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PubMed1994

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in an infant: diagnostic role of viral genome analysis.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is related to "defective" measles virus or vaccination, though an association with parainfluenza viruses has been reported. SSPE is characterized by a slow, erratic course and elevated cerebrospinal fluid measles titers. An immunocompetent, vaccinated infant, with onset of symptoms in parainfluenza virus season and a catastrophic course is described. Cerebrospinal fluid titers were negative, but postmortem brain had typical SSPE lesions. Patient brain-derived RNA, subjected to reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction yielded polymerase chain reaction products with measles virus but not parainfluenza virus genes. The sequenced fragment revealed multiple mutations, typical for SSPE. SSPE can thus present in infants, with short latency and no cerebrospinal fluid antibodies. Viral genomic analysis may be diagnostic, permitting early therapy.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of conventional viral cultures with direct fluorescent antibody stains for diagnosis of community-acquired respiratory virus infections in hospitalized children.

OBJECTIVE: Because of the widespread availability of rapid viral antigen testing, many institutions never adopted a routine practice of ordering viral cultures to detect community-acquired respiratory viruses (CRVs). The ease of performing complete viral studies in our on site laboratory allowed us to assess the clinical implications of the absence of conventional culture results in previously healthy hospitalized children with CRV infections. METHODS: From June 1997 through May 2000, the results of direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) of 1069 nasopharyngeal swab (NP) specimens were compared with simultaneously inoculated conventional tube cell cultures for detection of CRVs. In addition the medical records of 140 previously healthy infants and children hospitalized for management of lower respiratory tract infections caused by culture-proved CRVs were reviewed. RESULTS: Viruses were isolated or detected by DFA or viral culture or both in 468 (30%) of the 1557 NP samples evaluated. The most common CRV isolated was respiratory syncytial virus (49%), followed by parainfluenza viruses (15%), influenza A viruses (14%), rhinoviruses (8%), adenoviruses (4%), enteroviruses (4%) and influenza B viruses (1%). Of the 1069 NP specimens for which both viral culture and rapid antigen testing were performed, 190 specimens were DFA-positive and culture-positive, 7 specimens were DFA-positive and culture-negative, 35 specimens were DFA-negative and culture-positive and 837 specimens were DFA-negative and culture-negative. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of DFA were 84, 99, 96 and 96%, respectively. Of the 140 hospitalized patients with culture-proved viral cultures (89 respiratory syncytial virus, 22 influenza A, 20 parainfluenza virus and 9 adenovirus), the mean duration of hospital stay was 3.6 days, and the mean time for viral cultures to become positive was 7.7 days (P < 0.001, signed rank test). One hundred twenty (86%) viral cultures did not become positive until after the patient had been discharged from the hospital. In no case was the clinical decision regarding the patient's treatment or discharge from the hospital based on the results of viral culture. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that positive viral cultures have no impact on clinical decision making and management of healthy children during hospitalization for illness attributable to community-acquired respiratory viruses.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Receptor specificities of human respiroviruses.

