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PubMed1989

The impact of worker age on unemployment and earnings after plant closings.

This study examined how older workers who lost jobs due to a plant closing or plant move fared in the reemployment market. The data are from the January 1984 Current Population Survey, which included special questions focusing on displaced workers. Accelerated failure time equations are estimated to determine the relationships between age and duration without work following job loss. Regression equations explaining subsequent earnings also are estimated. Although older workers have lower overall unemployment rates than younger workers, those displaced due to a plant closing or move do not fare as well as their younger counterparts. Median length of unemployment for those age 55 and over was 27 weeks, which compared unfavorably to the 13 weeks found for workers under age 45. When controlling for other worker characteristics, older workers were found to experience more than four additional weeks of unemployment and earn less upon reemployment than younger workers.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2001

Nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in Malaysia, 1998-1999.

BACKGROUND: An outbreak of encephalitis primarily affecting pig farmers occurred during 1998-1999 in Malaysia and was linked to a new paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, which infected pigs, humans, dogs, and cats. Because five abattoir workers were also affected, a survey was conducted to assess the risk of Nipah infection among abattoir workers. METHODS: Workers from all 143 registered abattoirs in 11 of 13 states in Malaysia were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study. Participants were interviewed to ascertain information on illness and activities performed at the abattoir. A serum sample was obtained to test for Nipah virus antibody. RESULTS: Seven (1.6 %) of 435 abattoir workers who slaughtered pigs versus zero (0%) of 233 workers who slaughtered ruminants showed antibody to Nipah virus (P = 0.05). All antibody-positive workers were from abattoirs in the three states that reported outbreak cases among pig farmers. Workers in these three states were more likely than those in other states to have Nipah antibody (7/144 [4.86%] versus 0/291 [0%], P < 0.001) and report symptoms suggestive of Nipah disease in pigs admitted to the abattoirs (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Nipah infection was not widespread among abattoir workers in Malaysia and was linked to exposure to pigs. Since it may be difficult to identify Nipah-infected pigs capable of transmitting virus by clinical symptoms, using personal protective equipment, conducting surveillance for Nipah infection on pig farms which supply abattoirs, and avoiding handling and processing of potentially infected pigs are presently the best strategies to prevent transmission of Nipah virus in abattoirs.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed1995

Nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: role of health care workers in outbreak propagation.

To investigate an outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) among health care workers (HCWs) at a county hospital, all patients with culture-confirmed TB on wards A and B and all HCWs working at least one shift on these wards from January 1991 through March 1992 were studied. Tuberculin skin test conversions occurred in 30% (ward A) and 48% (ward B) of HCWs; 8 developed active TB. Workers exposed for at least one shift to workers or patients with active TB were more likely to have skin test conversion than were workers who were not exposed (ward A exposure relative risk [RR] for workers = 2.8, P = .005, and for patients = 2.2, P > .5; ward B exposure RR for workers = 2.8, P < .001, and for patients = 5.3, P < .001). Underlying conditions and performing charting activities in the nurses' work room were associated with progression to active TB among infected workers. Transmission was facilitated by delays of < or = 2.5 months in treatment of workers with skin test conversion or TB symptoms.

Cross Infection↗

PubMed1993

Relationship between atmospheric and urinary nickel in workers manufacturing electrical resistances using nickel oxide: role of the bioavailability of nickel.

