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PubMed2005

Attenuation of negative pain affect produced by unilateral spinal nerve injury in the rat following anterior cingulate cortex activation.

The affective and the sensory dimensions of pain processing can be differentiated in humans through the use of questionnaires and verbal communication. It is difficult to dissociate these two components of pain processing in rodents, and an understanding of the underlying mechanisms for each component is unclear. The quantification of a novel behavioral response to a repeated noxious cutaneous stimulus together with a measurement of tactile allodynia in nerve-injured rats might be used to differentially explore the sensory and affective components of pain processing in the rat. The present study utilized electrical stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex, a structure implicated in affective pain processing but not sensory processing, in nerve-injured rats (L5 spinal nerve ligation) and found that the aversive quality of noxious cutaneous hindpaw stimulation was attenuated. There were no effects on sensory processing, because anterior cingulate cortex stimulation did not produce an anti-allodynic effect in L5 spinal nerve ligation animals. Furthermore, anterior cingulate cortex stimulation in animals with bilateral ventrolateral periaqueductal gray area lesions did not affect tactile sensitivity in L5 spinal nerve ligation rats, indicating that an endogenous pain suppression system was not likely activated by anterior cingulate cortex stimulation. However, bilateral ventrolateral periaqueductal gray area lesions in L5 spinal nerve ligation rats blocked the effect produced by anterior cingulate cortex stimulation in the place escape/avoidance paradigm. Specifically, these animals avoided noxious stimulation of the allodynic paw significantly more than anterior cingulate cortex-stimulated, sham or incomplete ventrolateral periaqueductal gray area-lesioned, L5 spinal nerve ligation animals. These findings provide the first quantified report that the activation of the anterior cingulate cortex reduced the aversive quality of repeated noxious tactile stimulation in nerve-injured animals without interfering with normal sensory processing. This effect might require the presence of an intact ventrolateral periaqueductal gray area. It is concluded that the selective manipulation of the anterior cingulate cortex has different effects on pain affect and sensory processing in a rodent model of neuropathic pain.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Contribution of the ventromedial hypothalamus to generation of the affective dimension of pain.

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is a core structure underlying the generation of affective behaviors to threats. The prototypical threat to an individual is exposure to a noxious stimulus and the dorsomedial division of the VMH (dmVMH) receives nociceptive input. The present study evaluated the contribution of the dmVMH to generation of the affective reaction to pain in rats. Noxious tailshock elicits from rats vocalization afterdischarges (VADs) that have distinct spectrographic characteristics and are a validated model of the affective reaction to pain. VAD-like vocalizations (vocalizations with the same spectral characteristics of VADs) were elicited by stimulation (electrical or chemical) of the dmVMH. Stimulation in the vicinity of the dmVMH was ineffective in eliciting VADs. Manipulation of GABA(A) neurochemistry within the dmVMH altered the threshold for elicitation of VADs by dmVMH stimulation or tailshock. Administration of the GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline or the GABA(A) agonist muscimol into the dmVMH lowered and elevated VAD thresholds, respectively. These treatments did not alter thresholds of other tailshock elicited responses (vocalizations during tailshock or spinal motor reflexes). Bicuculline and muscimol administered into the dmVMH also elevated and lowered the asymptotic level of fear conditioning supported by dmVMH stimulation or tailshock. These findings demonstrate that the dmVMH contributes to the processing of pain affect and that the affective dimension of pain belongs to a broader class of sensory experience that represents threat to the individual.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Affect in patients with epilepsy undergoing video/EEG monitoring: retrospective versus momentary assessment and temporal relationship to seizures.

This study was designed to (1) compare retrospective and momentary assessments of mood/affect, and (2) examine the temporal relationship between affect and seizure occurrence. Patients with epilepsy undergoing long-term video/EEG monitoring (LTM) completed an affect rating of how they felt "at that moment" each time a programmed watch beeped (momentary assessment); these ratings were averaged across each patient's hospital stay. Prior to discharge, patients were asked to think back and rate how they felt "during their hospital stay" using the same rating scale (retrospective assessment). Results indicated that patients retrospectively recalled feeling significantly more positive during their LTM than they reported feeling when they were actually undergoing LTM. Among patients who had EEG-verified seizures, momentary assessments were used to compare affect during the interictal periods with affect during the prodromal and postictal periods. The latter two periods were characterized by significantly less activated positive affect than were the interictal periods.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND: Psychopathy is a complex personality disorder of unknown etiology. Central to the disorder are anomalies or difficulties in affective processing. METHODS: Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to elucidate the neurobiological correlates of these anomalies in criminal psychopaths during performance of an affective memory task. RESULTS: Compared with criminal nonpsychopaths and noncriminal control participants, criminal psychopaths showed significantly less affect-related activity in the amygdala/hippocampal formation, parahippocampal gyrus, ventral striatum, and in the anterior and posterior cingulate gyri. Psychopathic criminals also showed evidence of overactivation in the bilateral fronto-temporal cortex for processing affective stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the affective abnormalities so often observed in psychopathic offenders may be linked to deficient or weakened input from limbic structures.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Neural abnormalities during cognitive generation of affect in treatment-resistant depression.

