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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

A Drosophila protein specific to pheromone-sensing gustatory hairs delays males' copulation attempts.

In insects, increasing evidence suggests that small secreted pheromone binding proteins (PBPs) and odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are important for normal olfactory detection of airborne pheromones and odorants far from their source. In contrast, it is unknown whether extracellular ligand binding proteins participate in perception of less volatile chemicals, including many pheromones, that are detected by direct contact with chemosensory organs. CheB42a, a small Drosophila melanogaster protein unrelated to known PBPs or OBPs, is expressed and likely secreted in only a small subset of gustatory sensilla on males' front legs, the site of gustatory perception of contact pheromones. Here we show that CheB42a is expressed specifically in the sheath cells surrounding the taste neurons expressing Gr68a, a putative gustatory pheromone receptor for female cuticular hydrocarbons that stimulate male courtship. Surprisingly, however, CheB42a mutant males attempt to copulate with females earlier and more frequently than control males. Furthermore, CheB42a mutant males also attempt to copulate more frequently with other males that secrete female-specific cuticular hydrocarbon pheromones, but not with females lacking cuticular hydrocarbons. Together, these data indicate that CheB42a is required for a normal gustatory response to female cuticular hydrocarbon pheromones that modulate male courtship.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Associative activation of stimulus representations restores lost salience: implications for perceptual learning.

In 3 experiments, rats received preexposure to presentations of a compound flavor BX. The effective salience of B was then tested by assessing its ability to interfere with the aversion controlled by another flavor or the tendency to drink a saline solution after the induction of a salt need. It was found that the effective salience of B was maintained when during preexposure, presentations of BX alternated with presentations of X alone. This was true both when BX was presented as a simultaneous compound (Experiment 1) and as a serial compound (X-->B; Experiments 2 and 3); salience was not maintained when the serial compound took the form B-->X (Experiments 2 and 3a). It was argued that the salience of B declines during preexposure but is restored when presentations of X are able to activate the representation of B by way of the associative X-B link.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Clinical usefulness of ondansetron hydrochloride for nausea and vomiting during repeated courses of chemotherapy for malignant lymphoma--impact of prognosis announcement on anti-emetic effect and evaluation of patient perception of chemotherapy-associated adverse events].

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of ondansetron hydrochloride (OND) on nausea and vomiting during repeated courses of CHOP or ACOMP-B therapy in patients with malignant lymphoma. The impact of the prognosis announcement on the anti-emetic effect and chemotherapy-associated adverse events was also investigated. Forty-two subjects with malignant lymphoma who underwent CHOP or ACOMP-B therapy including cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 and adriamycin 40 mg/m2 were investigated for a maximum of 6 courses. For acute nausea and vomiting, ondansetron was injected intravenously before the start of chemotherapy on the first day of each course of chemotherapy. For delayed emesis, ondansetron was administered orally for 4 days from the following day. The efficacy on acute nausea and vomiting was found to be 95.0% (1st course), 95.0% (2nd course), 90.9% (3rd course), 88.2% (4th course), 92.3% (5th course) and 91.7% (6th course), respectively. A high efficacy of > or = 85% was also obtained for delayed nausea and vomiting on each day. Though the adverse event of elevated GPT value developed in one subject. It was mild and resolved. No difference in efficacy was seen with or without announcement of prognosis to patients. Following the investigation on antiemetic effect, patient perception of chemotherapy-induced adverse events was evaluated. The most common event was hair loss, followed by taste abnormality and numbness and hyposthesia of the tips of the fingers. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was the 4th and 5th most common, which are less frequent than in the report of Coates in 1983. In conclusion, ondansetron is considered clinically useful with stable anti-emetic effect on both acute and delayed nausea and vomiting over repeated courses of chemotherapy, without any significant safety problem.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Structure-function relationship of the TRP channel superfamily.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are involved in the perception of a wide range of physical and chemical stimuli, including temperature and osmolarity changes, light, pain, touch, taste and pheromones, and in the initiation of cellular responses thereupon. Since the last decade, rapid progress has been made in the identification and characterization of new members of the TRP superfamily. They constitute a large superfamily of cation channels that are expressed in almost all cell types in both invertebrates and vertebrates. This review summarizes and discusses the current knowledge on the TRP protein structure and its impact on the regulation of the channel function.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Development of the sensory systems in the larval and metamorphosing European grass frog (Rana temporaria L.).

