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PubMed1975

The effect of acute bilateral adrenalectomy on vasopressor responses to catecholamines in dogs.

The effect of acute bilateral adrenalectomy on the pressor responses to adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline was studied in anaesthetized dogs. The responses to all the three catecholamines were reduced by adrenalectomy. Treatment with cortisone, cyclic AMP partially restored the responsiveness. Desocycorticosterone, aldosterone, hydrocortisone, phenylbutazone or infusion of either saline and noradrenaline failed to improve the impaired pressor responses seen in adrenalectomized dogs. Treatment with corticosterone alone. combined administration of aldosterone and hydrocortisone or cortisone followed by cyclic 3',5'-AMP also restored catecholamine responses amost to normal. The pressor responses to catecholmaines in dogs were also reduced by metyrapone-induced cortical insufficiency. Administration of corticosterone, cortisone or cyclic AMP slightly improved these responses; the recovery was not, however, as effective as that noted in the adrenalectomized condition.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed1975

The mechanism of acute renal ischaemia caused by adrenalectomy in the rat.

1. The acute reduction of renal blood flow following adrenalectomy in the rat, which had previously been shown to be associated with sequestration of blood volume in the splanchnic area, was further investigated. An attempt was made to define the role of the renal sympathetic nerves in causing the blood flow change. 2. The systemic and renal intra-arterial administration of phenoxybenzamine, isoprenaline and propranolol and denervation of the renal pedicle failed to re-establish normal renal function. 3. Infusion of P113 (sarcosyl1 alanine8), an angiotensin blocker, failed to improve renal function. 4. In contrast, volume replacement with high-molecular weight PVP caused a prompt increase of RPF and GFR without altering arterial pressure and central venous pressure. 5. Angiographic studies demonstrated that the calibre of the aorta of adrenalectomized rats was significantly smaller than that of the sham operated and increased after the administration of this plasma volume expander. 6. It was concluded that after adrenalectomy the major arteries readjusted their calibre to the reduced volume of blood in the arterial tree with maintenance of a constant pressure/volume relationship. Their contracted state in the case of the kidney then led to flow reduction.

Adrenalectomy↗

PubMed1989

Selective loss of hippocampal granule cells in the mature rat brain after adrenalectomy.

Adrenalectomy of adult male rats resulted in a nearly complete loss of hippocampal granule cells 3 to 4 months after surgery. Nissl and immunocytochemical staining of hippocampal neurons revealed that the granule cell loss was selective; there was no apparent loss of hippocampal pyramidal cells or of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)-, somatostatin-, neuropeptide Y-, calcium binding protein-, or parvalbumin-containing hippocampal interneurons. The hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells of adrenalectomized animals exhibited normal electrophysiological responses to afferent stimulation, whereas responses evoked in the dentate gyrus were severely attenuated. Corticosterone replacement prevented both the adrenalectomy-induced granule cell loss and the attenuated physiological response. Thus, the adrenal glands play a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the normal adult brain.

Adrenalectomy↗

PubMed1972

Differential susceptibility of male and female mice to encephalomyocarditis virus: effects of castration, adrenalectomy, and the administration of sex hormones.

Male mice have been noted to be more susceptible to encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus than female animals. Castration of male mice abolished this difference and resulted in enhanced resistance similar to that of female mice. This increase in resistance in castrated males could be eliminated by adrenalectomy. Adrenalectomy alone increased susceptibility in male mice but not in female mice. The administration of a long-acting preparation of testosterone markedly increased susceptibility both in castrated male and female mice, as well as in intact females. Testosterone also had a similar effect in immature mice of both sexes. On the other hand, estradiol, but not progesterone, increased susceptibility to EMC virus in castrated mice of both sexes. These data indicate that testicular, ovarian, and adrenal hormones may influence resistance to EMC virus in the mouse and may be critical determinants of the clinical outcome of infection with this virus.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1987

Effects of incremental cortisol and adrenalectomy on plasma corticosteroid binding capacity in fetal sheep.

