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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Task-related chemical analysis of labial gland volatile secretion in worker honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica).

Chemical analyses revealed that the labial gland complex of worker honeybees possesses a series of hydrocarbons dominated by odd-numbered carbon chain alkanes along with minor amounts of alkenes and branched alkanes. Foragers contained significantly more secretion than nurse bees. Experiments with bees from colonies induced to have a division of labor independent of age revealed that the differences in the amount of secretion were task, but not age dependent.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Quantitative trait loci associated with reversal learning and latent inhibition in honeybees (Apis mellifera).

A study was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that affect learning in honeybees. Two F1 supersister queens were produced from a cross between two established lines that had been selected for differences in the speed at which they reverse a learned discrimination between odors. Different families of haploid drones from two of these F1 queens were evaluated for two kinds of learning performance--reversal learning and latent inhibition--which previously showed correlated selection responses. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were scored from recombinant, haploid drone progeny that showed extreme manifestations of learning performance. Composite interval mapping procedures identified two QTLs for reversal learning (lrn2 and lrn3: LOD, 2.45 and 2.75, respectively) and one major QTL for latent inhibition (lrn1: LOD, 6.15). The QTL for latent inhibition did not map to either of the linkage groups that were associated with reversal learning. Identification of specific genes responsible for these kinds of QTL associations will open up new windows for better understanding of genes involved in learning and memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Presence of chitinase in adult Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite of Apis mellifera.

The enzyme spectrum of an ectoparasitic mite of the honeybee. Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) was studied using a semi-quantitative method, especially designed for complex samples which have not been purified. Exopeptidases and phosphatases are shown present. A chitinase and enzymes able to transform beta carbohydrates are also present with a large range in the intensity of the reaction. The role of the chitinase can be related to the supply of nutritional needs or/and the piercing and sucking behaviour of the adult parasite. Chitinase activity could be one factor influencing the balance between the parasite and its host.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Distribution of deformed wing virus within honey bee (Apis mellifera) brood cells infested with the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor.

The distribution of deformed wing virus (DWV) in adult female Varroa destructor and in their progeny in relation to the pupal host bee was investigated to evaluate acquisition and transfer of DWV by the mites. The results clearly show that adult female mites regularly act as competent vectors of DWV, however, they do not acquire or transfer virus on all possible occasions. Mother mites may contain DWV while the pupal host remains free from overt infection and both mother mites and mite progeny may not acquire detectable amounts of DWV from an infected host bee. However, a majority of mites feeding on pupae that emerge with deformed wings will contain DWV. The data also demonstrates that both adult and immature mite progeny most likely acquire DWV from DWV-infected host bees and not from their mother mites. Possible explanations for the obtained results are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The effects of temperature and dose of formic acid on treatment efficacy against Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae), a parasite of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae).

In order to decrease the variability of formic acid treatments against the honey bee parasite the varroa mite, Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman 2000), it is necessary to determine the dose-time combination that best controls mites without harming bees. The concentration x time (CT) product is a valuable tool for studying fumigants and how they might perform under various environmental conditions. This laboratory study is an assessment of the efficacy of formic acid against the varroa mite under a range of formic acid concentrations and temperatures. The objectives are 1) to determine the effect of temperature and dose of formic acid on worker honey bee and varroa mite survival, 2) to determine the CT50 products for both honey bees and varroa mites and 3) to determine the best temperature and dose to optimize selectivity of formic acid treatment for control of varroa mites. Worker honey bees and varroa mites were fumigated at 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.16 mg/L at 5, 15, 25, and 35 degrees C for 12 d. Mite and bee mortality were assessed at regular intervals. Both mite and bee survival were affected by formic acid dose. Doses of 0.08 and 0.16 mg/L were effective at killing mites at all temperatures tested above 5 degrees C. There was a significant interaction between temperature, dose, and species for the CT50 product. The difference between the CT50 product of bees and mites was significant at only a few temperature-dose combinations. CT product values showed that at most temperatures the greatest fumigation efficiency occurred at lower doses of formic acid. However, the best fumigation efficiency and selectivity combination for treatments occurred at a dose of 0.16 mg/L when the temperature was 35 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The reproductive program of female Varroa destructor mites is triggered by its host, Apis mellifera.