BACKGROUND: Dysfunctions in brain regions known to be involved in affect and mood states are thought to be implicated in depression and may have a role in determining the type and symptoms of this illness. METHODS: Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to elucidate neural correlates of cognitive generation of affect, using a previously published paradigm of evoking affect with picture-caption pairs, in patients with unipolar, treatment-resistant depression. RESULTS: Compared with control participants, patients showed relatively decreased response in the anterior cingulate (rostral; right) with both negative and positive picture-caption pairs and in the medial frontal gyrus and hippocampus (all left) with positive picture-caption pairs. They demonstrated increased response in the inferior (right) and middle temporal gyri (left) with negative picture-caption pairs, and in the parahippocampal gyrus (right), inferior frontal gyrus (left), subgenual cingulate (right), striatum (right), and brain stem (left) with positive picture-caption pairs. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced medial/middle prefrontal and hippocampal activity may account for positive affect disturbances and temporal lobe hyperactivity for negative affect disturbances in treatment-resistant depression. The results also corroborate previous observations from resting positron emission tomography studies and further elucidate the association between hypoactive rostral cingulate and nonresponsiveness to treatment in depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Affective and psychotic symptoms relate to different types of P300 alteration in depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Previous findings of P300 alterations in depressive disorder have been controversial. We therefore used multivariate methods to study the relationship between P300 and affective and psychotic symptoms in depressive disorder. METHODS: The P300 of 22 psychotropic drug-free depressed out-patients was registered within an auditory oddball paradigm. Affective and psychotic symptoms were evaluated using the depression and psychoticism subscales of SCL-90. The relationship of P300 amplitude and latency with affective and psychotic symptoms was assessed with multiple linear regression analysis and ANOVA. P300 values of the depressed patients were also compared with those of 22 healthy controls. RESULTS: Psychotic symptoms were associated with an overall reduction in P300 amplitude, which was pronounced in the left temporocentral electrode chain (T3, C3, Cz). Psychotic symptoms were also associated with a prolonged P300 latency. Affective symptoms were associated with a relational amplitude reduction at the right temporal scalp sites. There were no statistically significant differences in P300 amplitude or latency between depressed and control-subjects. LIMITATIONS: Rather small number of study subjects. The psychotic scores were low in all subjects. Multiple statistical analyses were used, and no specific a priori hypothesis was tested. CONCLUSIONS: In depressive disorder, affective and psychotic symptoms are associated with different types of P300 alteration, which may indicate different underlying neurobiological processes.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Development of an integrated model of personality, personality disorders and severe axis I disorders, with special reference to major affective disorders.

A unidimensional model of the relationships between normal temperament, psychopathic variants of it and the two main forms of so-called endogenous psychoses (major affective disorders and schizophrenia) was derived from Kretschmer's constitutional typology. It was, however, not confirmed by means of a biometric approach nor was Kretschmer's broad concept of cyclothymia as a correlate of physical stoutness on the one hand and major affective disorders on the other supported by empirical data. Yet the concept of the 'melancholic type' of personality of patients with severe unipolar major depression (melancholia) which resembles descriptions by psychoanalysts could be corroborated. This was also true for the 'manic type' of personality as a (premorbid) correlate of predominantly manic forms of a bipolar I disorder. As predicted from a spectrum concept of major affective disorders, the ratio of traits of either type co-varied with the ratio of the depressive and the manic components in the long-term course of such a disorder. The two types of premorbid personality and a rare variant of the 'manic type', named 'relaxed, easy-going type', were conceived as 'affective types' dominating in major affective disorders. They are opposed to three 'neurotoid types' prevailing in so-called neurotic disorders as well as in schizophrenic psychoses. The similarity among the types can be visualized as spatial relationships in a circular, i.e. a two-dimensional, model (circumplex). Personality disorders as maladapted extreme variants of personality are, by definition, located outside the circle, mainly along its 'neurotoid' side. However, due to their transitional nature, axis I disorders cannot be represented adequately within the plane which represents (adapted as well as maladapted) forms of habitual behaviour (personality types and disorders, respectively). To integrate them into the spatial model of similarity interrelations, a dimension of actual psychopathology has to be added to the two-dimensional plane as a third (orthogonal) axis. The distance of a case from the 'ground level' of habitual behaviour corresponds with the severity of the actual psychopathological state. The specific form of that state (e.g. manic or depressive), however, varies along one the axes which define the circumplex of habitual behaviour. This three-dimensional model is, by its very nature, more complex than the unidimensional one derived from Kretschmer's typological concept, but it is clearly more in accordance with empirical data.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1989

