal fluid pressures were measured in 80 patients with prior degrees II and III asphyxia and in 25 healthy children in the early neonatal period. To enhance the efficiency of treating the fluid-hypertensive syndrome in the newborns with hypoxically afflicted central nervous system, an atraumatic method of reflex therapy, including superficial acupuncture, metallic plate acupuncture and application has been developed and proposed if chemotherapeutical loads are restricted. Recommendations to choose acupuncture points are given and the advantages of the method are analyzed.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed1993

Sexual asphyxia: a lesser epidemic.

Asphyxiophilia is a paraphilia of the sacrificial/expiatory type in which sexual arousal and the attainment of gratification depend on hypoxia induced through either strangulation, smothering, chest compression and/or the inhalation of volatile substances. A peculiar, auto-erotic variant of this perversion is described, one in which the participant accidently died. Numerous female prostitutes have been canvassed in order to ascertain the prevalence in Durban, Republic of South Africa. The figures are an order of magnitude higher than was hitherto imagined. Insurance companies have been loathe to compensate the beneficiaries of such victims fully. How they and the courts view pivotal concepts such as 'mental infirmity', 'accident', 'natural consequences', and the legitimacy of psychiatry presenting itself as a unified body of knowledge sets precedents, and sets in motion processes whereby these decisions permeate into the general population and become--in time--accepted as norms. Thus, the medicolegal ramifications of sexual asphyxia affect not only the police and the courts, but also our society in general.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A groove observed in the face of an old man who probably died from acute asphyxia.

A continuous, horizontal groove about 0.7 cm wide was observed on the nape and lower part of the face of a 93-year-old man. The groove started from one corner of the mouth, traversed the nape, and reached the other corner of the mouth. It was most conspicuous at the nape. The mark was considered to have been produced by an electric cord. No facial congestion was noted, however, a few petechiae were present in the conjunctivae. There were no wounds in the front of the neck, while small hemorrhages were noted in the neck muscles. The right 2nd through 6th ribs were fractured and slight hemorrhage was observed in the overlying muscle. There were no pathologic changes accounting for death. The presence of the so-called triad for an acute death suggested strongly that the most likely cause of death was acute asphyxia. The relationship between the cause of death and the mark was the matter at issue. The mark may have been produced by a hanging in an unusual position, but there was no indication that a hanging was performed. For a ligature mark due to strangulation, the level was too high. The possibility that the mark was produced when the victim was gagged seemed to be very low. Thus, it could not be confirmed whether the groove had any relation with a fatal assault. Reflex cardiac arrest by vagal stimulation when the neck was compressed was the most likely cause of death.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

[Traumatic asphyxia].

Traumatic asphyxia is a commonly used designation of a syndrome related to severe compressive trauma to the thorax. It is characterized by cranial cyanosis, subconjunctival hemorrhage, vascular engorgement of the head, mucosal petechiae, hemoptysis, esophageal and rectal hemorrhage, hematuria, and varying degrees of cerebral dysfunction. By 1985 approximately 210 cases had been reported world-wide. We present an illustrative case in a 24-year-old man.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Brain sonography, computed tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia.

The clinical diagnosis of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonates can be supported by radiologic studies including cranial sonography, computed tomography (CT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. The role of cranial sonography, CT, and SPECT in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia is reviewed in this article.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Perinatal asphyxia: effects of biologic and environmental risks.

The literature on biologic risks, such as asphyxia, and later outcome contains many confounding issues. Earlier data may not be applicable today because of high mortality rates and significant changes in medical practice. Data from a more contemporary cohort indicate an association between arrays of biologic variables and outcome, although early developmental/behavioral measures are more predictive. Some variables had a 'sleeper effect,' which did not surface until 36 months. Suggestions for better delineation of relationships between nonoptimal risk variables and outcome are provided.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1993

Visual-evoked potentials in neonates following asphyxia.

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are easily recorded in the neonatal intensive care setting using light-emitting diode goggles as the flash stimulus. They are sensitive measures of CNS integrity and are altered or abolished by hypoxia. Prognosis in newborns with birth asphyxia or hypoxia is difficult to predict; however, the VEPs have been shown to be very helpful. Absent VEPs carry a poor prognosis; persistently abnormal, i.e., beyond 1 week, also predict abnormal outcome. Normal VEPs by 1 week have an accuracy rate around 90% for normal outcome.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

[CT in hypoxia brain damage in asphyxia-prognostic estimation].

