Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “APPLES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Osmotic dehydration of apple slices using a sucrose/CaCl2 combination to control spoilage caused by Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Penicillium expansum.

The efficacy of sucrose combined with CaCl2 during osmotic dehydration (OD) was tested for the control of Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Penicillium expansum growth on lightly processed apple slices. The objective of this work was to determine whether the addition of CaCl2 in the osmotic solutions would limit the proliferation of fungal decay organisms. Slices were submitted to OD for 1 h at 25 degrees C in solutions containing 5 to 65% sucrose. Calcium chloride was added to a similar set of sucrose solutions at 0 to 8%. Control slices were made of untreated slices, and slices were processed in water. The mass ratio of the slices did not vary when fruit pieces were processed in solutions containing 5 to 65% sucrose. These slices showed a high susceptibility to spoilage compared to the control slices not submitted to OD: a significant twofold and 60% increase in decay area caused by B. cinerea and P. expansum, respectively, was observed when slices were processed in 50% sucrose/0% CaCl2; C. acutatum showed a significant 50% increase in decay area when slices were processed in 20% sucrose/0% CaCl2. Calcium uptake was significantly increased when slices were processed in CaCl2 solutions, and the highest Ca content was observed when processed in 8% CaCl2, reaching 40 times that of the control slices processed in water. Calcium-treated slices were less susceptible to spoilage by all three pathogens, and the most effective combination in reducing apple slice spoilage was 20 to 30% sucrose combined with 2% CaCl2.

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMed2004

Simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella in apple cider and produce by a multiplex PCR.

With three pairs of primers, a multiplex PCR assay was established for the simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella. Under the optimized conditions, the assay yielded a 252-bp product from E. coli O157:H7, a 429-bp product from Salmonella Typhimurium, and a 620-bp product from Shigella flexneri, respectively. When the DNA extraction of multiple target organisms was included in the same reaction, two or three corresponding amplicons of different sizes were observed. In the specificity test, 10 E. coli O157:H7 strains and one E. coli O157:NM strain showed the expected 252-bp amplicon. Seven other E. coli strains yielded no signal. Additionally, the 429-bp amplicon was produced from 20 Salmonella strains covering 16 serotypes, whereas the 620-bp amplicon was generated from 11 Shigella strains covering 4 species. No nonspecific amplification was observed with DNA from 48 other bacterial strains. Following a 24-h enrichment, the developed assay could concurrently detect the three pathogens at initial inoculation levels of approximately 8 x 10(-1) CFU/g (or CFU/ml) in apple cider, cantaloupe, lettuce, tomato, and watermelon and 8 x 10(1) CFU/g in alfalfa sprouts. The whole procedure can be easily completed within 30 h. The multiplex PCR assay can potentially be a simple, rapid, and efficient tool for presumptive and simultaneous screening of apple cider and produce for contamination by E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and/or Shigella.

Beverages↗
PubMed2004

Modeling of Escherichia coli inactivation by UV irradiation at different pH values in apple cider.

This study examined the effects and interactions of UV light dose (1,800 to 20,331 microJ/cm2) and apple cider pH (2.99 to 4.41) on the inactivation of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, a surrogate for E. coli O157:H7. A predictive model was developed to relate the log reduction factor of E. coli ATCC 25922 to the UV dose. Bacterial populations for treated and untreated samples were enumerated with the use of nonselective media. The results revealed that UV dose was highly significant in the inactivation of E. coli, whereas pH showed no significant effect at higher UV doses. Doses of 6,500 microJ/cm2 or more were sufficient to achieve a greater than 5-log reduction of E. coli. Experimental inactivation data were fitted adequately by a logistic regression model. UV irradiation is an attractive alternative to conventional methods for reducing bacteria in unpasteurized apple cider.

Beverages↗
PubMed2005

Integration of biocontrol agents and food-grade additives for enhancing protection of stored apples from Penicillium expansum.

