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PubMed1980

A method for evaluating analgesic agents in rats.

A method is described for evaluating antinociceptive activity in rats using writhing responses induced by 4% sodium chloride solution. Narcotic and nonnarcotic analgesics, narcotic antagonists except naloxone, and antipyretic and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs were effectively evaluated at relatively low doses using this method. Parenteral ED50 values of these compounds ran parallel to their clinical doses. The method detected not only the analgesic action of the above drugs but also that of methamphetamine. In spite of its high sensitivity, the method was specific in the sense that CNS-depressant, muscle relaxant, anticholinergic, and antihistamine drugs and anesthetics were inactive even at toxic doses. On the other hand, the decrease in the analgesic activity of morphine upon chronic injection was also observed with this method. The writhing test with 4% sodium chloride in rats was concluded to be a sensitive and specific test for analgesic drugs and useful for examining changes in analgesic activity of drugs during chronic administration.

Acetates↗
PubMed2006

A cotton dehydration responsive element binding protein functions as a transcriptional repressor of DRE-mediated gene expression.

Dehydration responsive element binding proteins (DBPs) are members of a larger family of transcription factors that are specific to plants and play an important role in enhancing plant tolerance to environmental stresses such as drought, cold, and high salinity. To gain a better understanding of this type of protein, we reported here a novel DBP protein which functioned as a repressor of transcriptional in tobacco leaf cells. GhDBP1 was preferentially localized to the nucleus of onion epidermis cells and bound specifically to DRE (core sequence, A/GCCGAC) in vitro. In addition, RNA gel-blot analysis showed that expression of the GhDBP1 gene was mainly induced under osmotic stresses conditions such as drought and high salinity. These findings suggest that GhDBP1 can function as a transcriptional repressor for DRE element-mediated gene expression and provides an important insight into the molecular adaptation mechanisms of environmental stresses in cotton plants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Influence of NaCl and mannitol on peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation in Centaurea ragusina L. roots and shoots.

Centaurea ragusina L. is a Croatian endemic plant species growing on cliffs above the Adriatic Sea, but there is no information about its physiological behavior or stress tolerance. To investigate the response of C. ragusina plants to salinity and drought, we have analysed soluble peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7) activity, anionic isoperoxidase pattern, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide in C. ragusina plants exposed to these stresses. Rooted plantlets grown on MS 1/2 nutrient medium supplemented with mannitol (300 mM) and different concentrations of NaCl (150, 300, 450 or 600 mM) were harvested after 5, 10 and 15 days. Both osmotic treatments significantly increased MDA and hydrogen peroxide contents in C. ragusina shoots after 10 days of stress, while in roots these parameters showed no significant difference compared to control in overall. POD activity of salt-stressed plants changed with respect to different saline treatments and plant organs - in shoots enzymatic activity markedly increased in response to lower saline treatments, especially 300 mM NaCl; otherwise it was similar as in control plants while in roots of plants grown under 450 and 600 mM NaCl it significantly decreased. Drought increased POD activity of both shoots and roots especially after 10 days of experiment. Generally, change in the POD isoenzyme pattern of treated plants was in accordance with the activity change in time. Several POD isoforms (P3, P4 and P9) were specifically induced by salinity and drought.

Centaurea↗
PubMed2006

Immunogenicity and safety of a novel therapeutic hepatitis C virus (HCV) peptide vaccine: a randomized, placebo controlled trial for dose optimization in 128 healthy subjects.

As interferon/ribavirin-based standard therapy is curative in only about half of HCV patients, there remains an important need for alternatives including vaccines. The novel peptide vaccine IC41 consists of five synthetic peptides harboring HCV T cell epitopes and poly-L-arginine as synthetic adjuvant. In this randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 128 HLA-A2 positive healthy volunteers received four s.c. vaccinations of seven different doses IC41, HCV peptides alone, poly-l-arginine alone or saline solution, every 4 weeks. IC41 was safe and well tolerated. Mild to moderate local reactions were transient. Immunogenicity was assessed using T cell epitope specific [3H]-thymidine proliferation, IFN-gamma ELIspot and HLA-tetramer assays. IC41 induced responses in all dose groups. Higher responder rates were recorded in higher dose groups and increasing number of vaccinations were associated with higher responder rates and more robust responses. Poly-L-arginine was required for the aimed-for Th1/Tc1-type immunity (IFN-gamma secreting T cells).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Carbon dioxide versus normal saline as a uterine distension medium for diagnostic vaginoscopic hysteroscopy in infertile patients: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the satisfaction rate, efficacy, and complication rate of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) versus normal saline as a uterine distension medium for outpatient diagnostic vaginoscopic hysteroscopy in infertile patients. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized multicenter study. SETTING: Hysteroscopy units in two university hospitals and in a private center. PATIENT(S): One hundred eighty-nine infertile women undergoing outpatient hysteroscopy. INTERVENTION(S): Outpatient hysteroscopy was performed with CO(2) (group A) or normal saline (group B) and with endometrial biopsy when indicated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Quality of the visualization of the uterine cavity, procedure time, complications, patient discomfort, and satisfaction rate. RESULT(S): Significantly lower abdominal and shoulder tip pain and a lower incidence of vasovagal reactions were observed in group B in comparison with group A. A higher satisfaction rate and a lower operative time were obtained in the normal saline group in comparison with the CO(2) group. Moreover, group A required significantly more analgesics after the procedure than group B. CONCLUSION(S): Uterine distension with normal saline seems to have less adverse effects and is better tolerated by patients. Moreover, it allows operative procedures to be performed with the new bipolar instruments.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2003