Through their hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein, parainfluenza viruses bind to sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates to initiate infection. Although the virus-receptor interaction is a key factor of infection, the exact nature of the receptors that human parainfluenza viruses recognize has not been determined. We evaluated the abilities of human parainfluenza virus types 1 (hPIV-1) and 3 (hPIV-3) to bind to different types of gangliosides. Both hPIV-1 and hPIV-3 preferentially bound to neolacto-series gangliosides containing a terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) linked to N-acetyllactosamine (Galbeta1-4GlcNAc) by the alpha2-3 linkage (NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc). Unlike hPIV-1, hPIV-3 bound to gangliosides with a terminal NeuAc linked to Galbeta1-4GlcNAc through an alpha2-6 linkage (NeuAcalpha2-6Galbeta1-4GlcNAc) or to gangliosides with a different sialic acid, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc), linked to Galbeta1-4GlcNAc (NeuGcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc). These results indicate that the molecular species of glycoconjugate that hPIV-1 recognizes are more limited than those recognized by hPIV-3. Further analysis using purified gangliosides revealed that the oligosaccharide core structure is also an important element for binding. Gangliosides that contain branched N-acetyllactosaminoglycans in their core structure showed higher avidity than those without them. Agglutination of human, cow, and guinea pig erythrocytes but not equine erythrocytes by hPIV-1 and hPIV-3 correlated well with the presence or the absence of sialic acid-linked branched N-acetyllactosaminoglycans on the cell surface. Finally, NeuAcalpha2-3I, which bound to both viruses, inhibited virus infection of Lewis lung carcinoma-monkey kidney cells in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that hPIV-1 and hPIV-3 preferentially recognize oligosaccharides containing branched N-acetyllactosaminoglycans with terminal NeuAcalpha2-3Gal as receptors and that hPIV-3 also recognizes NeuAcalpha2-6Gal- or NeuGcalpha2-3Gal-containing receptors. These findings provide important information that can be used to develop inhibitors that prevent human parainfluenza virus infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Clinical characteristics of acute viral lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children in Seoul, 1996-1998.

This study was performed to investigate the etiologic agents, age distribution, clinical manifestations and seasonal occurrence of acute viral lower respiratory tract infections in children. We confirmed viral etiologies using nasopharyngeal aspirates in 237 patients of the ages of 15 years or younger who were hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) from March 1996 to February 1998 at Samsung Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea. The overall isolation rate was 22.1%. The viral pathogens identified were adenovirus (12.7%), influenza virus type A (21.1%), -type B (13.9%), parainfluenza virus type 1 (13.5%), -type 2 (1.3%), -type 3 (16.0%) and respiratory syncytial virus (21.5%). The occurrence of ALRIs was highest in the first year of life, although parainfluenza virus type 1 infection occurred predominantly in the second year of life and influenza virus caused illnesses in all age groups. The specific viruses are frequently associated with specific clinical syndromes of ALRI. The respiratory agents and associated syndromes frequently have characteristic seasonal patterns. This study will help us to estimate the etiologic agents of ALRI, and establish a program for the prevention and treatment. An annual nationwide survey is necessary to understand the viral epidemiology associated with respiratory illnesses in Korea.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Superoxide production by broncho-alveolar cells is diminished in parainfluenza-3 virus treated guinea pigs.

Guinea pig airways isolated 4, 8 and 16 days (but not 2 days) after intra-tracheal inoculation with parainfluenza-3 virus In Vivo respond hyperreactive to contractile stimuli. In the present study it is shown that the virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is associated with a decreased Superoxide production by broncho-alveolar cells after additional stimulation with parainfluenza-3 virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Nucleotide sequence of the bovine parainfluenza 3 virus genome: the genes of the F and HN glycoproteins.

By analysing complementary DNA clones constructed from genomic RNA of bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (BPIV3), we determined the nucleotide sequence of the region containing the entire F and HN genes. Their deduced amino acid sequences showed about 80% homologies with those of human parainfluenza 3 virus (HPIV3), about 45% with those of Sendai virus, and about 20% with those of SV5 and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), indicating, together with the results described in the preceding paper on the NP, P, C and M proteins of BPIV3, that BPIV3, HPIV3 and Sendai virus constitute a paramyxovirus subgroup, and that BPIV3 and HPIV3 are very closely related. The F and HN proteins of all these viruses, including SV5 and NDV, however, were shown to have protein-specific structures as well as short but well-conserved amino acid sequences, suggesting that these structures and sequences are related to the activities of these glycoproteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Interaction between 6/94 virus, a parainfluenza type 1 strain, and unstimulated mouse lymphocytes.