The effects of incremental cortisol infusion or fetal adrenalectomy on plasma corticosteroid-binding capacity (CBC) were examined in sheep fetuses during late gestation (term approximately 150 days). Cortisol, infused from day 120 at 1.5 mg/day for the first 3 days, 2.5 mg/day for the next 5 days, and 3.5 mg/day for the final 2 days, stimulated a significant rise in plasma CBC and immunoreactive corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG). There was a significant positive correlation between individual values for total plasma cortisol concentrations and CBC values. In contrast, fetal adrenalectomy at day 115 prevented the rise in plasma CBC found in intact fetuses at term. These experiments show that exogenous cortisol, given in a manner that mimics the prepartum rise in fetal plasma cortisol, stimulates CBG biosynthesis, whereas abolition of the cortisol rise prevents the increase in CBG. The study provides strong support for the proposal that the prepartum increase in CBG biosynthesis in fetal sheep occurs in response to the progressive rise in adrenal cortisol output by the fetus towards term.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed2002

Adrenalectomy enhances the insulin sensitivity of muscle protein synthesis.

After confirming that adrenalectomy per se does not affect skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates, we examined whether endogenously produced glucocorticoids modulate the effect of physiological insulin concentrations on protein synthesis in overnight-fasted rats 4 days after either a bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX), ADX with dexamethasone treatment (ADX + DEX), or a sham operation (Sham; n = 6 each). Rats received a 3-h euglycemic insulin clamp (3 mU. min(-1). kg(-1)). Rectus muscle protein synthesis was measured at the end of the clamp, and the phosphorylation states of protein kinase B (Akt), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70(S6K)) were quantitated before and after the insulin clamp. The basal phosphorylation states of Akt, 4E-BP1, and p70(S6K) were similar between ADX and Sham rats. Insulin significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt (P < 0.03), 4E-BP1 (P = 0.003), and p70(S6K) (P < 0.002) in ADX but not in Sham rats. Protein synthesis was significantly greater after insulin infusion in ADX than in Sham rats (P = 0.01). Glucocorticoid replacement blunted the effect of insulin on Akt, 4E-BP1, and p70(S6K) phosphorylation and protein synthesis. In conclusion, glucocorticoid deficiency enhances the insulin sensitivity of muscle protein synthesis, which is mediated by increased phosphorylation of translation initiation-regulatory proteins.

Adrenalectomy↗

PubMed2003

Sexually dimorphic effects of maternal alcohol intake and adrenalectomy on left ventricular hypertrophy in rat offspring.

In humans, low birth weight and increased placental weight can be associated with cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Low birth weight and increased placental size are known to occur after fetal alcohol exposure or prenatal glucocorticoid administration. Thus the effects of removing the alcohol-induced increase in maternal corticosterone by maternal adrenalectomy on predictors of cardiovascular disease in adulthood were examined in rats. Alcohol exposure of dams during the last 2 wk of gestation resulted in significantly decreased fetal weight and increased placental weight on gestational day 21. Adult female, but not male, offspring of alcohol-consuming mothers exhibited left ventricular hypertrophy. Placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (11beta-HSD-2) mRNA levels, measured by Northern blot, were decreased in females but not males. Adrenalectomy of alcohol-consuming dams reversed the increase in placental weight and the decrease in female placental 11beta-HSD-2 expression and eliminated the left ventricular hypertrophy of adult female offspring. These data suggest that alcohol-induced changes in placental 11beta-HSD-2 mRNA levels and left ventricular weight are coupled in female offspring only and depend on maternal adrenal status.

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗

PubMed1982

Modulation by adrenalectomy and fasting of insulin effects in perfused hindlimb muscle.