Culture of harpacticoid copepods: potential as live feed for rearing marine fish.

Copepods are useful as food for marine fish cultivation, in terms of both nutrition and ease of culture. Harpacticoid copepods are favoured over calanoids, since harpacticoids, as a result of their benthic habitat, can be reared at much higher densities. However, their benthic nature also makes mass culture difficult, since large surface areas must be provided. Within Harpacticoida, Tisbe spp. seem most useful, having high overall fecundity, and positive phototaxis of the nauplii. Harpacticoids can synthesise de novo several nutritionally important essential fatty acids (EFA), making them desirable as food for rearing marine fish. However, a diet rich in EFAs (e.g. animal derived feed) improves the productivity of copepod cultures, suggesting that the synthesis of EFA is rate-limiting for their reproduction. The nature of the substratum is also important in maintaining a good population, since harpacticoid biomass is more dependent on surface area than volume of a culture. Heterogeneous substrates can support large cultures because of their high surface area, but efficient cleaning methods are necessary. Frequent harvesting of populations will maintain good water quality and an overall low density of sexually mature copepods, raising naupliar productivity overall. Over-harvesting will naturally deplete the population. Harpacticoids are generally tolerant of environmental fluctuations but they do have temperature and salinity optima, and these will be species- and strain-dependent. Harpacticoid copepods are better food for fish larvae than Artemia, because of their ability to synthesise EFAs. The nauplii of harpacticoids are energetically poor but appear to have an appetite-stimulatory effect. Uneaten nauplii grow within the fish rearing tanks and graze on the walls, building up their own nutritional value and maintaining tank hygiene.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Renal function in the noninsulin-dependent diabetic rat: effects of unilateral nephrectomy.

A new model of noninsulin-dependent diabetic (NIDD) is described which exhibits more prominent defects in renal function than does the standard neonatal NIDD model. To produce this model, 2-day-old neonatal male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (90 mg/kg; NIDD), while their corresponding nondiabetic controls were administered vehicle (citrate buffer, pH: 4.5; control). At 3 weeks of age, the animals were weaned, and 1 week later, under ether anesthesia, the animals underwent a right nephrectomy or a sham operation. Diabetes was confirmed by intraperitoneal administration of a glucose load (2g/kg), which resulted in significantly higher blood glucose concentration in the NIDD, compared to the nondiabetic rats. Surgical reduction of renal mass had no effect on the glycemic response to a glucose tolerance test in either group. Intravenous administration of an isotonic saline load resulted in a similar pattern of enhanced sodium and fluid excretion in the two-kidney sham-operated nondiabetic and NIDD rats. These responses were significantly higher than those observed in their counterparts with one remaining kidney. Yet, the natriuretic and diuretic responses to the saline load were significantly lower in the nephrectomized NIDD, compared to the nephrectomized nondiabetic rats. The glomerular filtration rate was similar in the sham-operated (two kidneys) NIDD and nondiabetic rats. In contrast, both the basal and saline-stimulated glomerular filtration rate were lower in the nephrectomized NIDD rats compared to the nephrectomized nondiabetic group. Mean arterial pressure was similar between the two nephrectomized groups, thereby ruling out a significant contribution from the pressure-diuresis-natriuresis mechanism to the reduction in sodium and fluid excretion in the nephrectomized NIDD rats. Thus, unilateral nephrectomy is an effective method of accelerating the manifestation of NIDD-related renal alterations. The mild, but progressive, nature of diabetes in this model should facilitate the investigation of temporal changes in renal function in NIDDM.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography compared with hysterosalpingography and laparoscopic dye pertubation to evaluate tubal patency.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the advantages and accuracy of hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy) in assessing tubal patency compared with hysterosalpingogram (HSG) and laparoscopic dye pertubation. DESIGN: Prospective study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata. PATIENTS: Twenty-three women with at least 1 year of infertility, and 15 women with a history of chronic pelvic pain, suspected endometriosis, or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), or with sonographic markers of adhesions. INTERVENTIONS: HyCoSy, HSG, and laparoscopic dye pertubation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: All patients underwent HyCoSy during the proliferative phase using air with saline as contrast medium, and HSG within 1 month of HyCoSy. Laparoscopy and dye pertubation were performed only in women with chronic pelvic pain, suspected endometriosis, PID, and sonographic markers of adhesions. In women undergoing all three procedures, HSG and HyCoSy had the same high concordance as laparoscopy, 86.7% and 86.7%, respectively. Three women in the infertility group became pregnant immediately after HyCoSy and dropped out of the study. In one woman, HyCoSy could not be performed because of cervical stenosis. Considering the total number of tubes (67), concordance between HyCoSy and HSG was 89.6%. CONCLUSION: Transvaginal HyCoSy using a combination of air and saline appears to be an inexpensive, fast, and well-tolerated method of determining tubal patency. One of the most important advantages of this technique is, in our opinion, the possibility of obtaining information on tubal status and the uterine cavity at the same time as conventional ultrasound scan is performed.