The daily concentrations of nickel in total (ie inhalable) and respirable airborne dust (personal sampling) and in post-shift and pre-shift urine samples were monitored during five consecutive work days in 20 workers exposed to NiO in a workshop manufacturing electrical resistances. The individual daily atmospheric nickel concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 9586 micrograms Ni/m3 (geometric mean 22.9) for total dust and from 0.2 to 332 micrograms Ni/m3 (geometric mean 3.5) for respirable dust. The results of the urinary excretion of nickel suggested that the occupationally-related systemic absorption of nickel strongly differed in one subject (worker E) compared to the other 19 workers. In the latter group the nickel concentration in urine never exceeded 5 micrograms Ni/g creatinine, it did not differ between post-shift and pre-shift samples (geometric means: 1.1 versus 1.2 micrograms Ni/g creatinine), and it was only slightly higher than that measured in a group of 17 non-exposed subjects (mean 0.5 micrograms Ni/g creatinine; range 0.1-1.7); furthermore their nickel elimination in urine did not change during the days off or after two weeks of holiday. In worker E, the nickel concentration ranged from 21 to 101 micrograms Ni/g creatinine in post-shift urine, the next morning (after 16 h) it had dropped on average by 50 per cent, it decreased further during the days off, and amounted still to 4.4 micrograms Ni/g creatinine after two weeks of holiday. These divergent patterns of elimination of nickel in urine are most likely related to differences in the nature of exposure to airborne nickel involving both particle size and bioavailability of nickel. Worker E was exposed to NiO powder of 1-8 microns particle size resulting in nickel levels of the respirable fraction on average about 50 times that measured for the 19 other workers (3 micrograms Ni/m3). Transformation of the initial NiO powder into particles of 150 to 600 microns size and associated changes in physicochemical properties of NiO in the particles of the respirable fraction may explain why the urinary excretion of nickel in the 19 workers is hardly influenced by their occupational exposure to this metal. The pattern of urinary nickel elimination in worker E, however, most likely reflects very recent exposure to NiO, suggesting that the degree of bioavailability of nickel from this particular physicochemical form of NiO powder is much higher than that usually accepted for poorly soluble nickel compounds.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Asthma in chemical workers exposed to aliphatic polyamines.

Following the identification of an index case of occupational asthma, we assessed the respiratory morbidity in 12 workers exposed to aliphatic polyamines in a chemical factory and in 60 unexposed workers in three other workplaces. Many amine workers reported symptoms of chronic cough (7/12), chronic phlegm (9/12), wheezing (4/12) and exertional breathlessness (3/12). These were significantly more frequent in exposed than in unexposed workers (P < 0.01). They also had significantly greater diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rates (DV-PEFR) than the unexposed workers (P < 0.01). All four amine workers with wheezing reported onset of symptoms after employment at the factory, and all had DV-PEFR greater than 15%, compared to only one control worker (P < 0.01). A second case of occupational asthma was confirmed by bronchial challenge test. The study indicated a very high risk of asthma and chronic airways disease and a need for stringent measures to protect the health of industrial workers exposed to aliphatic amines in Singapore.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of doctor-worker encounters in occupational health: an explanatory study.

In this paper workers' evaluations of various types of doctor-worker encounters in occupational health (the open consultation hour, required visits after absence from work and visits for periodic medical examination) are described and explored. The aim was a better understanding of the consultation processes and its determinants in the field of occupational health. Semistructured interviews were conducted in a sample of 313 employees. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out in order to explain the variations in the outcome parameters. The quantitative analysis showed that workers' evaluation of their encounter with the occupational physician was rather indeterminate and only correlated positively with the variable 'meeting workers' expectations'. The qualitative analysis generated a classification of the variety of workers' expectations. In the Role Differentiation Model this classification of workers' expectations is related to three specific role aspects: the expert-, the counsellor- and the mediator-role aspect. The model assumes that the occupational physician should be able perform the behavioural requirements of these role aspects, in order to meet the expectations of the workers in various situations. The Role Differentiation Model is a hypothetical model, partly based on the outcome of the study, which explains the variation in workers' evaluations and could also be used to develop practice guidelines.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2002

The health of the workers in a rapidly developing country: effects of occupational exposure to noise and heat.