Perfused hindlimb muscle from fed adrenalectomized rats accumulated more 2-deoxyglucose at submaximal concentrations of insulin in comparison to muscle from fed normal rats. However, in the fasted state, insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake was largely inhibited by adrenalectomy. Basal 2-deoxyglucose uptake did not differ between fed and fasted normal or adrenalectomized rats. The changes in insulin effects caused by adrenalectomy were due to altered hexose transport as shown by measurements of 3-O-methylglucose uptake and of intracellular free and phosphorylated 2-deoxyglucose. Muscles of fasted normal and fed or fasted adrenalectomized rats showed higher basal glycogen synthase --glucose-6-P/+glucose-6-P activity ratios than those of fed normal rats probably because of decreased glycogen content. However, muscles from fed or fasted adrenalectomized rats did not show any alterations in insulin effects on the activity ratio and half-maximal activation constant (A0.5) for glucose-6-P of glycogen synthase. Because of the dissociation of the effects of insulin on hexose transport and glycogen synthase in muscle of fasted adrenalectomized rats, it is concluded that the impairment in insulin-stimulated hexose transport in these animals is due to a defect lying beyond the interaction of insulin with its receptor.

3-O-Methylglucose↗

PubMed1985

Effects of prior adrenalectomy on postpneumonectomy lung growth in the rat.

The effects of adrenalectomy, with and without subsequent glucocorticoid replacement therapy, on postpneumonectomy compensatory lung growth in the rat were investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-230 g) were subjected to no operation (UNOP), left pneumonectomy (PNX), or PNX preceded by bilateral adrenalectomy 5 days earlier (ADX/PNX). At 14 days post-PNX, when compensatory lung growth is normally complete in 200-g rats, right lung (RL) dry weights of PNX (263 +/- 6 mg, n = 26) and ADX/PNX (334 +/- 13 mg, n = 25) rats were increased 58 and 101%, respectively, relative to UNOP controls (166 +/- 5 mg, n = 10). Increases in total DNA, RNA, and protein in the right lungs of PNX and ADX/PNX rats occurred in proportion to RL dry mass. The increase in all parameters examined in PNX and ADX/PNX rats at 7 days post-PNX was half that at 14 days, indicating linear lung growth in both treatment groups. The stimulatory effect of ADX on lung growth was blocked by hydrocortisone acetate (HCA), administered intraperitoneally in daily doses of 5 mg/kg, beginning on the day of PNX. The RL dry weights of HCA-treated ADX/PNX rats (241 +/- 7 mg, n = 10) did not differ significantly from the corresponding value in PNX rats (270 +/- 14 mg, n = 7). The lower RL weights in the HCA-treated rats resulted from an inhibition of cell division, as evidenced by the total RL DNA content, which was similar to that in PNX animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenalectomy↗

PubMed1991

Effect of adrenalectomy or sympathectomy on spinal cord blood flow in hypothermic rats.

We used [14C]butanol distribution to measure regional spinal cord blood flow (RSCBF) in three groups of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats: 1) normals (n = 16); 2) after bilateral adrenalectomy (n = 18); and 3) after excision of the abdominal sympathetic chains (n = 12). Half of the rats in each group were maintained near normothermia; the remainder were colled to a rectal temperature of 25-27 degrees C. In intact rats, there was a 24-37% increase in RSCBF during hypothermia in the cord region C3-L6 inclusive. Neither operative procedure altered RSCBF during normothermia. In hypothermic adrenalectomized rats, RSCBF was elevated only in the C3-C5 cord segment. After sympathectomy, RSCBF was unchanged during hypothermia. In the cauda equina, flow fell in all hypothermic rats. The hypothermia-associated increases in RSCBF were not related to changes in mean arterial blood pressure. We conclude that adrenalectomy near-totally ablates the hypothermia-associated increase in RSCBF measured in intact rats and that abdominal sympathectomy totally ablates it. This evidence complements morphological evidence for adrenergic innervation of the spinal cord vasculature.

Adrenalectomy↗

PubMed1999

Blood pressure and heart rate in the ovine fetus: ontogenic changes and effects of fetal adrenalectomy.

