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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Theileriosis in Uganda. Parasitological and serological responses in cattle continually exposed to natural infection.

Cattle living in a circumscribed area in Uganda, where both Theileria parva and T. mutans occurred naturally, were monitored for periods of up to 1 year by examination of blood and lymph node smears for parasites and the indirect fluorescent antibody test for antibodies to Theileria. Uninfected control cattle were added at intervals to ensure continuous challenge and to monitor the challenge. Although all 29 control animals became infected with T. parva, challenge was light at first as mortality from theileriosis only commenced in the 18 introduced after day 138 of the study; 14 of these died of the disease. Most of the 34 animals in the original group appeared to be susceptible to T. parva at the start of the study and 6 died of theileriosis. All animals were, or became, infected with T. mutans. Several animals exhibited patent T. parva infections on more than 1 occasion and 1 died from the second infection indicating the existence of immunologically different strains. Recovered animals appeared to acquire eventually a solid immunity to the local Theileria strains but 9 of the original animals and 7 of the controls died exhibiting massive tick and helminth burdens, sometimes aggravated by the effects of previous T. parva and/or T. mutans infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Identification of Theileria infections in the salivary glands of Hyalomma anatolicum anatoli cum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus using isoenzyme electrophoresis.

Lysates prepared from the salivary glands of uninfected Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and from ticks of these species infected with 2 strains of Theileria annulata and 1 strain of T. parva respectively have been examined for enzyme polymorphism using thin layer starch gel electrophoresis. Representative enzymes from 3 of the major metabolic pathways, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway were investigated. Only 1 enzyme, glucose phosphate isomerase, showed differences between the host cell activity and the parasite activity and also inter- and intraspecific differences between the parasites. This technique represents a useful complement to the present histochemical methods for identification of Theileria infections in the salivary glands of ticks.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Treatment of stabilate-induced East Coast fever with menoctone.

Groups of cattle were infected with Theileria parva by the injection of stabilate material prepared from infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. The cattle were treated with the hydroxy alkylated naphthoquinone, menoctone, which was administered intravenously (i/v), intramuscularly (i/m), or orally (p/o) up to 4 days after the disease became apparent. The disease was rapidly controlled and all the treated cattle (15) recovered following (i/v) or i/m injection of a single dose of menoctone at 10 mg/kg body weight but control was incomplete with lower dosages in single or multiple dose regimens. The i/m route was slightly more effective than i/v. The p/o administration of menoctone had only a slight and transient beneficial effect and 10 cattle treated by this route all died of theileriosis. Twelve of 18 untreated controls also died. Following injection of menoctone, schizonts degenerated within the lymphoid cells and piroplasms were destroyed within the erythrocytes. The level and duration of antitheilerial activity in the serum following treatment was assayed by an in vitro culture method and was shown to correlate closely with the efficacy of treatment.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Elimination of Theileria buffeli infections from cattle by concurrent treatment with primaquine phosphate and halofuginone lactate.

Fifty splenectomised calves naturally infected with Theileria buffeli were treated with primaquine phosphate (ICI, UK) and halofuginone lactate (Hoechst, Australia) either separately or in combination. Infections in treated calves were monitored for up to 26 weeks by examining Giemsa stained peripheral blood films for piroplasms and by an immunofluorescent antibody test. When used alone neither of the drugs eliminated infection. The most successful results were obtained when two treatments of halofuginone lactate, at a rate of 1 mg kg-1 body weight and six treatments of primaquine phosphate, at a rate of 2 mg kg-1 body weight, were administered concurrently. No theilerial relapses were observed in 14 of 16 calves so treated, and no antibody to T. buffeli was detected in these calves beyond the twelfth week after treatment. The results have application in the preparation of Theileria-free calves for use in the production of living vaccines against babesiosis and anaplasmosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Elimination of Theileria buffeli infections from cattle by concurrent treatment with buparvaquone and primaquine phosphate.

Attempts (some successful) were made to eliminate Theileria buffeli infections from 23 naturally or experimentally infected, splenectomised calves. The anti-theilerial hydroxynaphthoquinone derivative buparvaquone was used either alone or in combination with primaquine phosphate. After treatment the calves were monitored for infection for up to 26 weeks. Blood films were examined for piroplasms and serum antibody levels were measured using an immunofluorescence technique. Buparvaquone alone failed to eliminate infections. Infections were eliminated from 11 of 16 calves treated twice with buparvaquone and three or six times with primaquine phosphate. Theilerial parasites were not subsequently seen in these 11 calves nor were antibodies detected beyond the eighth week after treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Causal agents of bovine theileriosis in southern Africa.

One pathogenic and 4 mild bovine Theileria strains from southern Africa, all transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, were compared amongst themselves as well as to bovine and buffalo strains of the T. parva complex from eastern and southern Africa and to bovine strains of T. taurotragi from Tanzania considered to be derived from eland antelope. Criteria used were parasitological, clinical, serological and cross-immunity characters. The mild strains are similar to bovine T. taurotragi. Serological evidence suggested that T. taurotragi is also infective to sheep. The pathogenic strain belongs to the T. parva complex; the latter consists of a series of types with different behaviour ranging from the lawrencei-type (of buffalo) causing Corridor disease, through the bovis-type causing Rhodesian malignant theileriosis to the parva-type causing classical East Coat fever. Seven cattle-tick passages of a bovis-type strain did not result in transformation into a parva-type. Four species of bovine Theileriae are now known to occur in southern Africa: T. parva (lawrencei- and bovis-types) and T. taurotragi, both transmitted by R. appendiculatus, and T. mutans and T. velifera both with Amblyomma spp. as vectors.