Occupational hygiene and safety have not been high on the agenda of industrial management in developing countries for a variety of reasons. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess the exposure to noise and heat, and to study the level of occupational hygiene practiced, at a foundry in a rapidly developing country (Dubai, United Arab Emirates). Audiometry, muscle cramps and visual acuity were measured in workers at a foundry and compared with the results from workers at a soft-drink bottling plant. Thermal stress, relative humidity, ventilation, illumination and noise levels were measured at different work units at the foundry and at the soft-drink bottling factory. Thermal stress index was high while relative humidity and ventilation were low at the foundry compared with the bottling plant. Noise levels were also high at the foundry, exceeding 90 dB at almost all work units except the fabrication workshop. Mild or moderate visual defects were observed among 31% of foundry workers, compared with 19% of the bottling plant workers.Muscle cramps were reported by 30% of all workers at the foundry, compared with 5% at the bottling plant. Visual disability was the highest among furnace operators and fabricators. Mean hearing disability was 8.69 +/- 1.08% among foundry workers, compared with 4.56 +/- 0.82% among bottling plant workers. The high thermal stress, noise levels and exposure to non-ionizing radiations at the foundry might have contributed to the higher frequency of muscle cramps and the greater hearing and visual disabilities, respectively, among these workers. Non-use of personal protective equipment and poor occupational hygiene and safety measures were also seen to affect eye and ear health adversely among the workers at the foundry.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2003

Screening for high-risk and elevated alcohol consumption in day and shift workers by use of the AUDIT and CDT.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption levels and drinking patterns have been reported to vary between day and shift workers, although the results have been conflicting. Previous results indicate that questions about alcohol habits may be asked in the workplace. However, no studies have evaluated the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) or the alcohol biomarker carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in serum for this purpose. AIM: To investigate, in conjunction with routine health examinations, whether there is any difference between permanent day and shift workers in high-risk alcohol consumption, according to the AUDIT and CDT. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in serum was included mainly as a comparison test. METHODS: The employees who attended for a regular health examination during the study period were offered voluntary alcohol screening with the AUDIT and CDT. RESULTS: Altogether, 990 employees (day, two-shift, and three-shift workers) participated in the study, 194 (20%) of whom screened positive with the AUDIT and/or CDT. There were no significant differences in the screening results between day and shift workers, whereas significantly fewer of the two-shift workers (odds ratio=0.5, 95% confidence interval=0.3-0.9) screened positive with CDT. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings on employees who attended for regular health examinations suggest that shift workers did not show a higher level of risky alcohol consumption than day workers, according to the results with the AUDIT, CDT and GGT. On the contrary, the two-shift workers appeared to drink significantly less.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Job strain and neck-shoulder symptoms: a prevalence study of women and men white-collar workers.

BACKGROUND: Neck-shoulder symptoms are frequent among workers. Psychosocial factors at work have been associated with neck-shoulder symptoms, but few studies have examined job strain, the combined effect of high psychological demands (PD) and low decision latitude (DL). AIMS: To examine the association between psychosocial factors at work and the prevalence of self-reported neck-shoulder symptoms among white-collar workers. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 1543 white-collar workers, PD and DL at work were measured with Karasek's questionnaire. Prevalent cases were workers for whom neck-shoulder symptoms were present for >or=3 days during the previous 7 days and for whom pain intensity was greater than half the visual analogue scale. Gender and social support at work were evaluated as potential effect modifiers. RESULTS: Workers exposed to high job strain had a higher prevalence of neck-shoulder symptoms [adjusted prevalence ratio (PR): 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-2.37]. No modifying effect of gender was observed in this association. The effect of job strain was stronger in workers with low social support (adjusted PR: 1.84, 95% CI: 0.92-3.68). These associations tended to be stronger and/or more precise when using alternative exposures and case definition. Namely, a stronger job strain effect was observed when a tertile cut-off was used to classify exposure (adjusted PR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.15-5.32). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that primary prevention of neck-shoulder symptoms among white-collar workers should consider the exposure to job strain, especially when workers are exposed to low social support at work.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Silicosis among foundry workers. Implication for the need to revise the OSHA standard.

