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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2) is a weak in vivo clastogen as revealed by the micronucleus assay.

The in vivo clastogenicity of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2) was examined in the micronucleus test using peripheral blood from three mouse strains (ICR, CD-1, and MS/Ae) and bone marrow from one rat strain (Sprague-Dawley). Doses up to the maximum tolerated were tested. The chemical was given once, twice, thrice, or four times via either the i.p. or p.o. route. Under some conditions, ICR and CD-1 mice showed an increased frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes, but definite conclusions were difficult to draw because the increases were very slight. MS/Ae mice showed a markedly elevated micronucleated reticulocyte frequency after the double and triple ip treatments. Rats showed a slightly but statistically significantly increased frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes after double i.p. treatments. These results indicate that AF-2 is a weak in vivo clastogen.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

Initiating potential of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin) in two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis.

Tumor initiating activity of 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) (AF-2) acrylamide) were tested in a two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model using 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) as a promoter. These compounds dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide were topically applied twice weekly for 5 weeks on the dorsal skin, and then followed by TPA for 47 weeks. The total initiating dose was 100 mg for each compound. 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) at a total dose of 100 micrograms was used as a positive control compound. AF-2 induced skin tumors in 35% of the mice (average of 0.4 tumors/mouse), HBA in 15% in (0.2/mouse), BHT in 13% (0.13/mouse) and quercetin in 5% (0.1/mouse). No tumors appeared in the groups treated with either test chemicals alone or TPA alone. Statistical analysis according to either Fisher's exact test or Peto's trend test revealed significant differences for tumor appearance in the AF-2/TPA and BHA/TPA followed by TPA groups as compared to in the DMSO/TPA group. The results indicate that AF-2 and BHA have weak tumor initiating activity on mouse skin, but such effects are not apparent for BHT or quercetin.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Use of protein-acrylamide copolymer hydrogels for measuring protein concentration and activity.

We report the development and characterization of a polyacrylamide-based protein immobilization strategy for surface-bound protein assays, including concentration detection, binding affinity, and enzyme kinetics. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins have been labeled with an acrylic moiety and attached to acrylic-functionalized glass surfaces through copolymerization with acrylic monomer. The specific attachment of GST-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was more than sevenfold greater than the nonspecific attachment of nonacrylic-labeled GST-GFP; 0.32 ng/mm(2) of surface-attached GST-GFP was detectable by direct measurement of GFP fluorescence and this lower detection limit was reduced to 0.080 ng/mm(2) using indirect antibody-based detection. The polyacrylamide-based surface attachment strategy was also used to measure the kinetics of substrate phosphorylation by the kinase c-Src. Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants for the reaction occurring in solution were K(m) = 2.7 +/- 1.0 microM and V(max) = 8.1 +/- 3.1 (arbitrary units). Kinetic values for the reaction utilizing surface-immobilized substrate were K(m) = 0.36 +/- 0.033 microM and V(max) = 9.7 +/- 0.63 and were found to be independent of the acrylamide concentration within the copolymer. Such a surface attachment strategy should be applicable to the proteomics field and addresses denaturation and dehydration problems associated with protein microarray development.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2005

An agarose-acrylamide composite native gel system suitable for separating ultra-large protein complexes.

An agarose-acrylamide composite native gel (CNG) system has been developed for separating protein complexes of ultra-large molecular sizes (over 500kDa) and for analyzing protein-protein interactions in their native states. Various native gel conditions were explored and techniques were improved to facilitate the formation and performance of the CNG system. We demonstrate here that the CNG technique is capable of resolving a complex of RNA polymerase II and an associated factor from the free components, which had not been previously achieved with other methods. Furthermore, this CNG electrophoresis can be conveniently coupled to second-dimension sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for identification of protein components within discrete complexes separated during the CNG run. The CNG technique is particularly suitable for capturing dynamic protein-protein interactions as exemplified here by the formation and demonstration of RNA polymerase II-Fcp1 complex.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed2005

Glucose permeable poly (dimethyl siloxane) poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) interpenetrating networks as ophthalmic biomaterials.

Poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) has been widely used as a biomaterial in ophthalmic and other applications due to its good compatibility, high mechanical strength, excellent oxygen permeability and transparency. However, for use as an artificial cornea, contact lens and in other applications, modifications with hydrophilic functional groups or polymers are necessary to improve wettability for tear protein and mucin interactions and to improve glucose permeability for cellular health. Poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAM) is a biocompatible and hydrophilic polymer that has been extensively studied on controlled drug release applications due to its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phenomenon. In the current work, a composite interpenetrating network (IPN) of PDMS and PNIPAAM was formed to generate polymers with oxygen and glucose permeability as well as improved wettability compared to PDMS homopolymers and greater mechanical strength than PNIPAAM homopolymers. Transparent vinyl and hydroxyl terminated PDMS/PNIPAAM IPNs (PDMS-V and PDMS-OH IPNs, respectively) were successfully synthesized. Transmission electron microscopy images verified the structure of the IPNs. Surface analysis suggested that PNIPAAM was present on the surface as well as in the bulk material. PDMS-OH IPNs generated from a PDMS-OH matrix cured in the presence of solvent had the highest glucose permeability at 10(-7)cm2/s, comparable to that of the native cornea. The LCST phenomenon remained in these materials, although changes were not as abrupt as with pure PNIPAAM. These results suggest that these materials may be further developed as ophthalmic biomaterials or for controlled drug-release applications.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2005

Poly(acrylamide-vinylpyridine-N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide) monolithic capillary for in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography.

In-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) based on a poly(acrylamide-vinylpyridine-N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide) monolithic capillary was investigated and on-line coupled to HPLC for the determination of trace analytes in aqueous samples. The polymer monolith was conveniently synthesized in a fused silica capillary by in situ polymerization method. Several groups of analytes including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenols, non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists and endocrine disrupting chemicals were extracted by the monolithic capillary. High extraction efficiency was achieved for the analytes investigated and great improvement of the limits of detection were obtained in comparison to that of direct chromatographic analysis and strong hydrophobic and ion-exchange interactions between the analytes and the polymer were confirmed. The newly developed monolithic capillary showed excellent reusability and high stability under extreme pH conditions during extraction. The possibility of applying the established method to water sample analysis was also demonstrated.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2005

Doxorubicin-encapsulated thermosensitive liposomes modified with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide): drug release behavior and stability in the presence of serum.

In the field of the temperature sensitive drug delivery systems, we studied on the surface modification of liposomes by using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) (PNIPAM-AAM) and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) to increase the release of doxorubicin (DOX) from liposomes and prolong the stability of liposomes in the presence of serum. The release of DOX from the PNIPAM-AAM/PEG modified liposomes is enhanced around the transition temperature of the polymer. In addition, the stability of the PNIPAM-AAM/PEG modified liposomes in serum shows a high level comparing with polymer unmodified liposomes. These results suggest that the modification on the surface of liposomes with both PNIPAM-AAM and PEG enhances the drug release from liposomes and reduces the protein adsorption in serum.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2005

Binary immobilization of tyrosinase by using alginate gel beads and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogels.

The use of the immobilized and the stable enzymes has immense potential in the enzymatic analysis of clinical, industrial and environmental samples. However, their widespread uses are limited due to the high cost of their production. In this study, binary immobilization of tyrosinase by using Ca-alginate and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) [P(AAm-co-AA)] was investigated. Maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) were determined for the free and binary immobilized enzymes. The effects of pH, temperature, storage stability, reuse number and thermal stability on the free and immobilized tyrosinase were also examined. For the free and binary immobilized enzymes on Ca-alginate and P(AAm-co-AA), optimum pH was found to be 7 and 5, respectively. Optimum temperature of the free and immobilized enzymes was observed to be 30 and 35 degrees C, respectively. Reuse number, storage and thermal stability of the free tyrosinase were increased by a result of binary immobilization.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2006

Novel interpenetrating network chitosan-poly(ethylene oxide-g-acrylamide) hydrogel microspheres for the controlled release of capecitabine.