Reproducing Varroa females begin oviposition on a host larva by laying an unfertilized (male) egg, followed by fertilized (female) offspring. Using transfer experiments, we examined whether the sequence of sexes in the brood cell is triggered by a host stimulus. When reproducing Varroa females were transferred from white-eyed pupae (worker brood) into freshly capped worker brood cells, 77% (n = 22 fertile mites after the transfer) began a new reproductive cycle by laying a male egg. The proportion of brood cells with male offspring was similar to naturally infested brood cells. Varroa females transferred into brood cells with young pupae reproduced, but only 6% (n = 16 fertile mites after the transfer) produced male offspring. This was significantly different from male production in naturally reproducing Varroa females and those transferred into freshly capped brood cells. We conclude that a host stimulus present in freshly capped brood cells triggers both the start of reproduction and the sequence of sexes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Disulfide pairing and secondary structure of ASP1, an olfactory-binding protein from honeybee (Apis mellifera L).

In insects, the transport of airborne, hydrophobic odorants and pheromones through the sensillum lymph is accomplished by olfactory-binding proteins (CBPs). We report the structural characterization of a honeybee OBP called ASP1 found in workers and drones, previously observed to bind queen pheromone components. A novel method based on ion-spray mass spectrometry analysis of cyanylation-induced cleavage products of partially reduced protein with Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine was needed to determine the recombinant ASP1 disulfide bond pairing. It was observed to be Cys(I)-Cys(III), Cys(II)-Cys(V), Cys(IV)-Cys(VI), similar to those already described for other OBPs from honeybee and Bombyx mori suggesting that this pattern occurs commonly throughout the diverse family of insect OBPs. Circular dichroism revealed that ASP1 is an all-alpha protein in accordance with NMR preliminary data, but unlike lipocalin-like vertebrate OBPs.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Conditional withholding of proboscis extension in honeybees (Apis mellifera) during discriminative punishment.

Proboscis extension conditioning of honeybee workers was used to test the ability of bees to respond to appetitive and aversive stimuli while restrained in a harness that allows subjects to move their antennae and mouthparts (Kuwabara, 1957; Menzel, Erber, & Masuhr, 1974). Subjects were conditioned to discriminate between two odors, one associated with sucrose feeding and the other associated with a 10 V AC shock if they responded to the sucrose unconditioned stimulus (US) in the context of that odor. Most Ss readily learned to respond to the odor followed by sucrose feeding and not to the odor associated with sucrose stimulation plus shock. Furthermore, in the context of the odor associated with shock, significantly more subjects withheld or delayed proboscis extension on stimulation with the sucrose US than they did in the context of the odor associated with feeding. Thus, restrained honeybees can readily learn to avoid shock according to an odor context by withholding proboscis extension to a normally powerful releaser. Analysis of individual learning curves revealed that subjects differed markedly in performance on this task. Some learn the discrimination quickly, whereas others show different kinds of response patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Retrograde amnesia in honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica).

After a single reward on a spectral color, freely flying honeybees show retrograde amnesia when an electroconvulsive shock, CO2 narcosis, N2 narcosis, or cooling (to 1 degrees C) is applied after learning. Retrograde amnesia is measurable with these four treatments up to 7 min after the reward. For none of the treatments was a consistent relationship found between the reaction tested and the time of testing after the treatment. Prolonged application of the four treatments leads to a significant increase in the rate of retrograde amnesia only after CO2 narcosis. Memory in the honeybee is susceptible to impairment until 15 min after the reward.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1999

The glomerular code for odor representation is species specific in the honeybee Apis mellifera.

Odors are coded by glomerular activity patterns in the insect antennal lobe (AL) and in the mammalian olfactory bulb. We measured glomerular responses to 30 different odors in the AL of honeybees using calcium-sensitive dyes. By subsequently staining glomeruli and identifying individual glomerular outlines, we were able to compare the patterns between animals. Regardless of whether the odors were mixtures or pure substances, environmental odors or pheromones, their representations were highly conserved among individuals. Therefore, it may be possible to create a functional atlas of the AL in which particular molecular receptive ranges are attributed to each glomerulus.

Animals↗