60 newborns with severe asphyxia 3-12 days after delivery were examined by CT. Low density in brain was found in 55 newborns (91.7%), and cerebral hemorrhage in 34 (56.7%). To detect MDI CDCC measurement by Balay's modification was done in 54 babies of whom 44 cases were within normal limits (MDI > 70). Low intelligence was found in 10 babies (16.7%), and 6 (14%) died. No cerebralplagia was found. No intelligence change was found in normal or mild CT changes. In 50 babies with severe or moderate change in CT scan, 16 (32%) showed poor prognosis (P < 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity for CT were 100% and 22.8% respectively, but the value of neonatal behavioral neurological assessment (NBNA) was 83.3% and 93.2%. We conclude that the mortality rate and poor prognosis are related to the degree of involvement of brainwhite matter or hemorrhage, and that CT examination is valuable in estimating the prognosis especially in combination of NBNA.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1993

Changes in cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation in the first 24 hours after birth asphyxia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether or not postasphyctic cerebral hypoperfusion and decreased cerebral metabolism occur in the perinatally asphyxiated neonate, as has been reported in adults and newborn animals. METHODS: Using near-infrared spectroscopy, we monitored changes in oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), deoxyhemoglobin (HbR), total hemoglobin (HbO2 + HbR, which represents changes in cerebral blood volume [CBV]), and cytochrome oxidase (Cytaa3, which indicates changes in oxidation level of this intracerebral mitochondrial enzyme). Thirty-one neonates (gestational age > 34 weeks), divided into three groups, were monitored between 2 and 12 hours or between 12 and 24 hours of life. Group I consisted of healthy newborns: N = 8 (2 to 12 hours) and N = 5 (12 to 24 hours). Patients in group II were moderately asphyxiated newborns but neurologically normal in the first 24 hours of life: N = 6 (2 to 12 hours) and N = 3 (12 to 24 hours). Group III consisted of severely asphyxiated newborns with an abnormal neurologic behavior within 24 hours after birth: N = 5 (2 to 12 hours) and N = 4 (12 to 24 hours). RESULTS: From 2 to 12 h, CBV levels in groups I and II were stable. In group III CBV decreased in all infants. This decrease in CBV was associated with a drop in both HbO2 and HbR. Cytaa3 was stable in groups I and II, but showed a marked decrease in two of the five infants of group III. There was a positive relationship between CBV and mean arterial blood pressure in groups II and III. Between 12 and 24 hours, all groups showed stable CBV and Cytaa3 patterns. A positive relation existed now between transcutaneous PCO2 and CBV in groups II and III. CONCLUSIONS: CBV, HbO2, HbR, and Cytaa3 decreased in the first 12 hours of life in severely asphyxiated neonates who subsequently developed neurologic abnormalities. We therefore suggest that posthypoxic-ischemic reperfusion injury of the brain during early neonatal life occurs in neonates with severe birth asphyxia.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1993

Accidental deaths from asphyxia. A 10-year retrospective study from Sweden.

Accidental mechanical asphyxia is an unusual cause of death. In reviewing 73 cases occurring during a 10-year-period in Sweden, young boys and elderly women seemed to be most prone to this type of fatality. A striking number of victims had deliberately put a noose-like structure around the neck, and yet another group became entangled in some part of their clothing. Thoracic immobilization was seen in a number of cases, also involving work-related accidents. Hospitalized patients, asphyxiophilics and inebriated victims represent other risk groups. A case involving the use of a helmet is reported in view of the growing frequency with which Swedish children use bicycle helmets. The material contains only a few cases where the victim was not alone at the time of the accident, and it seems plausible that supervision could have prevented many of the reported fatalities. Public knowledge of accident mechanisms may increase the awareness of hazardous situations and activities. Spreading of the medical examiner's knowledge may thus form a basis for accident prevention.

Accidents↗
PubMed1993

Cellular alterations associated with perinatal asphyxia.