To evaluate the risk of pneumoconiosis among workers in a Midwestern automotive foundry, medical records and silica sand exposure data were analyzed for 1,072 current and retired employees with at least 5 years of employment as of June 1991. Approximately half of these employees had worked at the foundry for 20 or more years. Sixty workers were found to have radiographic evidence of pneumoconiosis. Twenty-eight workers had radiographs consistent with silicosis, of which 25 were consistent with simple silicosis and three with progressive massive fibrosis. The prevalence of radiographic changes consistent with silicosis increased with: number of years worked at the foundry (6% for 20-29 years and 12% for 30 or more years); cigarette smoking (12.2% among smokers with high silica exposure vs. 4.4% among never smokers with high silica exposure); work area within the foundry (cleaning room, core room, mold area, core knockout); and quantitative silica exposure (0.3-2.7% of workers at the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard and 4.9-9.9% of workers above the OSHA standard). In addition, the odds of developing radiographic changes consistent with silicosis were increased for African Americans (odds ratio = 2.14, 95% confidence interval 0.85-5.60) in comparison with whites. (The risk was similar when silica exposure was equal, but African-American workers on average had greater exposure to silica, despite having a similar duration of work as white workers.) Another eight workers had radiographic evidence of asbestosis, and 24 had pleural plaques. These asbestos-related changes were not associated with increasing exposure to silica but rather were associated with being in the maintenance department and performing repair work. After controlling for cigarette smoking, race, and exposure to silica at another job besides the foundry, the authors found a 1.45 increased risk of developing a radiograph consistent with silicosis after 20 years of work at the current OSHA standard, and a 2.10 increased risk after 40 years of work at the current OSHA standard. On the basis of these findings, the authors recommend maintaining silica air levels no higher than the exposure level of 0.05 mg/m3 recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Black People↗

PubMed1992

Five cross-sectional studies of grain elevator workers.

Five cross-sectional studies were conducted on grain workers in all the terminal elevators in British Columbia, Canada, at 3-year intervals from 1976 to 1988. Civic workers were studied in the same manner as a referent group. The studies consisted of questionnaires, spirometry using the same spirometers, allergy skin tests, and measurement of dust concentration by personal sampling. Although the dust concentration in the elevators was reduced progressively over the years, grain workers had more respiratory symptoms and lower lung function compared with the civic workers in each of the five cross-sectional studies. Exposure to grain dust was associated with significant reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) but not in maximal midexpiratory flow rate or FEV1/FVC, suggesting reduction in volume which may be due to lesions in the lung parenchyma or in the small airways. Cigarette smoking was associated with significant reduction in FEV1, maximal midexpiratory flow rate, and FEV1/FVC due to airflow obstruction, but had no influence on FVC. Workers who took part in all five surveys tended to be a "healthier" selected group, but the grain workers still had lower lung function compared with the civic workers. This study confirmed previous findings that grain dust has adverse effects on the lungs. Cross-sectional study of the grain elevator workers proved to be a consistent and useful method to evaluate occupational health hazards.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Evidence for Lyme disease in urban park workers: a potential new health hazard for city inhabitants.

In the UK, cases of Lyme disease have only been reported from rural areas. Recently, however, Ixodes ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi have been found in London parks. To determine whether this constituted a health hazard, we questioned 44 workers from Richmond and Bushey parks to assess their exposure to tick bites and whether they had a clinical history of Lyme disease. Their serum was subsequently investigated for antibodies to two different preparations of Borrelia burgdorferi (whole cell sonicate and flagellin) and the specificity of these antibodies determined by immunoblotting. Comparison was made to zoo keepers (n = 27) from a wildlife park outside London. Tick bites were reported in 23% of park workers and of these, three described symptoms compatible with Lyme disease. Raised antibody levels were found in 10 (24%) of the park workers compared with one (4%) of the zoo keepers using ELISA with whole cell sonicate as antigen (P = 0.02) and 6 (14%) of park workers and none of the zoo keepers using purified flagellin as antigen (P < 0.05). Analysis of the immunoblots revealed more bands were detected in park workers (mean 1.8, range 0-6) than in the zoo keeper controls (mean 0.8, range 0-4); P < 0.001 and 14 (32%) of the park workers had reactivity with three or more protein bands, whilst only one of the zoo keepers showed this level of antigen binding (P < 0.005). These data suggest previous infection with B. burgdorferi in London park workers which has important health implications for these individuals, other park workers and possibly park visitors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in single and multiple body regions and effects of perceived risk of injury among manual handling workers.

STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate 217 male workers from the Hong Kong with varied levels of manual lifting experience. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether musculoskeletal symptoms are prevalent in different and multiple body regions among manual handling workers, and to determine whether a simple index (i.e., perceived risk of lifting injury) evaluated by the worker is significantly associated with musculoskeletal outcomes in single and multiple body regions. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Little research has been conducted to investigate the effect of manual lifting tasks on musculoskeletal symptoms in different and multiple body regions. METHODS: A structured interview that followed a set of standardized questionnaires was administered to each worker by the same investigator. The workers were asked to detail their demographic characteristics, physical fitness level, years of experience in manual lifting, current working condition, and musculoskeletal symptom survey. RESULTS: Lower back symptoms were the most frequent among manual handling workers, followed by the shoulders, then the upper back, hips-upper legs, and neck. Finger symptoms had the lowest prevalence values. Musculoskeletal symptoms for multiple body parts (two or more) were more prevalent (64% of all workers) than those for single body regions (19%). Approximately 85% of lower back symptoms were associated with disorders in other body regions. Multivariate analyses indicated that the effects of perceived risk were significant for eight body regions, and that age was significant for three of them. Perceived risk of lifting injury also was significant for multiple body regions. CONCLUSIONS: Musculoskeletal symptoms are prevalent in single and multiple body regions among manual handling workers. The perceived risk of injury is significantly associated with musculoskeletal symptoms in eight body regions.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1992

Epidemiology of dermatitis among California farm workers.

To estimate the prevalence of dermatitis and risk factors for skin disease in California farm workers, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among grape, citrus, and tomato workers. The prevalence of contact dermatitis was 2% and lichenified hand dermatitis was 13%. Grape workers were more likely to report rashes in the last 12 months than were tomato workers or citrus workers. Grape workers were more likely to have contact dermatitis and lichenified hand dermatitis than were citrus or tomato workers. Increasing hours per week in agriculture, male sex, and not wearing gloves were associated with more lichenified hand dermatitis. We conclude that skin disease in agricultural workers may be causally associated with crop-specific exposures and lack of protective equipment.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Molecular, cytogenetic, and hematologic effects of ethylene oxide on female hospital workers.

Women comprise the majority of workers exposed to ethylene oxide during sterilization of medical instruments and supplies. This article evaluates molecular, cytogenetic, and hematologic effects of ethylene oxide on 68 women workers employed in nine hospitals in the United States and one hospital in Mexico. Workers were classified by three exposure categories: none (0), low (> 0-32 ppm-hrs), and high (> 32 ppm-hrs). Hematologic effects were evaluated using complete blood count with differential, which has been questioned as a test for screening ethylene oxide-exposed workers. A statistically significant decrease in hematocrit (n = 0.02) and hemoglobin (P = 0.03) levels, an increase in lymphocyte percentages (P = 0.04), and a relative decrease in neutrophil percentages (P = 0.03) with exposure were observed in US workers. The absolute number of lymphocytes, however, showed no relationship with exposure. No statistically significant results were seen for Mexican workers, although hematocrit decreased with exposure. An exposure-response relationship for the percentage for lymphocytes (positive) and neutrophils (negative) in US subjects and for neutrophils (positive) in Mexican subjects was seen. No overall relation with exposure was observed for total number of white cells. Molecular and cytogenetic results are also reported for the 68 women, who constitute a subgroup from a previous report. US women workers showed a statistically significant exposure-response relationship for ethylene oxide and hemoglobin adducts (P = 0.0002) and sister chromatid exchanges (P = 0.001). For micronuclei, the difference (P = 0.02) between low and high exposure was statistically significant. In Mexican workers, an exposure-response relationship was observed (P = 0.002) for hemoglobin adducts but not for sister chromatid exchanges or micronuclei.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Electrical fatalities among U.S. construction workers.