Air↗
PubMed2000

Reproducibility of measurements of exhaled NO, and cell count and cytokine concentrations in induced sputum.

Sputum induction is a noninvasive, well-tolerated method for studying airway inflammation. When induction with hypertonic saline is repeated at short time-intervals (<24 h), the cell profile of sputum has not been reproducible. To determine the proper interval between sampling cell profiles and cytokine contents of sputum samples that had been induced 48 h apart, were compared. In addition, the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression of sputum cells was compared to the levels of exhaled nitric oxide (NO). Sputum induction and measurement of exhaled NO was performed in 31 healthy nonatopic volunteers. Cell differentials were counted. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) were measured in sputum supernatant, and iNOS was determined. Reproducibility of cell counts was high (r=0.836 total cells, r=0.762 neutrophils, r=0.966 eosinophils, r=0.742 macrophages). IL-4 (r=0.398), IL-6 (r=0.566), TNFalpha (r=0.658) and ECP (r=0.501) were also less reproducible in healthy volunteers. Consistent with the low levels of NO in the exhaled air (18.5+/-2.6 ppb and 19.3+/-2.8 parts per billion (ppb) on the two study days, r=0.976, p=0.0000), expression of iNOS was not detected. In conclusion, in healthy subjects, induced sputum cell counts are reproducible. Even though the success rate in nonatopic populations is relatively low, sputum induction appears to be a valid method for detecting inflammatory changes within the airways, when being performed 48 h apart.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2002

Painting of parental chromatin in Beta hybrids by multi-colour fluorescent in situ hybridization.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a relatively young crop and has a narrow gene pool. In order to introduce genetic variability into the crop, interspecific hybrids, selected from crosses with wild beets of the sections Corollinae and Procumbentes, have been generated. The introgressed B. procumbens chromatin carries resistance genes to beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii Schm. These lines are important for breeding of nematode-resistant sugar beet, while Corollinae species are potential donors of tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses such as drought or saline soils. We have used in situ hybridization of genomic DNA to discriminate the parental chromosomes in these interspecific hybrids. Suppression of cross-hybridization by blocking DNA was not necessary indicating that the investigated Beta genomes contain sufficient species-specific DNA enabling the unequivocal determination of the genomic composition of the hybrids. Interspecific hybrid lines with an additional chromosome (2n = 18 + 1), chromosome fragment (2n = 18 + fragment) or translocation of B. procumbens (2n = 18) were analysed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) at mitosis and meiosis. Species-specific satellites and ribosomal genes used in combination with genomic DNA or in rehybridization experiments served as landmark probes for chromosome identification in hybrid genomes. The detection of a B. procumbens translocation of approx. I Mbp demonstrated the sensitivity and resolution of GISH and showed that this approach is a powerful method in genome analysis projects of the genus Beta.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The role of combination cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and cisplatin (CAP) chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Thirty-one patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), stage III (T3 N2 M 0-1), were treated with cyclophosphamide (400 mg/m2), adriamycin (40 mg/m2) and cisplatin (60 mg/m2) (CAP) every 4 weeks for 8 cycles. Twenty-six patients were evaluable for response. Patients characteristics included: median age, 63 years; median performance status, 70% (range 60%-100%). One hundred and fifty-five cycles of chemotherapy were administered with a median of 5. There were 9 partial responses and 3 complete remissions, for an overall response rate of 46%. The median survival duration was 9 months, and 29% survived 1 year. CAP combination chemotherapy was well tolerated without nephrotoxicity, which can be imputed to the strong saline hydration given. Seventy percent of the patients did not experience emesis due to the antiemetic regimen used.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Prolonged convection-enhanced delivery into the rat brainstem.