Forty-nine compounds currently used as additives in foods were tested in combination with three biocontrol agents, the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis, Cryptococcus laurentii, and the yeastlike fungus Aureobasidium pullulans, to increase their antagonistic activity against Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mold on apples. Twelve additives dramatically improved the antagonistic activity of one or more of the tested biocontrol agents. In a two-way factorial experiment with these selected additives the percentage of P. expansum rots on apples was significantly influenced by the antagonist and the additive as well as by their interaction. The combination of the biocontrol agents and some additives resulted in a significantly higher activity with respect to the single treatments applied separately, producing additive or synergistic effects. Some of the selected additives combined with a low yeast concentration (106 cells per ml) had comparable or higher efficacy than the biocontrol agents applied alone at a 100-fold higher concentration (10(8) cells per ml). Some organic and inorganic calcium salts, natural gums, and some antioxidants displayed the best results. In general, the effect of each additive was specific to the biocontrol isolate used in the experiments. Possible mechanisms involved in the activity of these beneficial additives and their potential application in effective formulations of postharvest biofungicides are discussed.

Antibiosis↗
PubMed2006

Inactivation of Escherichia coli (ATCC 4157) in diluted apple cider by dense-phase carbon dioxide.

Dense-phase carbon dioxide (CO2) treatments in a continuous flow through system were applied to apple cider to inactivate Escherichia coli (ATCC 4157). A response surface design with factors of the CO2/product ratio (0, 70, and 140 g/kg), temperature (25, 35, and 45 degrees C), and pressure (6.9, 27.6, and 48.3 MPa) were used. E. coli was very sensitive to dense CO2 treatment, with a more than 6-log reduction in treatments containing 70 and 140 g/kg CO2, irrespective of temperature and pressure. The CO2/product ratio was the most important factor affecting inactivation rate of E. coli. No effect of temperature and pressure was detected because of high sensitivity of the cells to dense CO2. Dense CO2 could be an alternative pasteurization treatment for apple cider. Further studies dealing with the organoleptic quality of the product are needed.

Beverages↗
PubMed2006

Influence of punctures, cuts, and surface morphologies of golden delicious apples on penetration and growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7.

The ability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to penetrate and grow within punctures, fresh-cut surfaces, and calyces of Golden Delicious apples was investigated. A three-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 resistant to ampicillin was used to inoculate fresh and 48-h-old punctures, fresh-cut surfaces, and open or closed calyces. A concentric cutting procedure was used to evaluate depth of penetration within punctures and prevent cross contamination during sampling. Within 2 h, E. coli O157:H7 penetrated vertically through the fresh punctures and 3.4 mm within the underlying parenchyma. After 48 h, E. coli O157: H7 cells penetrated up to 5.5 mm within the punctures and >2.6 mm horizontally away from fresh punctures. However, 48-h-old punctures did not permit penetration beyond their boundaries. Fresh-cut surfaces permitted up to 2.8 mm penetration after 24 h. Onset of growth of E. coli O157:H7 occurred 4 to 8 h postinoculation on fresh punctures and fresh-cut surfaces with populations increasing by 3 logs after 48 h. E. coli O157:H7 penetrated within calyces regardless of the extent of opening or method of inoculation. However, E. coli O157:H7 was never recovered from the inner core of apples. Computed tomography scan imaging revealed that closed calyces effectively prevented penetration of sodium iodide solutions within the calyx cavity. Lack of solution penetration may explain why sanitizing treatments are ineffective in inactivating microbial cells within the calyx. Understanding the role of morphological differences in permitting or restricting bacterial penetration may lead to development of more effective strategies to enhance the safety of fresh horticultural products.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of sanitizer penetration and its effect on destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Golden Delicious apples.