Effects of the opiate antagonist naloxone upon hypothalamically elicited affective defense behavior in the cat.

The opiate antagonist naloxone hydrochloride was employed in order to determine whether endogenous opioids play a role in the control of affective defense behavior elicited from the medial hypothalamus in the cat. The effects of naloxone upon quiet biting attack behavior elicited from the lateral hypothalamus were also assessed. A comparison of the differences in response latencies or thresholds before and after naloxone (i.p.) administration was made. Naloxone (1, 4 and 10 mg/kg) was found to significantly facilitate affective defense behavior in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The duration of facilitation ranged from 30 min after a 1 mg/kg injection to 180 min after a 10 mg/kg injection. The data also suggest that the effects of naloxone upon affective defense behavior are opposite to those seen with quiet biting attack. In two animals, quiet biting attack behavior was suppressed for 30 min following a 10 mg/kg injection of naloxone. Naloxone was also administered to cats in which hypothalamic stimulation elicited predatory responses coupled with components of affective defense behavior. In these cases, naloxone was ineffective in altering latencies for this 'mixed' response. These findings suggest that the opiate peptide system selectively inhibits affective defense behavior elicited from the medial hypothalamus of the cat.

Affect↗
PubMed2002

Emotion recognition via facial expression and affective prosody in schizophrenia: a methodological review.

Disturbances in affect recognition may be one of the most pervasive and serious aspects of the schizophrenic patient's interpersonal problems. Interest in the decoding of emotional information in schizophrenia has focused on facial affect recognition with 29 experimental papers on that topic published since 1987. A smaller literature exists on the topic of recognition of affect in speech and there are at least seven studies, which have examined both face and voice perception in the same individuals with schizophrenia. This paper includes a comprehensive analysis of the schizophrenia facial affect recognition research over the past decade and the schizophrenia literature on affective prosody, and provides the first review of the schizophrenia literature on multichannel emotion recognition research. The weight of evidence would suggest that individuals with schizophrenia experience problems in the perception of emotional material; however, the specificity, extent, and nature of the deficits are unclear. Emotion recognition research in schizophrenia should be informed by the general literature on emotion recognition with serious attention paid to methodological issues.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Specificity of amygdalostriatal interactions in the involvement of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in affective perception.

We have recently shown that dopaminergic responses to an attractive or an aversive stimulus were respectively increased and decreased in the core part of the nucleus accumbens and the ventromedial dorsal striatum. By contrast, increases in dopaminergic responses were obtained in the shell part of the nucleus accumbens with stimuli of both affective values. In addition, the involvement of the basolateral amygdala in affective processes has been reported by several authors. Anatomo-functional relationships between the basolateral amygdala and striatal structures have also been described. Thus, in the present work we studied the regulation by the basolateral amygdala of affective dopaminergic responses in the two parts of the nucleus accumbens (core and shell) and the ventromedial dorsal striatum. More precisely, variations in extracellular levels of dopamine induced by an attractive or an aversive olfactory stimulus were studied using in vivo voltammetry in freely moving rats. Changes in dopamine levels in the three left striatal regions were measured after functional blockade of the ipsilateral basolateral amygdala with tetrodotoxin. Changes in place attraction or aversion toward the stimulus were studied in parallel to dopamine variations. The results obtained suggest a specific regulation of affective dopaminergic responses in the two parts of the nucleus accumbens by the basolateral amygdala and a lack of influence of the basolateral amygdala on the ventromedial dorsal striatum. The results suggest that attraction or aversion toward a stimulus are correlated with dopamine variations in the core of the nucleus accumbens and that the basolateral amygdala controls affective behavioural responses. These data may provide new insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenic psychoses.