6/94 virus was found to grow in unstimulated splenic mouse lymphocytes depleted of monocyte macrophages. Both egg-grown virus and virus produced in mouse macrophage cultures induced the development of hemadsorption and the appearance of new infectious virus in the lymphocyte cultures. An antigenic relative. Sendai virus, on the contrary, was quickly inactivated in these lymphocyte cultures, in agreement with previous reports in the literature. The T lymphocyte population seemed to be the fraction principally involved in the replication of 6/94 virus. The immunization of mice with 6/94 virus and the appearance of high levels of humoral neutralizing antibodies did not inhibit completely the susceptibility of their lymphocytes to the infectious agent.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Components of parainfluenza-3 virus, SLP-strain, reacting in assays of cell-mediated immunity in cattle.

Parainfluenza-3 virus was isolated by affinity chromatography, including a purification step with immobilized lectin Vicia erwilia. The peplomers of disintegrated virus were similarily isolated using another carbohydrate-specific lectin Vicia crotalaria. The whole virion and the peplomers were both active as antigens in the leucocyte migration inhibition, lymphocyte stimulation and skin hypersensitivity tests. The remaining virus material, freed of detergents used for virus disintegration and containing nucleocapsids, did not act as antigen in these tests of cell-mediated immunity.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1977

Effect of streptovirudin on parainfluenza 3 virus multiplication.

Streptovirudin (SV) in a concentration of 100 microng/ml reduced the multiplication of parainfluenza 3 virus by about 3.5 log units. When uninfected WISH cells were treated for 2 and 12 hours with 100 mug/ml of SV, 3H-thymidineincorporation was decreased, but no marked differences were observed in the incorporation of 3H-uridine. The level of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP) was found to decrease in SV-treated cells.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Croup: an 11-year study in a pediatric practice.

The etiology and epidemiology of croup were studied in a pediatric group practice over an 11-year period, 1964 to 1975. Croup was diagnosed in 951 instances in 6,165 cases of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) studied. As census figures of the practice clientele were available, attack rates were calculated. The incidence of total LRI was highest in the first year of life. In contrast, the attack rate for croup was highest in the second year of life; the rate declined gradually after that age. Croup was not diagnosed in the first month of life. Boys were 1.43 times more likely to develop croup than were girls. Three hundred sixty agents were isolated from the 951 croup cases. The parainfluenza viruses accounted for 74.2% of all isolates; 65% of the parainfluenza isolates were classified as parainfluenza virus type 1. Respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses A and B, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were the only other agents isolated in appreciable numbers. The propensity of various agents to produce croup symptoms in children with LRI due to specific microorganisms was 58% for parainfluenzae type 1,60% for parainfluenzae type 2, and 29% for parainfluenzae type 3; similar figures for the other agents varied from 5% to 16%. The role of the various agents in the etiology of croup varied with patient age and depended on the propensity of the agent to produce the croup syndrome and the frequency of isolation of the agent at that age. The parainfluenza viruses were the most important croup agents at all ages; respiratory syncytial virus caused croup in children less than 5 years of age whereas the influenza viruses and M pneumoniae were significant causes of croup only in children more than 5 to 6 years old. Croup occurred predominately in late fall and early winter, times when the parainfluenza viruses, especially type 1, occurred most frequently. The epidemiology of croup differs from that of bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and tracheobronchitis; knowledge of this should be helpful to the clinician caring for children with LRI.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Nucleotide sequence of the bovine parainfluenza 3 virus genome: its 3' end and the genes of NP, P, C and M proteins.

We present the nucleotide sequence of bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (BPIV3) genome from its 3' end to the opening region of the F gene, through the NP, P plus C, and M genes. Comparison of the sequence with those reported for other paramyxoviruses indicated that BPIV3 was most similar to human parainfluenza 3 virus (HPIV3), and also very similar to Sendai virus in the structural make-up of its genome and the amino acid sequences of its gene products, suggesting that these three viruses constitute a paramyxovirus subgroup from which Newcastle disease and measles viruses are separable. In BPIV3 and Sendai virus, the NP and M proteins, the main structural elements, were more highly conserved than the functionally important P and C proteins. This tendency was also observed even in BPIV3 and HPIV3. Virus-specific amino acid sequences of the NP and M proteins were found at the carboxyl and amino terminal regions, respectively. BPIV3 M mRNA was found to have aberrations in its poly A attachment site.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Effects of bovine parainfluenza-3 virus on phagocytosis and phagosome-lysosome fusion of cultured bovine alveolar macrophages.

Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V) replicated in cultured bovine alveolar macrophages (BAM) in vitro. Cytopathic changes included spindle cell and giant cell formation, diffuse cell lysis, and cellular detachment progressing to total destruction of the monolayer. Direct immunofluorescent microscopy revealed viral antigen in greater than 90% of BAM on post-inoculation day (PID) 3. Virus titers in culture supernatants increased by a factor of 1.6 X 10(6) TCID50 by PID 6. Candida glabrata was phagocytized by a similar proportion of glass-adherent PI-3V-infected and sham-inoculated control BAM. However, when the number of glass-adherent cells available for assay was taken into account (normalization), the percentage of phagocytic PI-3V-infected BAM was significantly lower than that of the control cells at PID 5 and 7 (P less than 0.01). Phagosome-lysosome fusion assays had a marked reduction of fusion activity in PI-3V-infected BAM as compared with that of control BAM. Proportions of infected cells that showed fusion were approximately 50% of that of the control cells at PID 4 and 6 (P less than 0.05). Normalization of these values reduced the fusion rate of PI-3V-infected BAM to 34% of that of control BAM (P less than 0.01).

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the human parainfluenza 3 virus RNA encoding the nucleocapsid protein.

The sequence of 1690 nucleotides from the 5' end of the viral complementary RNA for the human parainfluenza 3 virus was determined by molecular cloning. One large open reading frame consisting of 1548 nucleotides was demonstrated. The encoded protein, the nucleocapsid protein (NP), consists of 515 amino acids, and has a predicted molecular weight of 57,819. A noncoding 5' sequence of 51 nucleotides is present at the end of the NP-mRNA. Two consensus sequences were identified which are homologous with sequences found in Sendai virus. One of these sequences, AGGATTAAAG, was located at the 5' end of the nucleocapsid mRNA and may function in transcription initiation. The other consensus sequence, GTAAGGGAA, was found in the viral genomic leader sequence. The nucleocapsid protein amino acid sequence was compared to other members of the Paramyxoviridae family. The parainfluenza 3 virus protein nucleocapsid amino acid sequence demonstrated a high degree of homology with the Sendai virus nucleocapsid protein. Seventy percent of the first 387 amino acids from the amino termini were identical. Little homology was observed in the distal carboxy termini.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1982

A comparison of paramyxoviruses by immunoprecipitation.

Using the technique of immune precipitation of [35S]methionine-labelled infected cell polypeptides followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography it has been shown that SV5 and a closely related isolate are both antigenically related to human parainfluenza virus type 2. Limited cross-reactions were also demonstrated between parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 by this method and the apparent molecular weights of the major structural components of human parainfluenza virus types 2 and 3 have been deduced.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1990

Association between respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks and lower respiratory tract deaths of infants and young children.

The temporal patterns of respiratory virus isolations from 10 laboratories in the USA were compared with that of deaths of children less than 5 years old from July 1975 through June 1984. Isolations of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) occurred as yearly winter outbreaks; parainfluenza virus 1 and 2 isolations occurred as well-defined outbreaks every other year in the autumn; parainfluenza virus 3 isolations occurred throughout the year with periodic, increased isolations suggestive of outbreaks; and influenza virus isolations (A, B, or A plus B) occurred as yearly winter outbreaks. After data were controlled for seasonal patterns, RSV isolations were strongly correlated with the winter peaks in lower respiratory tract illness (LRI) deaths of infants 1-11 months old; influenza virus isolations were correlated with the winter peak in LRI deaths of children 24-59 months old. The parainfluenza viruses were not correlated with respiratory deaths. This study supports the idea that RSV is a major contributor to winter peaks in LRI deaths of children 1-11 months old.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of the Hexaplex assay for detection of respiratory viruses in children.