This paper describes the synthesis of capecitabine-loaded semi-interpenetrating network hydrogel microspheres of chitosan-poly(ethylene oxide-g-acrylamide) by emulsion crosslinking using glutaraldehyde. Poly(ethylene oxide) was grafted with polyacrylamide by free radical polymerization using ceric ammonium nitrate as a redox initiator. Capecitabine, an anticancer drug, was successfully loaded into microspheres by changing experimental variables such as grafting ratio of the graft copolymer, ratio of the graft copolymer to chitosan, amount of crosslinking agent and percentage of drug loading in order to optimize process variables on drug encapsulation efficiency, release rates, size and morphology of the microspheres. A 2(4) full factorial design was employed to evaluate the combined effect of selected independent variables on percentage of drug release at 5h (response). Regression models were used for the response and data were compared statistically using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Grafting, interpenetrating network formation and chemical stability of the capecitabine after encapsulation into microspheres was confirmed by Fourier infrared spectra (FTIR). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) studies were made on drug-loaded microspheres to investigate the crystalline nature of drug after encapsulation. Results indicated amorphous dispersion of capecitabine in the polymer matrix. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed spherical shapes and smooth surface morphology of the microspheres. Mean particle size of the microspheres as measured by the laser light scattering technique ranged between 82 and 168microm. Capecitabine was successfully encapsulated into semi-IPN microspheres and percentage of encapsulation efficiency varied from 79 to 87. In vitro release studies were performed in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) for the initial 2h, followed by simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4) until complete dissolution. The release of capecitabine was continued up to 10h. Release data were fitted to an empirical relationship to estimate the transport parameters. Dynamic swelling studies were performed in the simulated intestinal fluid and diffusion coefficients were calculated by considering the spherical geometry of the matrices.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2004

Dispersion polymerization of acrylamide. III. Partial isopropyl ester of poly(vinyl methyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) as a stabilizer.

Dispersion polymerization of acrylamide at 40 degrees C in t-butyl alcohol-water media of varying composition (50 to 90 vol% alcohol) using a partial isopropyl ester of poly(vinyl methyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) as the stabilizer has been studied. The isopropyl ester derivative proves to be a better stabilizer than its precursor polymer. However, the particles were polydisperse in size. The number average diameter of the particles increases linearly with the solubility parameter of the dispersion medium. Dispersions of nanoparticles of polyacrylamide are produced when the t-butyl alcohol content of the dispersion medium is 90% by volume. Comparison of the particle diameter measured by transmission electron microscopy with that measured by dynamic light scattering in acetone reveals a thickness of the hairy stabilizer layer on the dispersion particles of 31 nm.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Reaction of poly(acrylamide-co-vinylamine) with tresyl-PEG in the presence of PC12 cells.

Tresylation of an amine containing polymer film in the presence of PC12 cells did not result in a significant loss of cell viability, at least as assessed by trypan blue exclusion or MTT assay. PC12 cells were cultured atop reactive poly(acrylamide-co-vinyl amine) films or tissue culture polystyrene and exposed for 2 h to tresylated polyethylene glycol (TPEG) or unreactive hydrolyzed TPEG in 0.1M TES (N-tris hydroxymethyl-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid). The loss in trypan blue viability was limited ( approximately 80% retained), provided the TPEG concentration was 10 micromol/g or less. Similarly when microencapsulated PC12 cells (in a non-reactive polyacrylate hydrogel) were exposed to TPEG (10 micromol/g in 0.1M TES) the loss of MTT activity was small. The loss of vaibility was attributed to the toxicity of the tresyl leaving group and not the reaction itself. Thus, it may be possible to surface modify cell containing microcapsules, at least under limited conditions, in order to improve their biocompatibility without compromising the viability of the enclosed cells. This should lead to the development of new (reactive) polymers for microencapsulation since biocompatibility need not be a design consideration in the first instance.

Amines↗
PubMed1977

Carcinogenic activity of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide, a food additive, in mice and rats.

The carcinogenicity of a food additive, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2), was studied in Wistar rats and CDF1 mice. The rats developed mammary tumors; the first appearing 9 months after the start of the experiment. In mice fed AF-2 diet, squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach was observed in the 11th month. Some mice had metastases in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and peritoneal cavity.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New strategy in glycopolymer synthesis. Preparation of antigenic water-soluble poly(acrylamide-co-p-acrylamidophenyl beta-lactoside).

Stereospecific phase-transfer-catalyzed glycosidation of acetobromolactose 3 with p-nitrophenoxide gave the peracetylated 1,2-trans-beta-D-4-nitrophenyl lactoside 4. Functionalization of 4 into an N-acryloyl monomer was achieved by catalytic transfer hydrogenation of the nitro group, followed by N-acryloylation of the resulting amino group, on both O-acetyl-protected and unprotected disaccharides. Copolymerization of 4-acrylamidophenyl beta-lactoside (9) with acrylamide, initiated by ammonium persulfate, afforded a water-soluble carbohydrate copolymer (glycopolymer). The antigenicity of the new polymer was demonstrated by agar gel diffusion with Arachis hypogaea (peanut) and Ricinus communis (castor bean) lectins. Quantitative precipitation and enzyme linked lectin assays (ELLA) were also performed with peanut lectin.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Synthesis of glycoconjugates by covalent coupling of O-glycopyranosyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide derivatives of lactose to proteins and lipids and polymerization of their parent acryloyl derivatives into acrylamide polymers.