Affect↗
PubMed1996

Postoperative use of pediatric pain scales: children's self-report versus nurse assessment of pain intensity and affect.

The purpose was to examine nurses' use of pediatric pain scales and to compare their estimate of the child's pain intensity and affect with the child's self-report. The Analog Chromatic Continuous Scale (ACCS) was used for pain intensity and the McGrath Affective Faces Scale (MAFS) for pain affect. Self-report of pain was obtained from 124 hospitalized postoperative children aged 5 to 17 years and compared with estimates of 44 pediatric nurses randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. Experimental nurses used the ACCS and MAFS to obtain pain ratings whereas control nurses made estimates according to their customary method of assessment. Findings revealed that only 36% of the nurses had at any time used a pediatric pain scale. Correlations between the experimental nurses' ratings and the child's self-report were significantly higher than the control nurses' estimates and the child's self-report. The correlation between the child's self-report of pain intensity on the ACCS and of affect on the MAFS was r = .612, suggesting that nurses' use of both an intensity and affect pediatric pain scale would more accurately reflect the child's pain experience.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

The impact of affectivity dispositions, self-efficacy and locus of control on psychosocial adjustment in patients with epilepsy.

The main hypothesis of this study was that negative and positive affectivity, self-efficacy and health-related locus of control are important for psychosocial adjustment in patients with epilepsy. These dimensions are rarely examined directly in relation to the psychosocial adjustment in these patients. Correlations between measures of these constructs and measures of psychosocial adjustment in epilepsy were investigated. One hundred and one patients answered the Washington psychosocial seizure inventory (WPSI), the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS-X), the multidimensional health locus of control scales (MHLC), the generalized self-efficacy scale and a scale measuring self-efficacy in epilepsy. Reliability analyses, correlational analyses and multiple stepwise regression analyses were performed. Negative affectivity (NA), positive affectivity (PA) and generalized self-efficacy showed high correlations with the WPSI scales emotional adjustment, overall psychosocial adjustment and quality of life. The epilepsy self-efficacy measures showed high, but lower correlations with the same WPSI scales. The MHLC scales showed low correlations with the WPSI scales. Multiple regression analyses showed that PA, NA and measures of self-efficacy explained more than 50% of the variances on emotional adjustment, overall psychosocial functioning and quality of life. In conclusion, positive and negative affectivity and self-efficacy are important predictors of perceived emotional adjustment, psychosocial adjustment and quality of life in patients with epilepsy. NA is the best predictor, but PA and self-efficacy measures give unique predictions independent of NA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Facial affect recognition in pre-lingually deaf people with schizophrenia.

The present study examined facial affect recognition in pre-lingually deaf individuals with schizophrenia. Affective facial-labeling task and the control task of face feature processing (the Benton facial recognition test) were performed by deaf subjects with schizophrenia using French sign language (FSL), hearing subjects with schizophrenia, and hearing healthy controls. Deaf subjects with schizophrenia performed more poorly than hearing clinical controls with schizophrenia or healthy controls on the affective facial-labeling task. No differences were found on the control task between deaf subjects with schizophrenia and hearing clinical or healthy controls. The results showed that facial affect recognition and face feature processing were differently impaired in pre-lingually deaf individuals with schizophrenia, suggesting that neurocognitive backgrounds of impaired affective facial processing may be distinct from those of general impairment in face processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The treated incidence of psychotic and affective illness in twins compared with population expectation: a study in the Swedish Twin and Psychiatric Registries.

Twin studies of psychiatric illness assume that the genetic and environmental risk factors for psychiatric illness are similar in twins and non-twins and in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. To test this assumption, we examine whether the treated incidence of psychiatric illness in twins deviates from population expectations or differs between MZ and DZ twins. Using first admissions to the Swedish Psychiatric Registry for the years 1979-83 for all twins born 1886-1958 from the Swedish Twin Registries, we calculated Standardized Morbidity Ratios (SMRs) using national incidence rates together with individually computed person-years at risk in the twin cohort. The diagnoses examined, for which there was more than 393000 person-years of risk, were schizophrenia, other non-affective psychoses (ONAP), bipolar affective illness (BPAI), unipolar affective illness (UPAI) and neurotic depression (ND). The SMRs (and 95% Cls) for all twins were: schizophrenia 0.86 (0.69-1.06), ONAP 1.05 (0.88-1.24), BPAI 1.09 (0.90-1.32), UPAI 1.05 (0.85-1.29) and ND 0.99 (0.88-1.10). This pattern of results did not differ substantially when examined separately by gender or birth cohort. Relative risks for first admissions for MZ v. same-sex DZ twins or same v. opposite-sex DZ twins did not differ significantly from unity for any of the disorders examined. In Sweden, the treated incidence of psychotic and affective disorders in twins does not differ from that found in the general population and does not differ across zygosity groups. These results support the validity of the twin method for the study of psychotic and affective disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Affective self-report during the intracarotid sodium amobarbital test: group differences.