This study was conducted to determine the penetration of 5% trisodium phosphate solution at various depths within punctures and calyces of apples spot inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and the effect of solution agitation on destruction of the pathogen. Sanitizer solutions containing radiolabeled disodium phosphate (DSP32) were able to penetrate apple tissues through punctures and calyx cavities. However, agitation of the solutions did not result in significantly greater penetration in these areas (P > 0.05). Overall, there were 1.57- and 1.1-log reductions of pathogen cells within 4-h-old punctures treated with and without trisodium phosphate solution agitation, respectively. Sanitizer solutions were effective in destroying pathogen cells residing within the upper 4.2-mm region of the punctures. Destruction of pathogen cells within open and closed calyces occurred mainly within the basin and the upper 3 mm of the calyx cavity. Treatment with agitated sanitizer solution resulted in a 0.67-log reduction in pathogen concentration within open calyces. In contrast, treatment of closed calyces resulted in a 1.37-log reduction, mainly within the basin. Washing with water alone appeared to result in further penetration of the cells within calyces without significantly reducing the number of pathogen cells (P > 0.05). To develop more effective methods for reducing contamination on produce, it is important to know the extent of sanitizer penetration and its effect on destruction of pathogens.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2006

Inactivation of microorganisms in milk and apple cider treated with ultrasound.

Nonthermal technologies are emerging as promising alternatives to heat treatment for food processing. Ultrasound, defined as sound waves with a frequency greater than 20 kHz, has proven bactericidal effects, especially when combined with other microbial-reduction strategies such as mild heating. In this study, ultrasound treatment (sonifier probe at 20 kHz, 100% power level, 150 W acoustic power, 118 W/cm2 acoustic intensity) with or without the effect of mild heat (57 degrees C) was effective at reducing microbial levels in raw milk, Listeria monocytogenes levels inoculated in ultrahigh-temperature milk, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple cider. Continuous flow ultrasound treatment combined with mild heat (57 degrees C) for 18 min resulted in a 5-log reduction of L. monocytogenes in ultrahigh-temperature milk, a 5-log reduction in total aerobic bacteria in raw milk, and a 6-log reduction in E. coli O157:H7 in pasteurized apple cider. Inactivation regressions were second-order polynomials, showing an initial period of rapid inactivation, eventually tailing off. Results indicate that ultrasound technology is a promising processing alternative for the reduction of microorganisms in liquid foods.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Relationship between caesium (137Cs) load, cardiovascular symptoms, and source of food in 'Chernobyl' children -- preliminary observations after intake of oral apple pectin.

Seventeen years after the nuclear power accident at Chernobyl, most of the radio-contamination among the population of Southern Belarus is caused by incorporation of long-lived radioisotopes. The varying levels of 137Cs observed among children in this area are explained by the source of their food, especially by the consumption of contaminated milk produced privately. We stratified children from rural areas of Belarus (caesium [137Cs] contamination >5 Ci/km(2)) by their 137Cs loads into three distinct groups (group 1, <5 Bq/kg body weight [BW]; group 2, 38.4 +/- 2.4 Bq/kg BW; group 3, 122 +/- 18.5 Bq/kg BW). We determined the relationship between the 137Cs load and the children's main source of food and recorded their cardiovascular symptoms. Cardiovascular symptoms, ECG alterations, and arterial hypertension were significantly more frequent in children with high 137Cs burden than in children with very low 137Cs burden. Children with moderate and high 137Cs loads (groups 2 and 3) received apple pectin, a food additive, for 16 days. Apple pectin significantly decreased 137Cs loads in these groups (39% and 28%, respectively). ECG alterations improved, while cardiovascular symptoms and hypertension did not change in any group.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Genetic diversity and molecular markers in introduced and Thai native apple snails (Pomacea and Pila).