Glycosides of N-hydroxysuccinimide have been synthesized and the succinimide moieties have been opened by amines to give glycolipids or spacer-glycosides. The latter have been coupled to proteins and, after acryloylation, copolymerized into acrylamide polymers. A 13C-NMR study of the stability of the anomeric O-N-C(O) linkage showed the linkage to be stable under conditions used in most biological experiments.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1984

Fluorescence lifetime and acrylamide quenching studies of the interactions between troponin subunits.

Fluorescence lifetime and acrylamide quenching studies were carried out to characterize the interactions between the subunits of troponin under various conditions of metal ion binding. Troponin C was labeled at Cys-98 with N-(iodoacetyl)-N'-(5-sulfo-1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine. In the presence of Ca2+, the fluorescence decay of labeled troponin C (TnC*) was monoexponential, lifetime tau = 15.5 ns and quenching rate constant kq = 2.97 X 10(8) M-1 s-1. In the absence of Ca2+, the decay was resolvable into a major component with tau = 11.9 ns and a minor component with tau = 20.5 ns, with corresponding values of kq = 4.80 X 10(8) and 0.66 X 10(8) M-1 s-1, respectively. Upon the binding of either troponin I (TnI) or troponin T (TnT) in the presence of Ca2+, tau increased to approximately 18 ns, and kq decreased to approximately 0.8 X 10(8) M-1 s-1. For the Ca2+ form of the TnC*-TnI-TnT ternary complex, values of tau = 17.6 ns and kq = 1.73 X 10(8) M-1 s-1 were obtained. These values did not vary significantly when Ca2+ was removed, or when Mg2+ replaced Ca2+. These findings were interpreted as follows: the region around Cys-98 of TnC* adopts a looser conformation upon the removal of Ca2+ from the high-affinity sites. Both TnI and TnT bind to TnC* in the region containing Cys-98. The probe is shielded from the solvent to a greater extent in the binary complexes than in the ternary complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Amphiphilic block copolymers as bile acid sorbents: 2. Polystyrene-b-poly(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethylene acrylamide chloride): self-assembly and application to serum cholesterol reduction.

This paper presents morphological studies and preliminary bile salt binding properties of the new amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene-b-poly(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethylene acrylamide chloride) (PS-b-PTMEACl)(1) (see Figure 1), a derivative of PS-b-poly(tert-butylacrylate) (PS-b-PtBuA). In an aqueous environment, PS-b-PTMEACl forms simple spheres (approximately 20 nm diameter), large compound micelles (>100 nm diameter), and larger, more complex architectures as presented and discussed below. The colloidal stability with respect to sodium chloride and as a function of particle concentration is also considered. Finally, PS-b-PTMEACl aggregates were prepared and tested as an alternative to the commercially available bile salt sequestrant resins that target coronary heart disease due to elevated cholesterol levels. Electron micrographs were employed to visualize the colloid-based polyelectrolyteminus signbiosurfactant interaction and chromatographic separation analytical methods were used to quantify the sequestration. The results indicate that although at this preliminary stage they require laborious preparation, self-assembled aggregates may present an interesting alternative to the clinically used bile salt sequestrants.

Bile↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Poly(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumalkyl acrylamide chloride) based hydrogels for serum cholesterol reduction.

Hydrogels present an attractive alternative to nanoscale block copolymer aggregates and microscale resin beads as potential asystemic serum cholesterol reduction materials. Not only would the oral delivery of these materials be more pleasant than the sand-like bile salt anion sequestrant beads but also the hydrogel preparation is much simpler than the copolymer aggregate analogues [Cameron, N. S.; Eisenberg, A.; Brown, G. R. Biomacromolecules 2002, 3, 116-123. Cameron, N. S.; Eisenberg, A.; Brown, G. R. Biomacromolecules 2002, 3, 124-132]. Our goal was to explore these materials building on our experience with bulk resins and self-assembled copolymers. In this paper, following a brief introduction to hydrogels and their application to hypercholesterolemia, the synthesis, characterization, and preliminary glycocholate binding properties of poly(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumalkyl acrylamide chloride)gel are presented [Cameron, N. S.; Eisenberg, A.; Brown, G. R. Polym. Preprints 2002, 43, 771-772].

Acrylic Resins↗