It was investigated when and how the four examined sensory systems and the behaviour performances depending on them are affected by metamorphosis and whether they develop at an uniform rate from hatching up to metamorphosis. The following conclusions were reached on the basis of the results: -- The central nervous system starts to metamorphose earlier than the habitus and the viscera. -- Motor reactions based on the new capacities of the metamorphosed sensory systems only set in after metamorphosis. -- During metamorphosis the threshold of general sensitivity for the release of motor reactions is drastically raised. -- The sense of taste does not begin to function until after metamorphosis. -- The olfactory sense is the only one of the four tested systems that functions immediately after hatching. -- The level of development of the sensory systems and motor reactions is low in the early larva. The lack of taxis is characteristic of this. -- There is a phase of accelerated development of the sensory systems and motor reactions between the early and late larval stages. -- By comparison with the situation after metamorphosis the sensory systems of the old larva are fairly simple in their structure, but the motor reactions they permit are sufficient for the larva to cope with its aquatic biotope. -- Not until after the morphological structures have attained a new level of development do the relevant motor reactions show a corresponding advance.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The neurocognitive bases of human multimodal food perception: sensory integration.

This review addresses a fundamental neuroscientific question in food perception: how multimodal features of food are integrated. Much research and conceptualization has emerged related to multisensory integration in vision, audition and somatosensation, while it remains poorly understood and researched within the chemical and mouth feel senses. This review aims to bridge this gap. We discuss the main concepts in the fields of auditory, visual and somatosensory multisensory integration and relate them to oral-sensory (gustatory and somatosensory) and olfactory (orolfactory) interactions. We systematically review the psychophysical literature pertaining to intra- and intermodal interactions related to food perception, while making explicit distinctions between peripheral and central interactions. As the neural bases of crossmodal orolfaction currently are poorly understood, we introduce several plausible neuroscientific models, which provide a framework for further neuroscientific exploration in this area. We are guided by a new meta-analysis of the odor-taste neuroimaging literature, as well as by single-unit, anatomical and psychophysical studies. Finally, we propose strong involvement of recurrent neural networks in multisensory integration and make suggestions for future research.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Impact of dry mouth on oral symptoms and function in removable denture wearers in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the association of dry mouth with oral symptoms and function, such as denture instability, discomfort, soreness in denture-bearing tissue, and dissatisfaction with chewing, tasting, or speaking in removable denture wearers. STUDY DESIGN: The subjects were 493 removable denture wearers with a mean age of 67.3 years. Perception of oral dryness was measured by a questionnaire. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of the dry mouth on oral symptoms and function after controlling for age and gender. RESULTS: Oral dryness during eating was related to dissatisfaction with chewing (odds ratio, 10.5; P < .001) and speaking (odds ratio, 3.5; P < .05) and overall dissatisfaction (odds ratio, 6.3; P < .01) in complete denture wearers. Feeling of dry mouth was likely to be associated with soreness in denture-bearing tissues in both complete and removable partial denture wearers. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant association of the perception of dry mouth among a group of denture wearers with oral symptoms and function.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The carbon module labeling (CAMOLA) technique: a useful tool for identifying transient intermediates in the formation of maillard-type target molecules.

Although the Maillard reaction is a well-known source of aroma and taste compounds in processed foods, a systematic correlation of the concentrations of most of the reaction products identified so far with human perception has scarcely been performed. Furthermore, the influence of process parameters on yields and formation mechanisms of key flavor compounds has not been systematically studied. In this short state-of-the-art review, concepts to characterize flavor-active food constituents are briefly discussed, and approaches to elucidate formation mechanisms from labeling experiments and isotopomeric quantitation are highlighted on the basis of results obtained in the author's laboratory.

Food Analysis↗
PubMed2003

Effects of hydrocolloid thickeners on the perception of savory flavors.

The perceived intensities of savory flavors in hydrocolloid-thickened solutions were investigated using sensory paired comparison tests between two distinct thickener concentrations (high and low viscosities). The perceived saltiness of 3.5 g/L NaCl was found to be significantly reduced (P < 0.01) at the higher thickener concentration of both hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and lambda-carrageenan, relative to the lower concentration. Mushroom flavor (8 ppm of 1-octen-3-ol with 3 g/L NaCl) was perceived as significantly more intense (P < 0.05) in 1.7 g/L lambda-carrageenan as compared with the same concentration of flavoring in 10.2 g/L lambda-carrageenan. Garlic flavor (2.5 ppm of diallyl disulfide with 2 g/L NaCl) was perceived to be significantly more intense in 2 g/L HPMC (P < 0.01) than in 10 g/L HPMC. However, when the NaCl concentration in the more viscous sample was increased to 3 g/L, the garlic flavor intensities of the two systems were not significantly different, suggesting a perceptual interaction (enhancement) between salt taste and garlic flavor. In vivo aroma release measurements from the same samples, using API-MS, showed that hydrocolloid concentration did not significantly alter the amount of mushroom or garlic aromas released when solutions were consumed. It was concluded that changes in perceived saltiness were driving the reduction in savory flavor perception even though the aroma stimulus was unchanged (a taste-aroma interaction). These findings parallel previous results in sweet hydrocolloid-thickened solutions.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2005

The functions of antennal mechanoreceptors and antennal joints in tactile discrimination of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.).