Ontogenic changes in baseline and 24-h rhythms of fetal arterial blood pressure (FABP) and heart rate (FHR) and their regulation by the fetal adrenal were studied in 18 fetal sheep chronically instrumented at 109-114 days gestation (GA). In the long-term study, FABP and FHR were continuously recorded from 120 days GA to spontaneous term labor (>145 days GA) in five animals. Peak times (PT) and amplitudes (Amp) of cosinor analysis were compared at 120-126, 127-133, and 134-140 days GA. Consistent, significant linear increases in FABP and linear decreases in FHR were observed in all fetuses. Significant 24-h rhythms in FABP and FHR were observed during all the time windows. In the adrenalectomy study, to test the hypothesis that fetal cortisol plays a key role in cardiovascular maturation, fetal adrenals were removed in eight animals (ADX); sham fetal adrenalectomy was performed on five animals (Con). Cortisol (4 microgram/min) was infused intravenously in four ADX fetuses from day 7 postsurgery for 7 days (ADX+F). No significant changes in PT and Amp in FABP and FHR were observed. Plasma cortisol levels remained low in Con and ADX fetuses (<4.9 ng/ml). Cortisol infusion increased fetal plasma cortisol to 22.3 +/- 3.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SE) on day 13 in ADX+F fetuses. FABP increased in control and ADX+F but not ADX fetuses; FHR decreased in control and ADX but rose in ADX+F fetuses. These results suggest that, in chronically instrumented fetal sheep at late gestation, 1) increases in FABP and decreases in FHR are maintained consistently from 120 to 140 days GA, with distinct 24-h rhythms, the PT and Amp of which remain unchanged, and 2) the physiological increase in FABP is dependent on the fetal adrenal; bilateral removal of the fetal adrenals does not prevent the ability of cortisol to produce a sustained increase in FABP.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1984

Adrenalectomy and food restriction in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse.

After adrenalectomy in obese mice the rate of weight gain parallels that in lean controls and falls progressively behind that in intact ob/ob mice. Food intake was reduced to normal, but the body temperature of adrenalectomized ob/ob mice was similar to that of intact ob/ob mice and remained below that of control lean mice. After exposure to an ambient temperature of 6 degrees C the body temperature in adrenalectomized ob/ob mice fell at the same rate as in intact ob/ob mice. The increase in tail length, brain weight, spleen weight, and muscle weight after adrenalectomy in ob/ob mice could not be duplicated by reducing the weight gain of ob/ob mice to that of the adrenalectomized mice. Similarly the induction of obesity with gold thioglucose significantly increased the weight of the gastrocnemius muscle and spleen rather than lowering it to levels found in ob/ob mice. Treatment of adrenalectomized ob/ob mice with cortisone acetate, but not with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), reduced muscle weight, spleen weight, brain weight, and the growth in tail length. Both cortisone and DOCA increased food intake, liver weight, growth rate, and the weight of the adipose tissue in ob/ob mice. These effects are significantly greater than observed in comparably treated lean animals and suggest that glucocorticoids of adrenal origin play an integral role in the phenotypic expression of genetic obesity. These data also indicate that the hypothermia is not a sufficient cause of the obesity in the ob/ob mice, since hypothermia persists in the adrenalectomized mice, but when food intake falls to normal there is no progression of the obesity.

Adrenalectomy↗

PubMed1985

Effects of adrenalectomy on energy balance of obese mice are diet dependent.

Obese (ob/ob) and lean mice were adrenalectomized at 3 or 6 wk of age and fed a high-carbohydrate stock diet or a high-fat semipurified diet for 3 wk. Adrenalectomy of obese mice fed the stock diet reduced the energy intake, energy gain, and efficiency of energy retention so that the values equaled those of lean mice. Hindlimb muscle gain of adrenalectomized obese mice fed the stock diet increased by 50-100%, and concentrations of plasma insulin were reduced so that they also approached values in lean mice. In contrast to results obtained when the stock diet was fed, adrenalectomy of obese mice fed the high-fat diet resulted in only slight reductions in energy intake, energy gain, or efficiency of energy retention. Likewise, muscle gain was not improved nor were plasma insulin concentrations decreased when adrenalectomized obese mice were fed the high-fat diet. Although adrenal secretions contribute substantially to the gross obesity that develops in ob/ob mice fed the stock diet, these secretions are unnecessary for development of obesity in ob/ob mice fed the high-fat diet. Factors other than adrenal secretions per se, which are influenced by diet composition, thus mediate development of obesity in ob/ob mice.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1986

Some metabolic and behavioral effects of adrenalectomy on obese Zucker rats.

