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Changes in the spatial distribution of the population of Ethiopia over the period 1965-1984 are analyzed. The author develops a theory of spatial organization based on a consideration of the use of space by individuals. "It is also hypothesized that most of the overall population changes are largely attributed to micro-scale adjustments of the people or movements of [an] intra-regional nature."
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The exchange of experiences and lessons has been a feature of JOICFP's IP in Africa since the project's earliest days, particularly at the local level. At the end of 1995, this exchange system was expanded to the regional level with the swap of study teams between Zambia and Tanzania. Five personnel from Tanzania visited Zambia from October 14 to 28 and four IP personnel from Zambia visited Tanzania from November 4 to 18. For both teams the experience was one of learning and provided insights into different approaches to such areas as logistics, operational strategy, service delivery, organization setup, administration, income-generation and sustainability, data collection, analysis and reporting and cost-effectiveness. The Tanzanian team was impressed with the effective use of the health advisory committees at the village level in Zambia to reach local people. The steering committee structure ends at the ward level and not the village level in Tanzania. They also noted the strong involvement of men in the project and the dual existence of clubs for men and women. In one of the villages visited, the team joined an IP Open Day attended by over 5000. The study visit to Tanzania was also effective for the Zambian team, which was impressed with the IP system for the collection and analysis of CYP/CPR data. The members noted the close UMATI-government collaboration and joining of forces for FP service delivery. Tanzania's success with systematic CBD/CBS deployment was another impressive feature for the Zambians.
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By exploring two approaches to organizational change, gender and organizational development (OD), the author argues that OD is flawed since it perpetuates existing gender inequalities by failing to address them. By contrast, the gender approach brings change both for women and for men and is contextualized in a broader agenda of social transformation. Analysis of how power is gendered is the critical starting point. While gender is not disconnected from other forms of oppression--such as race and class--special attention needs to be given to gender because experience has shown it gets lost. This article seeks to contribute to breaking new ground in theory and practice in order to promote organizations that are both equitable and effective.
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The paper describes the methods used in the statistical analysis of field trials of acrolein, Bayluscide, ICI 24223 and NaPCP molluscicides. The study shows the importance of adequate sampling of the snail population both before and after the application of the molluscicide and the necessity of obtaining equally complete data from the controls. For kills above 99%, if the pretreatment collection contains fewer than 400-500 snails, the range between the confidence limits exceeds 5% and, if the pretreatment sample contains fewer than 1200-1500 snails, the range exceeds 2%. For all the molluscicides except acrolein, a cube-root transformation was found to be applicable. After treatment with acrolein, the snails were distributed at random. It most of the trials there were significant changes in the snail populations in the control canals, possibly due to sampling. No significant differences were observed between samplings taken 48 hours and one week after treatment; one of these could be omitted in future trials.
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