The genetic diversity and species-diagnostic markers in the introduced apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata and in the native Thai apple snails; Pila ampullacea, P. angelica, P. pesmei, and P. polita, were investigated by restriction analysis of COI and are reported for the first time. Twenty-one composite haplotypes showing non-overlapping distributions among species were found. Genetic heterogeneity analysis indicated significant differences between species (P < 0.0001) and within P. pesmei (P < 0.0001) and P. angelica (P < 0.0004). No such heterogeneity was observed in Pomacea canaliculata (P > 0.0036 as modified by the Bonferroni procedure), P. ampullacea (P = 0.0824-1.000) and P. polita (P = 1.0000). A neighbor-joining tree based on genetic distance between pairs of composite haplotypes differentiated all species and indicated that P. angelica and P. pesmei are closely related phylogenetically. In addition, the 16S rDNA of these species was cloned and sequenced. A species-specific PCR for P. canaliculata was successfully developed with a sensitivity of detection of approximately 50 pg of the target DNA template. The amplification of genomic DNA (50 pg and 25 ng) isolated from the fertilized eggs, and juveniles (1, 7, and 15 d after hatching) of Pomacea canaliculata was also successful, and suggested that Pomacea canaliculata and Pila species can be discriminated from the early stages of development.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Gene expression during adventitious root formation in apple.

A model system for adventitious root formation in woody plants was used to identify transcripts that are up-regulated during this process. 1 mm stem-disks from micropropagated shoots of the apple cultivar Jork 9 can be induced to form roots by treatment with the auxin indole butyric acid (IBA). Stem discs are placed on medium containing IBA for 24 hours and then transferred to IBA-free medium. Root initials become visible after 5-6 days and root elongation occurs within 7-9 days. The first visible cell divisions, which will give rise to the adventitious roots, are detectable 48 hours following IBA treatment. We have used this system to identify transcripts that are induced during adventitious root formation. Two techniques were employed in this analysis: differential messenger RNA display (DDRT) and mRNA representational difference analysis (RDA), a technique that couples PCR and subtractive hybridisation. Using both of these techniques a number of clones have been isolated that exhibit differential expression during auxin induced root formation. Both up-regulated and down-regulated transcripts have been identified. Expression of these genes has initially been verified by reverse northern blot analysis. Northern blot analysis with individual clones has confirmed the expression pattern observed in the reverse northern analysis. Tentative identities of some of the clones have been established by sequencing the partial cDNAs. Among the up-regulated transcripts are clones that share sequence homology with polygalacturonase and MAP kinases. A full-length cDNA for the most abundant up-regulated mRNA, a 2-oxoacid dependent dioxygenase, was characterised. This mRNA is expressed between 24 and 72 hours following IBA treatment of apple stem disks.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with chemical ionization and negative ion detection for confirmation of identity of patulin in apple juice.

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with negative ion chemical ionization permits detection of underivatized patulin in apple juice extracts while minimizing co-extractive responses. The technique has been used with a variety of capillary columns in quadrupole, ion trap, and magnetic sector GC/MS instruments to confirm presumptive findings of patulin in apple juice at concentrations ranging from 68 to 3700 micrograms/L. The demonstrated ability to use any of these 3 mass spectrometers and several capillary columns to confirm the identity of patulin are significant strengths of the technique.

Beverages↗
PubMed2000

Apple peel atresia in association with bilateral colobomatous malformation of the optic nerve heads, dysmorphic features, and learning disability - a new syndrome?

Apple peel atresia of the small bowel is a rare congenital cause of intestinal obstruction. This case report describes a male patient with apple peel atresia and bilateral colobomatous malformation of the optic nerve heads in association with dysmorphic features and learning disabilities. In the absence of a positive family history, we propose that this collection of clinical findings could be due to a new dominant mutation or chromosomal microdeletion.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Application of a mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and cleanup procedure for LC/MS determination of thiabendazole and carbendazim in apple juice.