Ten-week-old female obese and lean Zucker rats were given access to three separate macronutrient sources (casein, starch, and lard) for 7 days. They were then either adrenalectomized (ADX) or given a sham operation. Rats were assigned to one of three groups and given a daily injection of either 0, 2, or 10 mg of corticosterone. They continued to select a diet for another 17 days, after which they were killed, and their blood was assayed for corticosterone, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), insulin, glucose, and triglyceride. Retroperitoneal and parametrial fat depots were excised and sampled for lipoprotein lipase activity, fat cell size, and number. Body composition was also determined. Selection patterns of lean and obese rats were markedly affected by both ADX and corticosterone replacement. All three groups of sham-operated obese rats ate significantly more fat than did sham-operated lean rats. Adrenalectomy significantly reduced fat intakes in both obese and lean rats. Corticosterone therapy restored fat appetites of lean and obese rats in a dose-dependent fashion. In comparison to ADX lean rats, ADX obese rats reduced their normally elevated levels of blood glucose, plasma triglycerides, and insulin to within normal limits. Similarly, adipose cellularity of the ADX obese rats was reduced to that of sham-operated lean rats. Carcass fat was significantly reduced after adrenalectomy. Corticosterone therapy prevented the reduction in a dose-dependent way.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

HPA axis responses to acute stress and adrenalectomy during adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat.

Adjuvant-induced arthritis results in chronic activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In the Piebald-Viral-Glaxo (PVG) rat, however, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (pPVN) of the hypothalamus was reduced, and the normal corticosterone and CRF mRNA responses to acute stress were inhibited. The proenkephalin A mRNA response to stress in the pPVN was maintained, implying a specific inhibition of the CRF mRNA responses in this pathological situation. Adrenalectomy at day 0 (the time of adjuvant injection), day 13 (just before inflammation), or day 19 (submaximal inflammation) resulted in a marked increase in CRF mRNA compared with day 21 adrenal-intact arthritic animals. However, levels were below those of nonarthritic adrenalectomized rats, demonstrating that the inhibition of CRF mRNA associated with arthritis is not simply due to changes in glucocorticoid feedback. Proopiomelanocortin mRNA in the anterior pituitary was markedly increased in all adrenalectomized arthritic animals above the increase seen in sham-adrenalectomized day-21 arthritic rats. Adrenalectomy was always associated with an increase in the severity of the disease.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2000

Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy for bilateral pheochromocytomas in a boy with von Hippel-Lindau disease.

OBJECTIVES: In adults, increasing numbers of adrenalectomies for pheochromocytomas are performed laparoscopically. We report for the first time laparoscopic bilateral subtotal adrenalectomy for pheochromocytomas in an 8-year-old boy with von Hippel-Lindau disease. METHODS: In July 1998, an 8-year-old boy with von Hippel-Lindau disease underwent laparoscopic adrenal-sparing surgery for bilateral pheochromocytomas. The boy presented with severe hypertension and two pheochromocytomas on both sides. RESULTS: The child could be solely treated with laparoscopic adrenal-sparing surgery. The procedure was completed as planned. There were absolutely no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Postoperatively, catecholamine levels and hypertension went back to normal. At follow-up no residual tumor could be detected and no steroid replacement therapy was necessary. CONCLUSIONS: In experienced hands, laparoscopic adrenal-sparing surgery for pheochromocytomas is feasible and safe. Moreover, this minimal invasive approach represents an exceptional improvement in life quality, especially in children with von Hippel-Lindau disease since surgery will probably be necessary again and again in their future life.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗

PubMed1998

Retroperitoneoscopic partial adrenalectomy using an endoscopic stapling device in patients with adrenal tumor.

We performed 15 retroperitoneoscopic partial adrenalectomies using an endoscopic stapling device to divide the normal adrenal tissue and adenoma. The mean operating time and mean blood loss were 162 (129-210) min and 12 (5-67) ml, respectively. In 1 patient (6.7%), a pneumothorax occurred at the end of the procedure due to injury of the medial crus of the diaphragm. However, the procedure was not subsequently converted to open surgery. These facts suggest that posterior retroperitoneoscopic partial adrenalectomy is a valuable addition to adrenal gland surgery.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