OBJECTIVE: Prolonged convection-enhanced delivery was used in an attempt to achieve large volumes of distribution (V(d)) in the rat brainstem. Clinical assessment and histological analysis were performed to establish the safety of this approach. METHODS: For evaluation of V(d,), 10 rats underwent stereotactic cannula placement into the brainstem. Five rats underwent a 24-hour infusion (volume of infusion [V(i)], 200 microl), and 5 rats underwent a 7-day infusion (V(i), 2 ml) of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran. Serial brainstem sections were imaged with ultraviolet illumination, and V(d) was assessed. For assessment of clinical tolerance, 30 additional rats underwent chronic infusions of an isotonic saline solution into the brainstem. Serial neurological examinations were performed, followed by histological analysis after the animals' death. RESULTS: No animal demonstrated clinically recognized neurological deficits. Foci of organizing necrosis were limited to the site of infusion and cannula tract. V(d) increased linearly with increasing V(i) (range, 24.8-130.6 mm(3)). Maximal cross sectional area of fluorescence and craniocaudal extent of fluorescence increased with increasing V(i). Fluorescence was detected throughout the entire brainstem beyond the compact area of highly concentrated tracer. CONCLUSION: Prolonged convection-enhanced delivery can be applied safely in the rat brainstem with no recognized limitations of V(d) and minimal histological changes beyond the site of infusion. Chronic brainstem infusions may enhance the potential application of convection-enhanced delivery for therapeutic purposes in treating diffuse pontine gliomas.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Hypertonic treatment inhibits radiation-induced nuclear translocation of the Ku proteins G22p1 (Ku70) and Xrcc5 (Ku80) in rat fibroblasts.

The effects of X irradiation and hypertonic treatment with 0.5 M NaCl on the subcellular localization of the Ku proteins G22p1 (also known as Ku70) and Xrcc5 (also known as Ku80) in rat fibroblasts with normal radiosensitivity were examined using confocal laser microscopy and immunoblotting. Although these proteins were observed mainly in the nuclei of human fibroblasts, approximately 80% of the intensities of immunofluorescence from both G22p1 and Xrcc5 was observed in the cytoplasm of rat fibroblasts. When the rat cells were X-irradiated with 4 Gy, the intensities of the fluorescence derived from G22p1 and Xrcc5 in the nuclei increased from 20% to 50% of the total cellular fluorescence intensity at 20 min postirradiation. No significant differences were observed between the total intensities of the cellular fluorescence from the proteins in unirradiated and irradiated rat fibroblasts. The results showed that the proteins were translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the rat cells after X irradiation. The nuclear translocation of the proteins from the cytoplasm was inhibited by hypertonic treatment of the cells with 0.5 M NaCl for 20 min, which inhibits the fast repair process of potentially lethal damage (PLD). When the rat cells were treated with 0.5 M NaCl immediately after X irradiation, the repair of DNA DSBs was inhibited. The surviving fraction was approximately 60% of that of irradiated cells that were not treated with 0.5 M NaCl. The surviving fraction increased with incubation time in the growth medium before treatment with NaCl. The proportions of the intensities of fluorescence from G22p1 in the nuclei of X-irradiated cells also increased from 20% to 50% with increasing interval between X irradiation and treatment with NaCl. These results suggest that nuclear translocation of G22p1 and Xrcc5 is important for the fast repair process of PLD in rat cells.

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed2000

Effects of infusion of glucose-insulin-potassium on myocardial function after a recent myocardial infarction.