The Hexaplex assay (Prodesse, Inc., Milwaukee, Wis.) is a multiplex reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assay for the detection of parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) types A and B, and influenza virus types A and B. We evaluated the Hexaplex assay in comparison with conventional viral cell cultures and rapid enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for RSV (Directigen; Becton Dickinson Inc., Cockeysville, Md.) and influenza A virus (Abbott Test Pack; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill.) for the detection of respiratory viruses from pediatric respiratory specimens obtained from children seen at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin from December 1997 through May 1998. A total of 363 respiratory specimens were evaluated. The tissue culture prevalence of parainfluenza virus during this period of time was low (1.1%). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of Hexaplex compared to tissue culture for the detection of parainfluenza virus were 100, 95.8, 19.0, and 100%, respectively. Only one specimen was determined to contain influenza B virus by Hexaplex; it was tissue culture negative. A specimen was considered to contain RSV or influenza A virus when it was either culture positive or culture negative but Hexaplex and EIA positive. Prior to the analysis of discrepant results, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value for the detection of RSV were 91.2, 100, 100, and 98.0%, respectively, for tissue culture; 84.5, 100, 100, and 96.6% for EIA; and 98.5, 91.5, 72.8, and 99.6% for Hexaplex, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value for the detection of influenza A virus prior to the analysis of discrepant results were 100, 100, 100, and 100%, respectively, for culture, 78.0, 100, 100, and 89.4% for EIA, respectively, and 95.1, 94.1, 67.2, and 99.3% for Hexaplex, respectively. Culture- and/or EIA-negative, Hexaplex-positive specimens were analyzed by a second RT-PCR assay which used primers specific for a different genomic region than that used in the Hexaplex assay. After analysis of these discrepant results, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value for the detection of RSV were 74.3, 100, 100, and 93.5%, respectively, for tissue culture; 70.3, 100, 100, and 92.5% for EIA; and 98.6, 97.4, 91.2, and 99.6% for Hexaplex. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value for the detection of influenza A virus were 83.3, 100, 100, and 97.4%, respectively, for tissue culture; 69.4, 100, 100, and 83.3% for EIA; and 95.8, 98.7, 92.0, and 99.3% for Hexaplex. Hexaplex is a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for the detection of the seven most common respiratory viruses in children.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Parainfluenza viral infections in pediatric outpatients: seasonal patterns and clinical characteristics.

Parainfluenza types 1, 2 and 3 were studied in a pediatric outpatient population from 1976 to 1992 to compare seasonal patterns over time and to define better the spectrum of illness in all ages of children caused by these viruses. Parainfluenza type 1 occurred in the fall of odd numbered years; parainfluenza type 2 was less predictable; and parainfluenza type 3 appeared yearly with peak activity in spring or summer. The parainfluenza viruses were the major cause of croup and also accounted for one-half of the cases of laryngitis and over one-third of all lower respiratory tract illness in children from whom a virus was isolated. The major clinical manifestations of infection with parainfluenza types 1 and 2 were croup, upper respiratory infections and pharyngitis; for parainfluenza type 3 upper respiratory tract infection was predominant in all age groups. The parainfluenza viruses cause appreciable respiratory morbidity each year among infants and young children. They are the major cause of croup but also produce a spectrum of diseases ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infection to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Most studies have focused on the morbidity of parainfluenza viruses in infants and young children who are hospitalized. Less appreciated is the impact of parainfluenza viral infections in outpatients and in older children. The parainfluenza viruses have a striking epidemiologic pattern which has evolved over the past 30 years. In the early 1960s parainfluenza types 1, 2 and 3 were all reported to be endemic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