Africa, Southern↗
PubMed1983

Serological studies on bovine besnoitiosis in Israel.

Sera from 1,700 beef and dairy cattle in Israel were tested for besnoitiosis by indirect immunofluorescence. Over 90% of dairy animals were negative whereas about 50% of beef cattle were positive. Among beef bulls the percentage of positive reactors increased with age but in beef cows the pattern was less clear; 36% of young imported bulls negative upon arrival developed antibody titres after one season on the range. Cross-tests with Toxoplasma gondii antiserum and antigen indicated that the results of the survey for besnoitiosis were unlikely to have been influenced by Toxoplasma antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Rhipicephalus zambeziensis as a vector of bovine Theileriae.

Rhipicephalus zambeziensis was shown experimentally to transmit Theileria parva parva in cattle from nymph to adult and Theileria parva lawrencei, Theileria parva bovis and Theileria taurotragi from larva to nymph and nymph to adult. In a single trial the tick failed to transmit Theileria mutans. The tick is believed to be a vector of T. parva lawrencei in the field in Zimbabwe.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

East Coast fever as a cause of calf mortality in Zanzibar.

Crossbred and zebu calves at 4 to 5 months of age in an area where tick control was carried out showed little difference in mortality. Crossbred calves at 10 months of age had a mortality rate of 20% from all causes, 14% from East Coast fever. Serological results plus mortality studies showed that the survival rate of crossbred calves known to have been exposed to ECF was 57%. Serological results further showed that, in spite of tick exposure, only 26% of the crossbreds had seroconverted at 10.3 months of age while 15% zebus had positive titres.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Theileria mutans infection in Nigerian cattle.

In a 12 year survey in the former Northern Provinces of Nigeria antibodies to Theileria mutans were found to have a prevalence rate of 32.6 to 85%. The indirect fluorescent antibody test was found to be more efficient than thin blood smear examination in detecting cattle exposed to T. mutans. The high prevalence of T. mutans infection was attributed to the high prevalence of Amblyomma species in the area under study.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Observations on blood-borne parasites of domestic livestock in the lower Juba region of Somalia.

The commonest parasite to be found in blood of cattle in the Lower Juba Region is Theileria mutans. Antibodies against Trypanosoma spp. and Anaplasma marginale could be detected serologically whereas no antibodies against T. parva and T. annulata were present. A list of ticks collected between 1980 and 1982 in the above mentioned area shows that vectors of T. mutans are common. As the cattle throughout the region are indigenous Somali Boran it seems that endemic stability is maintained and mortality from T. mutans infection is negligible. It is not yet clear whether pathogenic strains of T. mutans similar to those isolated in East Africa occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Besnoitia besnoiti in cattle.

The use of the ELISA method for the detection of antibodies to B. besnoiti in cattle is described and compared to the IFAT technique. One hundred and twenty-one sera were examined, of which 61 were sera of calves experimentally infected with B. besnoiti, 52 sera from field animals and eight were sera with high titres of antibodies to other parasites. The specificity of both assays correlates but ELISA seemed to be more sensitive. The ELISA technique provides a rapid and reliable method for the screening of B. besnoiti infection in cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Glucose phosphate isomerase polymorphism in Theileria annulata and T. parva.

Six stocks of Theileria annulata isolated from the Sudan and nine stocks of T. parva, isolated in Kenya and Malawi were grown in bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines. Lysates prepared from the infected cultures were examined electrophoretically on thin layer starch gels for evidence of glucose phosphate isomerase polymorphism. The six stocks of T. annulata showed major variations in their parasite enzyme patterns but no variation was detected in nine stocks of T. parva.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Theileria infectivity of Hyalomma ticks in Haryana, India.

Theileria infection of Hyalomma ticks collected from three districts of Haryana was assessed in whole salivary glands by the methyl-green pyronin staining method. Of 1,662 ticks screened, 546 (32.8%) were found Theileria positive. Infection rate in 935 female ticks (36.9%) was more than that of 727 male ticks (27.6%). Density of Theileria infection (number of infected acini per infected tick) was also higher in female ticks. Theileria infection rate of ticks varied greatly in the three districts viz. only 12.0% in Rohtak, 25.8% in Hisar and 48.3% in Karnal. Per cent infection rate was high (63.7%) in ticks from indigenous cattle and low (18.6%) in those collected from buffaloes. However, the intensity of infection in infected ticks from cross-bred cattle was comparatively much higher. Frequency distribution of Theileria positive acini in infected ticks revealed a low density of infection per infected tick. This points to the largely stable endemic situation prevailing in Haryana. Only a single salivary acinus was found infected in 16.6% of the infected ticks, about 70% had up to 10 infected acini while only about 10% had over 25 infected acini per tick. The masses in acini presumed to be Theileria were confirmed by demonstrating parasitic masses on staining one of a pair of salivary glands and inoculating the suspension of the other half of the gland into two cross-bred cow calves which developed clinical signs and lesions typical of theileriosis.

Animals↗