Over 2000 electrocution deaths were identified among U.S. construction workers from 1980 to 1991, with the highest mean annual crude mortality rate (2.5 per 100,000 people), and second highest mean age-adjusted rate (2.7 per 100,000 people) of all industries. Although the crude fatality rates showed a downward trend, construction workers are still about four times more likely to be electrocuted at work than are workers in all industries combined. Nearly 40% of the 5083 fatal electrocutions in all industries combined occurred in construction, and 80% were associated with industrial wiring, appliances, and transmission lines. Electrocutions ranked as the second leading cause of death among construction workers, accounting for an average of 15% of traumatic deaths in the industry from 1980 to 1991. The study indicates that the workers most at risk of electrical injury are male, young, nonwhite, and electricians, structural metal workers, and laborers. The most likely time of injury is 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. from June to August. Focusing prevention on these populations and characteristics through better methods of worker and supervisor electrical safety training, use of adequate protective clothing, and compliance with established procedures could minimize the average annual loss of 168 U.S. construction workers.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1996

Respiratory findings in workers not exposed to air pollutants.

The prevalences of acute and chronic respiratory symptoms and lung function changes were studied in a group of 806 workers working in a "clean environment." Acute symptoms during the work shift were reported by smokers but were essentially absent in nonsmokers. Chronic respiratory-symptom prevalences were similar to those reported in community-based populations, with smokers experiencing more chronic symptoms than nonsmokers. Baseline lung function measurements indicated no significant differences with values obtained from prediction equations based on community populations. There were significant across-shift increases in all ventilatory capacity tests (forced vital capacity, 1-second forced expiratory volume, and maximum expiratory flow rates at 50% and the last 25% of the vital capacity) varying from +1.9% to +9.8% of the preshift values. Workers older than 40 years of age and those employed for more than 10 years had similar across-shift changes compared with younger workers and those with longer durations of employment. Our data indicate that workers in clean work environments (with the exception of smokers) complain of few acute or chronic respiratory symptoms and have normal lung function. These workers experience increases in lung function across the work shift, probably reflecting normal diurnal variation. Smokers, although significantly more affected than nonsmokers, do not appear to have work-related findings, and smoking appears to be the most significant risk factor for the development of lung disease in unexposed workers. In this study, community-based control data was equivalent to worker control data in unexposed workers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Plasma p53 protein and anti-p53 antibody expression in vinyl chloride monomer workers in Taiwan.

Vinyl chloride (VC) workers are known to be at risk for development of angiosarcoma of the liver (ASL), a rare tumor. Previously, a study of p53 gene mutations in tumors of VC-exposed workers found that 50% of liver angiosarcomas contained such mutations. Mutant p53 oncoprotein and anti-p53 antibodies can also be found in the sera of ASL patients and VC-exposed workers without cancer. Workers in Taiwan have also been exposed to VC, and some have contracted liver tumors. In this study, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect mutant p53 protein and anti-p53 antibodies in the plasma of VC-exposed workers in Taiwan. Thirty-three of 251 (13.2%) VC-workers tested positive for the p53 overexpression (10% with positive mutant p53 protein and 3.6% with positive anti-p53) in their plasma, but only 2 of 36 controls (5.6%) tested positive (2.8% with positive mutant p53 protein and 2.8% with positive anti-p53). There was a significant association between cumulative VC exposure concentration and positive p53 expression (P = 0.032) among VC workers after we adjusted for age, hepatitis, drinking, and smoking status. In summary, P53 overexpression (mutant p53 protein or anti-p53 antibody) can be found in the plasma of VC workers in Taiwan, and a significant dose-response relationship exists between plasma p53 overexpression and VC cumulative exposure concentration.

Adult↗