Recently, a mixed-mode solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for rapid extraction and cleanup for determination of the fungicides thiabendazole and carbendazim in various fruit juices. This paper reports the application of that sample preparation procedure to the liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of these fungicides in apple juice with detection by positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). Response was linear for sample concentrations from 2 to 500 microg/L (ppb). Recoveries averaged 74% (9% RSD) for carbendazim and 93% (9% RSD) for thiabendazole. After SPE cleanup, no matrix supression was observed for the ESI+ response for either compound studied. The method was applied to the analysis of incurred residues in 4 store-bought apple juices; carbendazim levels ranged from 10 to 70 microg/L and thiabendazole levels ranged from less than 2 to 130 microg/L.

Benzimidazoles↗
PubMed2001

Distinguishing clonal apple rootstocks by isozymes banding patterns.

Molecular characterisation of clonal apple rootstocks using isozymes was carried out to identify isozyme polymorphism in seven clonal apple rootstocks and to identify the most characteristic and stable enzyme markers for each individual rootstock. Five enzyme systems were studied out of which polyphenol oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and peroxidase were useful in discriminating among the rootstocks. The peroxidase enzyme system showed maximum variation and esterase showed the least variation among the rootstocks. Out of seven rootstocks, three were distinguished on the basis of one enzyme system only (M.3 with MDH or PER, M.7 with PPO or PER and MM. 111 with MDH). Out of the sixteen loci studied seven were found to be polymorphic. Genetic variation among the rootstocks was explained on the basis of various parameters. The percentage of polymorphic loci varied from 13.33 to 35.71 per cent.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2002

The use of molecular markers in apple breeding for disease resistance.

Molecular markers have become a useful tool simplifying and speeding up breeding work. They are also helpful in the genetic analysis of complex agronomic traits. The investigations concern the use of already available SCAR markers for molecular analysis of breeding materials. The markers are the apple powdery mildew resistance gene Pl2, originating from Malus zumi, and the apple scab resistance gene Vf, from M. floribunda 821. The clone U 211 was found to be highly resistant to mildew under field conditions and transmitted a high level of resistance to the majority of its progeny. The presence of the Vf gene conferring resistance to scab was confirmed by molecular analysis. As the molecular markers for the Pl2 gene are not present in the DNA of U 211, it is probable that the clone U 211 is a new source of mildew resistance.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1976

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of ethephon and fenoprop residues in apples and their decline before and after harvest.

Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) and fenoprop (2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid) may be determined in the same apple sample. After extraction with methanol, 2 separate methylation procedures were required to quantitatively convert each compound. Ethephon was esterified with diazomethane and analyzed by a flame photometric detector in the P-mode. Fenoprop was esterified with boron trifluoride/methanol and analyzed by electron capture gas chromatography. Average recoveries were about 95% at 0.05 ppm for both compounds. The limit of detection was 0.05 ppm for ethephon and 0.01 ppm for fenoprop in a 1 g sample. The persistence of both compounds before and after harvest was studied. Ethephon and fenoprop were applied simultaneously to apple trees at the recommended concentrations of 300 and 20 ppm, respectively. Ethephon residues averaged 1.6, 0.75, and 0.4 ppm at 2 hr, 10 days, and after washing at 13 days, respectively. The corresponding fenoprop residues were 0.70, 0.025, and 0.024 ppm.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Change in the level of 1-aminochloropropane-1-carbonic acid. Activity of a protein inhibitor of polygalacturonase, intensity of formation of oligouronides in apples during ripening and treatment with haloethane derivatives and aminoethoxyvinylglycine].

We studied changes in the intensity of ethylene release and accumulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid during ripening of two apple varieties characterized by various physiological states and treated with halothane derivatives and L-alpha-(2-aminoethoxyvinyl)-glycine. We observed changes in activity of the protein polygalacturonase inhibitor in the fruit tissue and accumulation of oligouronides. The data suggest that pretreatment with the inhibitor of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase affects ethylene release, accumulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, activity of the protein polygalacturonase inhibitor, and potential intensity of oligouronide formation in apple fruits and tissues.

Amino Acids, Cyclic↗