Emotional reactions are sometimes observed during the intracarotid sodium amobarbital test. For instance, euphoric/indifference reactions can be seen during right hemisphere inactivation and catastrophic reactions may accompany left hemisphere inactivation. Less dramatic changes can also be detected in affective self-report during left and right hemisphere amobarbital tests, with more negative affect reported during left hemisphere inactivation and either neutral or mildly positive affective states reported during right hemisphere inactivation. The current study not only replicated this effect, but in addition, found significant group differences. The first group (right way) showed a pattern of affective self-report during left and right amobarbital tests entirely consistent with prior findings, while a second group (wrong way) showed results that behaved in a diametrically opposite fashion. A third group (no change) showed little, if any, difference in affective self-report during left and right amobarbital tests. The major factor distinguishing the wrong way group from the other two appeared to be an asymmetrical distribution of left and right temporal lobe lesions in the former group. In contrast, the factor differentiating the right way group from the no change group appeared to be the relative degree of left hemisphere inactivation during the left hemisphere amobarbital test. The results are discussed not only in terms of their impact on theories of cerebral lateralization for emotion, but also in terms of methodological issues in this field.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Recognition of facial affect by children and adolescents diagnosed with social phobia.

This study compared the ability of children with social phobia and children with no psychiatric disorder to accurately judge facial affect. Fifteen children and adolescents with social phobia and 14 control children were asked to identify emotions depicted in slides from the Pictures of Facial Affect. In addition, they rated their level of anxiety on a pictorial Likert scale prior to and upon completion of the facial recognition task. The results indicated that children with social phobia had significantly poorer facial affect recognition skills than normal controls and reported greater anxiety upon completion of the recognition task. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences between groups in the number of errors based on the type of facial affect. Posthoc analysis indicated that deficits were most pronounced for facial representations of happiness, sadness, and disgust. The results are discussed in relation to an integrated model of social skills training that includes facial affect recognition training as a integral component in treatment programs for children and adolescents with social phobia. Directions for future research with larger samples of more ethnically diverse children and adolescents are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The evaluation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale: Depressed and Positive Affect in cancer patients and healthy reference subjects.

This study examined the reliability and validity of a two-factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. The study was conducted in a large group of cancer patients (n = 475) and a matched reference group (n = 255). Both groups filled in a questionnaire at two points in time; patients 3 and 15 months after diagnosis. Factor analysis confirmed our hypothesis that the 16 negatively and four positively formulated items measure two relatively independent factors, i.e. Depressed Affect and Positive Affect. Therefore, these items should not be combined into an overall sumscore. In both groups, Depressed Affect proved to be a reliable and valid measure of depressive symptomatology, as indicated by its good internal consistency, its strong correlations with other measures of psychological distress and neuroticism, and its effectiveness in discriminating patients from the reference group on depressive symptomatology. In contrast, the validity of the Positive Affect factor could not be confirmed, since it was only weakly related to other measures of psychological distress and extraversion. Depressed and Positive Affect were about equally related to self-esteem, life satisfaction, and quality of life. These findings support the use of a sumscore based on the 16 negatively formulated CES-D items as a more valid measure of depressive symptomatology, in cancer patients and in healthy individuals from the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Barriers to reducing burden of affective disorders.

This paper summarizes 3 sets of barriers to reducing burden of affective disorders including factors that contribute to 1) the risk, course, and outcomes of affective disorders; 2) help-seeking and use of health and mental health services for affective and other mental disorders; and 3) the appropriateness of treatments used for affective disorders. On the basis of this review, the authors recommend research needed to identify modifiable barriers to reducing the burden of affective disorders and to identifying opportunities to reduce these barriers. This new research should focus on clarifying societal, family, and consumer, clinician, and system barriers to recognizing disorders, seeking and providing care, and adhering with guideline concordant care, and should include barriers that apply to both treatment and prevention services.

Comorbidity↗