Asphyxia triggers a cascade of cellular biochemical events that lead to temporary alterations in cellular function and/or cell death. Tissue hypoxia and ischemia lead to depolarization of neuronal membranes, alteration in cellular ion homeostasis and changes in energy metabolism. The changes are accompanied by enhanced release and diminished re-uptake of neurotransmitters, including the excitatory amino acid glutamate. Abnormal accumulation of calcium in neurons is produced by several factors, including opening of voltage-sensitive calcium channels, activation of excitatory amino acid-mediated ion channels, diminished pumping of calcium out of neurons, and increased release of free calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. Elevated intracellular calcium levels appear to kill cells by activation of proteases, lipases, protein kinase C, and generation of free radicals. These factors act synergistically over minutes to hours to produce cellular necrosis. Current research is directed at defining the relative contribution of these steps to cell death and to devising therapeutic strategies to salvage brain tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The relationship between heart rate and asphyxia in the animal fetus.

In order to understand the mechanisms which regulate and control basal heart rate as well as heart rate variability in the fetus, a number of studies have been conducted in fetal animals. Information has been obtained largely from fetal sheep during the last third of gestation, although recently investigators have directed their attention to earlier gestations, such as 80-90 days, with term in the sheep being 145 days. A few studies have focused on the non-human primate fetus for additional information. A variety of techniques has been utilized experimentally to produce hypoxemia and/or acidemia in fetal animals, including umbilical cord compression, maternal hypoxemia, and uterine blood flow restrictions. Evidence to date would indicate that both chemoreceptors and baroreceptors are present and active in the late gestation sheep fetus, giving rise to acute changes in fetal heart rate (FHR) with changes in oxygenation. Factors which must be considered in interpreting alterations in both mean FHR and FHR variability in response to a decrease in oxygenation include: 1) the mechanism giving rise to decrease in oxygen delivery, 2) the duration of hypoxemia and/or asphyxia, 3) the effect of sleep states and behavioural activity, 4) gestational age, and 5) condition of the fetus prior to the decrease in oxygen delivery. Heart rate variability in fetal sheep has been studied extensively and it has been shown that accelerations in the FHR are closely associated with skeletal muscle activity much like the human fetus, suggesting similar control mechanisms in the 2 species. The late gestation sheep fetus consistently and reliably experiences an increase in heart rate variability with acute hypoxemia with and without acidemia until severe acidosis develops. In contrast, the hypoxemic human fetus, prior to labour, generally exhibits a decrease in FHR variability. The explanation for this apparent species difference remains unclear.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Ethical decision making in perinatal asphyxia.

This article examines the difficulties of defining perinatal asphyxia. Once the central clinical concern is identified, the ethical questions become clearer. A variety of procedural and ethical issues also need to be considered; especially those related to how physicians introduce and dialogue with parents about difficult life and death decisions. Depending on how well this is accomplished, sound medical practice, parental autonomy and the patient's best interest issues can all be effectively addressed with a minimum of conflict.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1977

[Response of the locus coeruleus to asphyxia].

To ascertain the mechanisms of the locus coeruleus (LC) function the response of the locus coeruleus neurons to the experimental sharp asphyxia was investigated by the light and electron microscope techniques. Apart from the specific nervous effect (directly through the LC axons and through the stem reticular formation), LC produced humoral influence on the brain structures. There are two possible mechanisms by which catecholamines synthesized in the LC cells could reach the blood; 1) through the cell membrane and then through the basal membrane of the capillary bed and the cytoplasm of the endothelial cell; 2) by virtue of the glia cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Striatal cytomegalic neurons containing nitric oxide are associated with experimental perinatal asphyxia: implication of cold treatment.

Neuropathological mechanisms triggered by excitatory aminoacids are known to involve nitric oxide (NO). Neurons containing NO are histochemically reactive to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), which labels NO synthase in CNS. Sprague-Dawley male rats subjected to perinatal asphyxia (PA) at 37 degrees C, and PA plus 15 degrees C hypothermia were evaluated when 6 months old by NADPH-d histochemical reaction. Computarized image analysis was used for quantification of stained sections. NADPH-d neurons in striatum from subsevere and severe PA showed a significant increment in soma size and dendritic process length versus control and hypothermic treated rats. Post-ischemic damage neurons are therefore involved in NO changes induced by PA that may be prevented by hypothermia treatment.

Analysis of Variance↗