UNLABELLED: We studied the effects of glucose, insulin, and KCl infusion (GIK), on regional myocardial perfusion and function by 99m-Tc-tetrofosmin-gated SPECT. METHODS: We studied 21 male patients with their first uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction (AMI). All patients underwent a rest and submaximal stress before and after 24-hour infusion of GIK-solution (group A) or saline solution (group B). RESULTS: Group A showed better stress tolerance and ischaemic threshold improvement after GIK infusion whilst no statistical differences were found between basal and post-infusion test in group B. At first the stress test in group A, of the 192 segments analysed, 52 (27%) showed reversible perfusion defect. In group B, of 144 segments analysed, 31 (21%) showed reversible perfusion defect. A post-infusion analysis in group A showed a post-GIK end-diastolic significant count improvement in 21 segments, and a post-GIK end-systolic count improvement in 22 segments. In group B, perfusion increase was observed only in 4 segments, whilst systolic thickening increase was observed only in 1 segment. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate the efficacy of GIK infusion to improve regional myocardial perfusion and function mainly in segments adjacent to the recently infarcted area.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Some biochemical properties of fungi from genera Rhodotorula and Trichosporon isolated from Sulejów Reservoir bath water.

The hydrolytic activity of Rhodotorula and Trichosporon strains isolated from Sulej6w Reservoir water and sediments were studied. Also tolerance of high concentrations of natrium chloride and biogenic compounds was evaluated. Fungi from genera Rhodotorula and Trichosporon showed the activity of 12 and 10 from 19 hydrolases of API Zym test, respectively. Tolerance tests showed high resistance of Rhodotorula glutinis to hypertonic saline solutions and very high resistance of both Rhodotorula and Trichosporon strains to nitrate, ammonium and phosphate compounds. These properties of fungi may influence the distribution and the quantity of fungi in aquatic reservoirs.

Bathing Beaches↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The anti-ischemic properties of verapamil and its effect on myocardial functional potentials in coronary artery occlusion].

The effect of verapamil on the functional state of the ischemic myocardium, the myocardial tolerance to ischemia and the processes of urgent adaptation of the heart in the coronary artery occlusion was investigated in the experiments on anesthetized open-chest cats. Verapamil was shown to exert the dose-dependent anti-ischemic action, to increase the myocardial tolerance to ischemia, to suppress the response to the physiological saline infusion and not to change adrenoreactivity of the ischemic myocardium at the coronary artery compression.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1993

Aminohydroxybutane bisphosphonate and clenbuterol prevent bone changes and retard muscle atrophy respectively in tail-suspended rats.

Hind-limb unloading by tail suspension of rats, an established model of simulated microgravity, was used to examine the efficacy of aminohydroxybutane bisphosphonate (AHBuBP) and clenbuterol in preventing bone loss and muscle atrophy, respectively. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (299-372 g) were randomized into six groups of six: 1) unsuspended, saline, 2) unsuspended, saline, pair fed with group 3, 3) suspended, saline, 4) suspended, 0.03 mg/kg/day x 2 of AHBuBP, 5) suspended, 0.3 mg/kg/day x 2 of AHBuBP and 6) suspended, 0.3 mg/kg/day x 2 of AHBuBP + clenbuterol (0.5 mg/kg/day i.p. x 6, then 1 mg/kg/day i.p. x 6). Animals in groups 3 to 6 were tail suspended for 14 days from a system of double pulleys and allowed free mobility with their hind limbs unloaded. On days -2 and -1, before suspension on day 0, all rats received a single s.c. injection of either 2 ml/kg of normal saline (vehicle) or AHBuBP. All rats were tested for exercise tolerance before day -2 and on day 10, and grip strength before day -2 and on day 13. On day 14, the rats were euthanized and their humeri, tibias and femurs analyzed in vitro for bone density (by single-photon absorptiometry), strength and stiffness (by 3-point bending). Muscles were analyzed for weight, protein concentration and enzyme activity. Pair feeding had no effect other than on food consumption and body weight. AHBuBP caused a dose-dependent increase in bone density in humeri, tibias and femurs, even in tail-suspended rats, relative to control unsuspended animals, with no significant difference in bone strength or stiffness between AHBuBP groups and unsuspended animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alendronate↗
PubMed1985

Tolerance to ozone in emphysematous rats.

Pulmonary emphysema was induced in rats by a single intratracheal instillation of swine pancreatic elastase. After adequate development of the pulmonary emphysema, the animals were initially exposed to 1.9 ppm ozone for 3 hrs, and 3 days later, challenge-exposed to 5.1 ppm ozone for 3 hrs and immediately sacrificed to investigate the extent of the development of tolerance to ozone judged by the formation of edema. Although the body weights of the pulmonary emphysematous rats were the same as those of the saline-treated control rats, the lung weights of the former were heavier. The extent of the edema formation by ozone and of the tolerance to ozone of the pulmonary emphysematous rats seemed to be quite similar to those of the saline-treated control rats. On the other hand, although the exposure of the saline-treated control rats to 1.9 ppm ozone for 3 hrs resulted in an increase in lung weight without edema 3 days after the exposure, the pulmonary emphysematous rats did not show such a response.

Animals↗