Honeybees learn and discriminate excellently between different surface structures and different forms of objects, which they scan with their antennae. The sensory plate on the antennal tip plays a key role in the perception of mechanosensory and gustatory information. It is densely covered with small tactile hairs and carries a few large taste hairs. Both types of sensilla contain a mechanoreceptor, which is involved in the antennal scanning of an object. Our experiments test the roles of the mechanoreceptors on the antennal tip in tactile antennal learning and discrimination. Joints between head capsule and scapus and between scapus and pedicellus enable the bee to perform three-dimensional movements when they scan an object. The role of these joints in tactile antennal learning and discrimination is studied in separate experiments. The mechanoreceptors on the antennal tip were decisive for surface discrimination, but not for tactile acquisition or discrimination of shapes. When the scapus-pedicellus joint or the headcapsule-scapus joint was fixed on both antennae, tactile learning was still apparent but surface discrimination was abolished. Fixing both scapi to the head capsule reduced tactile acquisition.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Chemometrical classification of pumpkin seed oils using UV-Vis, NIR and FTIR spectra.

The main outcome of this work is elaboration of classification models for edible oil samples representing the most widespread brands of Austrian pumpkin seed oil. A complete spectral characterisation of the pumpkin seed oil samples by UV-Vis, NIR and FTIR spectra was obtained together with their basic sensorial classification. Chemometrical processing of the measured data enabled the detection of the most important spectral features, which are crucial for categorising the oils into two or three classes according to their sensory quality evaluated by a panel of experts. The elaborated models thus make it possible to predict the category into which a hitherto unclassified oil sample belongs--considering classification into either two categories, containing oils with overall acceptable scores or oils that were not accepted, or three categories, involving oils fulfilling all quality criteria, oils with good scores and not accepted oils. This will perspectively facilitate the determination of chemical substances responsible for bad taste, odour and colour of the respective oil brands, as well as finding substances contributing to the excellent sensorial perception of some tested products.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antinociceptive effect of sucrose ingestion in the human.

Sucrose ingestion has been shown to alleviate pain and distress in rats, human infants as well as adults. Sucrose induced analgesia is related to the reward value associated with its sweet taste. The sweet taste of sucrose is a stimulus for the activation of endogenous opioid pool. The opioids in turn modulate pain perception. It has been demonstrated in a number of animal and human studies that sucrose ingestion increases the hypothalamic/CSF opioid levels. This gains support from the results obtained from naloxone challenge test, a neuro-endocrine method for assessment of endogenous opioid tone. Moreover, the analgesic effects of sucrose can be reversed by administration of opioid antagonists such as naloxone. On the other hand, long-term sucrose ingestion leads to hyperalgesia in rats and it has been hypothesized to result from a complex interaction of sucrose with the endogenous opioid system leading to a deficiency of opioids. In the present article mechanisms underlying sucrose induced analgesia including the interaction of the palatability and reward value of food with the neural substrates and its neuro-chemical basis have been reviewed in the light of both animal and human studies. In addition, clinical application of the knowledge about sucrose and its modulatory effect on the endogenous opioid system has been suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Body awareness in anorexia nervosa: disturbances in "body image" and "satiety".

Patients with anorexia nervosa have been shown previously to display distortions in body image perception. Bruch has postulated that these disturbances as well as disturbances in interoception are meaningfully related to the development of the syndrome. We hypothesized that disturbances in body image, as measured by a distorting photograph technique, and interoception, as measured by a satiety-aversion to sucrose test, should be demonstrable in anorexic patients vs. normal controls. Furthermore, these disturbances should be modifiable by external cues (looking at one's image in a mirror and ingesting isocaloric "high" and "low" calorie connotation meals). We also hypothesized that body image and interoceptive disturbances would be interrelated in the same individuals. Results indicated that patients with anorexia nervosa (N = 26) differed from normal controls (N = 16) in overestimating their body sizes (p = 0.06) and in failing to develop an aversion to the sucrose tastes (p less than 0.001). However, neither viewing one's image in a mirror nor ingesting both "high and "low" calorie connotation meals altered body size perception. Intrasubject body size estimates were very stable from week to week for the anorexic subjects (r = +0.75, p less than 0.001) but less for the controls (r = +0.45, p less than 0.05). The data revealed that overestimation of body size was closely related to the failure to develop an aversion to sucrose tastes in anorexic patients.

Adult↗